高三英语一轮复习课件_语法篇_非谓语动词类3

1、考点一：动词不定式1动词不定式的语法功能(句子成分)(1)作主语。如：To help them is my duty.帮助他们是我的职责。动词不定式作主语时，通常用“it”作形式主语代替“to do”作主语。如：Its not easy to master a foreign language.精通一门外语不容易。(2)作表语。如：His wish is to be a doctor.他希望当一名医生。(不定式说明主语的内容)I was about to leave when he walked into my room.我正要离开房间时，他走了进来。(不定式表示将来)(3)作宾语不定式作宾语

2、常接在一些及物动词后。如：Mr. Brown wants to understand further what the author meant.布朗先生想进一步了解作者的意思。不定式作tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss，know等动词的宾语时，前面常带有疑问词。如：He showed us how to do the work.他向我演示怎么做这项工作。(4)作定语不定式作定语必须后置，即放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面，通常要注意以下几种情况：被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：Have you got anyt

3、hing to say for yourself?你有为自己说的话吗？Mr. White is a worker, but he has got a large family to support.怀特先生是一个工人，但是他有一大家子的人要养。被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语。如：Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.库克船长是最后一位离开正在下沉的船的人。He is always the first to come to school in the morning.早上他总是第一个来学校的人。不定式说明它所修饰的名

4、词或代词的内容。如：Her wish to become an artist came true at last.她最终实现了想成为一名艺术家的愿望。不及物动词构成的不定式作定语要加介词。如：They got a wonderful piece of music to dance to.他们有一支很好的音乐用来伴舞。Because of air pollution being greatly reduced，this city is still a good place to live in.因为这个城市的空气污染得到了很大的改善，因此，它仍然是一个好的居住地。有些及物动词的不定式作定语仍需带

5、上介词。如：He has got a pair of thick glasses to read with.他阅读时戴的是一副深度的眼镜。(5)作状语不定式作目的状语，位于句首时，用逗号隔开；位于句尾时，不用逗号隔开。如：His stepmother did all she could to help him.他的继母尽其所能帮助他。To make a living, he had to work hard.为了谋生，他只有拼命地工作。不定式作结果状语一般表示出乎意料的结果。如：He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.

6、他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。不定式作原因状语，其主要用于形容词作表语时，表示喜、怒、哀、乐等。如：Im too glad to see you again.我真高兴能再次见到你。(6)作宾语补足语或主语补足语常带to do作宾补的动词有：allow，permit，want，ask，cause, encourage, expect, force, invite, order, warn, tell, consider，require，advise，teach，urge等。如：They would not allow him to risk going across the enemy

7、line.他们不允许他冒险越过敌人的封锁线。比较：Mr. Black invited me to have a dinner with him.布莱克先生邀请我和他一起吃晚餐。(to have的逻辑主语是me)Mr Black promised me to have a dinner with me.布莱克先生答应和我一起吃晚餐。(to have的逻辑主语是Mr. Black)(7)不定式作独立成分(插入语)。如：To be fair，he has worked hard these days.说句公道话，他这几天工作很努力。类似的常见短语还有to be frank，to be true，to

8、 tell(you) the truth，to begin with，to be honest等。(8)不定式的独立主格结构由“名词或代词不定式”构成独立结构。如：More time to be given，they will make much more progress.如果能给更多的时间，他们会取得更大的进步。The exam to be held next week, I cant go with you.因为下周要考试，所以我不能跟你一起去了。2动词不定式的时态和语态(1)不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，完成式表示动作发生于谓语动词之前，常用于pretend，believe，prov

9、e，seem，consider等词之后。如：The boy pretended to be working hard when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，这个男孩假装正用功学习。She seems to have forgotten her promise.看起来她好像已经忘了她的承诺。(2)不定式的被动形式表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者。如：Volunteer workers asked to be sent where they were most needed.志愿工作者们要求被派到最需要他们的地方去。3“wh”疑问词不定式的用法不定式可以和

10、疑问代词who，whom，whose，what，which，副词when，how，where，连词whether，as if连用，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等成分。如：How to get there is a big problem.(作主语)The question is where to find the answer.(作表语)I can tell you where to get the dictionary.(作宾语补足语)I really didnt know which one to choose.(作宾语)Last summer, I took a c

