高二英语语法

1、虚拟语气1. 条件句中的虚拟语气时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词举例：(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make

2、 full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If I had seen the

3、 film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。特殊情况（主句和从句动作不是同时发生的）：从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us,

4、we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from )。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too mu

5、ch, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。2.方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / s

6、hould+原形动词例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前(1)had + 过去分词；(2)would / could / might / should + have +

7、过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should + 原形动词例如：I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4. 英语中，would rather之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。起虚拟语气的结构为：表示所

8、发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had + 过去分词； 现在过去时(be 用were ) 将来过去时(be 用were ) 例如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。5.定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的

9、过去式/ should + 动词原形。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。6.简单句中的虚拟语气1. 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？You should always

10、learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。2. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。7.表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词a

11、dvice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。He told us his i

12、dea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。8.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，起虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。

13、如：The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。9.主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达

14、惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper

15、 / necessary / natural that(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we s

16、hould not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。主谓一致1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。（最基本的）2、由and或bothand连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如： The poet and writer has come.3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： In our country every boy and every girl has th

17、e right to receive education.4、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with ，as well as ，together with ，along with，like 等引导的介词短语时 ，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。例如： The women with two children is my aunt . 注意：主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。 Mr Smith , followed by his wife and three children , has just arrived.5、一些只有复数形式的名词，如

18、people, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。6、集体名词family, class, team, group 等看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；看作每一个成员时，谓语动词用复数。 7、 当表示国家，城市，人名，书名，报纸，杂志，及组织机构等的专有名词做主语时，作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 The New York Times is reading all over the United States . 纽约时报 8、 news ，maths，physics ，politics等词貌似复数，实为单数，其谓语动词用单数. 9、“the +形容词”(如

19、the poor ，the rich ，the young， the old ， the dead ，the sick，the brave 等)作主语，谓语动词往往用复数10、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。 11、由连词notbut, or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。（这个就是就近原则）12、There be句型、以here开头的句子谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。 13、a number of后面加复数名词或代词，其动

20、词用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。 14、在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。 注意：在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决 于one前是否有the (only)、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有the only， 就用复数形式。 This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked. He was the only one

21、 of the students who was late for school.省略（有个表格：见英语选修6附录）、状语从句中的省略用法以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了it is，that is，there is/are。e.g. If (it is) possible/necessary, this old temple will be rebuilt. If (that is) so, I will call you back at 5:00 pm. There are only a few books in our school library, if (ther

22、e are) any.、定语从句中的省略用法关系词的省略 关系代词that，which，whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时，可以省略；in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。e.g. The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa. I dont like the way (in which/that) you treat the girl.、虚拟语气中if及should的省略1、 当条件状语从句中有were，had，should等时省略if，把它们提至句首，形成倒装句。e.

23、g. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. = Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.2、 Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的名词性从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。e.g. The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose weight.、不定式符号to的省略1、 感官动词see，hear，feel，watch

24、等和使役动词have，make，let等后接不定式作宾语时，不定式省略to。2、 在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时，也保留be和have。e.g. My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didnt want to.、So和not的替代性省略用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hop

25、e，say，speak，suppose，think，Im afraid等连用e.g. Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? I suppose not.it的用法1.基本用法（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。The train has arrived. It arrived half an hour ago.（2）用以代替提示代词this, that。Whats this? Its a knife.Whose watch is that? Its mine.（3）起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。Who is knockin

26、g at the door? Its me.（4）指环境情况等。It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment.（5）指时间、季节等。What time is it? Its eight oclock.It often rains in summer here.（6）指距离。It is a long way to the school.（7）作形式主语用来代替不定式、动名词短语或从句。Itisfoolishofyoutobestillworryingaboutit. Itisverylikelythattheirgroupwillgetaheadfus

27、.It is not easy to finish the work in two days.It is no use crying over spilt milk.（覆水难收）It is a pity that you didnt read the book.（8）作形式宾语，I think it no use arguing with him.I found it very interesting to study English.He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject.（9）用于强调结构。It was Xia

28、oming whom(that)I met in the street last night.It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night.It ws last night that I met Xiaoming in the street.It ws I who met Xiaoming in the street last night.2、含有“It is ”的句型（1）It is time (for sb.) to do sth.It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语气)（2）It is +