11、ourse on how to make dresses.(作介词宾语)The professor paused as if to expect his students to ask questions on the point he had just made.(作状语)4动词不定式“to”的省略(1)主动句中，使役动词和感观动词用不定式作宾语补足语省略“to”，变为被动式时，成为主语的补足语须加上“to”(前面已讲述)。(2)有些动词的宾语省略“to”及在一些固定结构中动词不定式也须省略“to”。如：He cant help (to) do me a favor.Looking at t

12、he photos, he cant but laugh (can not but docant help doing 情不自禁)(3)不定式作表语或不定式放在介词but/except后时，它的前面出现过实义动词do的各种形式时可省略“to”。如：All he can do is (to) wait.What he can do is (to) wait. The only thing he can do is (to) wait.Theres nothing to do but/except wait.Theres nothing to say but to wait.(前面没有实义动词“d

13、o”时“to”不能省)(4)有些连词连接的不定式要省略“to”。prefer to dorather than doto doand do注意：to doand not to do如：I prefer to stay home rather than go out.She told her children to stay there and wait till she came back.(5)在when，if，what，as等从句中与like，want，wish连用时省略“to”。如：You can stay here as long as you like.You can come wh

14、enever you like.(6)why not do？why dont you do？用来提出建议时不用“to”。考点二：动名词1动名词的语法功能(1)作主语。如：Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.(2)作表语。如：My job is teaching English.(3)作宾语。如：I cant understand his giving up such a wellpaid job.We should practice speaking English every day.(4)作定语。如：

15、This is a writing table and that is a swimming pool.2动名词的时态和语态(1)动名词一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作的同时或之后。如：We all dont like his talking that way.She dreams of becoming a teacher.(2)动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：I remember having read the book.She was praised for having helped the old man.注意：有时用动名词的一般式来代替完成式。如：

16、After working for three hours，we began having a break.Thank you for helping me.(3)动名词有两种语态，即主动式doing和having done及其对应的被动式being done和having been done。如：Tom feels like being taken to Beijing.He was excited for having been praised.(4)动名词的否定式是在动名词的前面加not构成。如：I regret not having told you the truth.3动名词的复合

17、结构动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加动名词构成。当动名词有自己的主语时要用这种结构。这种结构作宾语时可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格加动名词，这个名词或代词为动名词的逻辑主语。如：Do you mind my opening the window?The presidents attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.考点三：分词(现在分词、过去分词)1分词的语法功能(1)作表语分词可以用来作表语。这样用时，现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。如：The situat

18、ion is encouraging.形式很令人鼓舞。The bottle is broken.瓶子破了。(2)作定语作定语的分词可以是现在分词的一般式和被动式，也可以是过去分词。如：He is a promising young man.他是一个很有前途的青年。The meeting being held is very important.正在举行的会议很重要。The Olympic Games held in Beijing is a great success.在北京举行的奥运会非常成功。现在分词和动名词作定语的区别：一般来说，现在分词作定语表示正在进行而动名词则表示用途。如： 现在分

19、词 动名词waiting car 等待着的汽车waiting room 候车室sleeping child 熟睡的孩子sleeping car 卧铺车厢过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别：过去分词作定语时表示动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或没有一定的时间性。如：Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？Dont use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.不要使用只有拥有专业知识的人才懂的单词、表达法或

20、短语。现在分词的被动式作定语时表示动作正在发生或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.听！正在唱的这首歌非常受学生欢迎。单个分词作定语多置于被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语，置于被修饰词的后面。如：China is a developing country and belongs to the third world.中国是发展中国家，属于第三世界。The teacher answered all the questions raised by the students.老师

21、回答了学生提出的所有问题。(3)作状语分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语一般与句子的主语保持一致。如：He sent me an email, hoping to get further information.他给我发了封邮件，希望能得到进一步的信息。Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.成立于1636年的哈佛是美国最著名的大学之一。如果作状语的分词带有逻辑主语，即构成独立主格结构。独立主格结构通常由“名词或代词主格十分词”构成，这种结构可以作时间、原因、条件、方式和

22、伴随状语。如：Mr. Cook being away from home，his wife has to do all the housework.(原因状语)由于库克先生不在家，他妻子必须做所有的家务。Work done，they went out to play football.(时间状语)工作完成后，他们出去踢足球。More time given, the work can be done much better.(条件状语)如果再多给点时间，工作会做得更好。The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing，the guide acti

23、ng as interpreter.(伴随状语)游客们参观了许多风景名胜，导游当翻译。分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如：Be careful when/while crossing the street.(时间)穿过街道时要小心。Not knowing anything about the accident，he went to work as usual.(原因)还不知道发生了车祸，他和往常一样去上班。Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(条件)只要有

24、机会，我能使全世界吃惊。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)尽管已经告诉他很多次，他仍犯同样的错误。The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴随)老师走进实验室，后面跟着几名学生。The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces.(结果)杯子掉到地上，打碎了。(4)作宾语补足语感官动词see，watch.observe，look at，hear，listen to，no

25、tice等和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式，即动词原形、现在分词和过去分词。动词原形表示主动和动作的全过程，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和完成。如：I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注意：不及物动词的过去分词

26、作宾补表示完成。如：I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.我惊奇地发现我的家乡变化很大。(完成)leave后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave保留了原意“留下”，但表达的确切之意应是“使处于某种状态”。leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事leave sth. undone 留下某事未做leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做have，get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示“使，让，叫”。Aget/have sth. do

27、ne使/让某事由别人去做。如：Ill get/have my bike repaired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done还表示“使遭受”。如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Bhave sb. /sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事。get sb./sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来。如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers mov

28、ing toward the front after a short rest.2分词的时态与语态过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词与动名词的各种形式是完全一样的。现在分词一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时发生，而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成。现在分词的被动式常表示正在进行的动作。如：Having written the letter，he went to post it.写好信后，他去了邮局。Having been translated into Chinese, the book is widely read among young people.翻译成中

29、文后，这本书被年轻人广泛地阅读。“Cant you read？”Mary said，angrily pointing to the notice.“你不识字吗？”玛丽指着告示生气地说。The building being built is our new office building.那座正在建的大楼是我们的新办公楼。3现在分词的否定式现在分词的否定式是在分词前加not构成。如：Not knowing his telephone number，she had some difficulty getting in touch with him.由于不知道他的电话号码，她联系不上他。考点四：非谓

30、语动词难点1不定式、分词作补足语的要点(1)用于感官动词后的宾语补足语，现在分词一般用其主动式，表示动作正在进行，及物动词的过去分词表示动作的被动和完成，不及物动词只表完成，不表被动。如：I saw a thief stealing a purse from a woman.我看见一个小偷正在偷一位妇女的钱包。When I got off the bus, I found my cellphone stolen.下车时，我发现手机被偷了。(2)用于感官动词后的宾语补足语，不定式表示动作的全过程或只陈述某一事实。如：I saw a thief steal a purse from a woman

31、.我看见一个小偷偷了一位妇女的钱包。(3)with名词/代词宾语补足语在该结构中，现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示被动和完成，不定式则表示动作在谓语动词之后发生。With all lights turned on, the building looks more beautiful.灯全亮了，大楼显得更漂亮了。With the guide leading the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.有向导领路，我们在黑夜里步行。With them to help us, we can finish the work

32、 ahead of time.有他们帮助我们，我们可以提前完成工作。2不定式、动名词作宾语的要点(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, expect /hope/wish; refuse，manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg，help。此外，afford，happen，wait等也要用不定式作宾语。(2)下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记：consider，su

33、ggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy(想象，设想)，avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice，finish，enjoy/appreciate，forbid，imagine，risk，cant help，mind，allow/permit，escape。(3)下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：(4)动词like，love，prefer后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为常用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式

34、。但要注意：如果like，love，prefer前有would/should时，后面则应该接动词不定式作宾语。feel like后接动名词作宾语。would/shouldlike/love/preferto do sth.feel like doing sth.(5)在动词allow，advise，forbid，permit后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：(6)动词need，require，want作“需要”讲时，其后用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need表示“需要”，require表示“要求”，want表示“想要”时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：窗户需要擦一下。这个地方值得一去。3不定式、分词作状语的要点不定式作状语，主要表示主句的目的、结果、程度、原因等。而分词作状