29、 形容词（+of / for sb.）+ to do sth.通常用 of的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。（3）It is + 形容词 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.（虚拟语气）能用于这个句型的形容词有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossi

30、ble等。有时可省去should而直接用动词原形。如：It is important that we should pay close attention to grain.It is natural that he（should）say so.（4） It+be+fun/a waste of time/no good/no use doing sthIt is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again. Its no good taking in much fat and sugar. Its no fun watching the

31、 same movie for a second time. （5）It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + Was it in the street that you met her?Who was it that called him“comrade”?It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.（注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”）比较：It is a small factory where my br

32、other is going to work.（定语从句）（6）It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known that（7）It is/was + 时间 + since 从已多久了。It is three years since I met him in Beijing.It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.（注意两句中的时态）It is five months since I arrived in New Yor

33、k.我到纽约已经五个月了。It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。（注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。）（8）It was / will be + 一段时间 + before .这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。It will be several years before we meet again.

34、我们要过好几年才能再见面。It was not long before they set out for the front.不久他们就出发去了前线。倒装1.在there be/live/lie句型中用全部倒装:e.g.:There are some books on the desk.There lived an emperor many years ago.2.在以there, here, now, then +be/come/go+主语的句子中用全部倒装:e.g.:Now comes your turn.There goes the bell.注：如果主语是代词则不用倒装。Here yo

35、u are.Here he comes.3.以off, away, out, in, up, down等副词开头的句子以示强调或为了使情景更生动，句子用全部倒装:e.g.:Away went the children.Out rushed the boy.注：如果主语是代词则不用倒装。4. only, not until所修饰的介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时，要部分倒装:e.g.:Only then did I realize that I was wrong.Only in this way can you solve the problem. 注：主句倒装，从句不倒装。Not unti

36、l the father came did he go back to school.Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home. Only+主语置于句首时，不倒装。 Only Wang Li knows this.5. never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, not, few, little, often, by no means, at no time等放在句首时，要部分倒装:e.g.:Often did we warn them not to do it.Litt

37、le did I know who the boy was.Not a single word have I written down.6.在no soonerthan; not onlybut also; hardly/scarcely when; 句型中，前面的句子要部分倒装:e.g.:No sooner had I reached the station than the train left. =Hardly had I reached the station when the train left.Not only does he like English but also he l

38、earns it well. 注：not onlybut also, neithernor连接两个主语不倒装。 Not only he but also I went to the park.7.以so, neither, nor开头的句子，表相同概念的肯定或否定时，要全部倒装:e.g.:I have never been to Beijing. Nor has he.She is a teacher, so am I.8.so/suchthat句型中，把so/such修饰的那部分放在句首时，主句要部分倒装:e.g.:Such an interesting film was it that t

39、hey were all moved.So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.So angry was he that he couldnt say a word.9.as引导的让步状语从句，常把表语、状语置于主首，用倒装:e.g.:Pretty as Mary is, she is not clever.Try as they might, they couldnt get out of the trouble.注：如果表语是单数可数名词，该词前一般不加冠词。Child as he is, he k

40、nows a lot.10.省略if的虚拟条件句置于句首时，用倒装:e.g.:Were I a bird, I would fly to the sky.Should it rain, the crops would grow better.11. Such作表语放在句首时，表示强调，用倒装:e.g.:Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.12. 为了保持句子平衡，或使上下文连接更紧，可把介词短语、形容词短语、副词或分词提到主语前，用全部倒装语序:e.g.:On the ground lay a goat.Ha

41、nging on the wall was a splendid painting.过去分词与现在分词一现在分词和过去分词的构成（形式）现在分词的构成主动语态被动语态一般式doing being done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词的构成：done二、过去分词的用法过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。过去分词用法如下：1.作定语 和现在分词作定语的用法相同。作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在名词的前面；如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面。a)A broken cup is lying on the ground.b)This is one of the factories huilt in the 1960s.2.作表语a)The cup is broken.b)He was terrified at seeing this.3.作宾语补足语a)Hes going to have his hair cut.b)I