高一语法讲解之动词短语

1、高一语法讲解之动词短语【考纲解读】高考研究动词是英语词汇中的核心，而动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，在历年高考题拟题中动词所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，其考点主要涉及到以下几个方面:1.动词的词义。考查动词词义辨析是该考点出现的基本形式。2.动词搭配。有时只从句子的内容来看，几个选项似乎都合适，但只要从词的搭配上一看便知道答案。3.动词短语。很多动词与介词或副词连在一起构成固定的搭配从而形成动词短语或短语动词，不能随意更改。 【知识要点】动词

2、1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2）根据其在句中的功能，动词分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：We are having a meeting. He has gone to New York. 3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. She can sing many English songs. 4）动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，分两类，分别是：限定

3、动词、非限定动词例如：She sings very well. She wants to learn English well.说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。5）根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. The young ought to take care of the o

4、ld.6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：He fell ill yesterday. He fell off the ladder.1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：他是一名教师。2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay,

5、 lie, stand。例如：他开会时总保持沉默。此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：他看起来很累。他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。例如：这种布手感很软。这朵花闻起来很香。5） 变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：自那之后，他疯了。她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之

6、意。例如：这谣言证实有假。他的计划终于成功了。助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：他不喜欢英语。2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态。例如：他在唱歌。他已结婚。b. 表示语态。例如：他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句。例如：你喜欢大学生活吗？你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气。例如：明天晚上一定来参加晚会。他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。助动词b

7、e的用法1）be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：他们正在开会。英语现在越来越重要。2）be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：窗户是汤姆打碎的。世界各地都教英语。3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：他下周要去纽约。我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令。例如：对此你要做出解释。要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见。例如：我该怎样答复他？谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定。例如：我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：他已去了伦敦。上月未为止，他们已经完成工作

8、的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：中国教英语已经多年。助动词do 的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：你想通过大学英语测试吗？你们学过德语吗？2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：我不想挨批评。他不想学习。过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：不要去那里。不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：一定来参加我的生日宴会。我确实去那儿了。我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：Nev

9、er _ of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life _ the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6）用作代动词。例如：- Do you like Beijing? -是的，喜欢。He knows how to drive a car, _? 他知道如何开车，对吧？助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原

10、形一起构成一般将来时。例如：我将更加努力地学习英语。他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:他必须来。他要来。助动词should, would的用法1）should无词义，是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 比较：What shall I do

11、 next week? I asked.可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：He said he would come.。比较：I will go, he said. He said he would come。动词是英语中的重要词类之一,也是高考英语中的一个考查热点它是英语语言综合运用中的灵魂,没有动词的句子,就不是完整的句子可以将动词进行分类学习一在句子中否定词前移的动词类在主从复合句中,若主句的主语为第一人称,这类动词后面接含否定意义的宾语从句时,要把从句的否定词转移到主句

12、中去这类动词有think, believe, expert, imagine, suppose, feel, guess, fancy等例如: To tell you the truth, I dont suppose he can give you any help in such a short time, ? A. do I B. cant he C. can he D. dont you 在回答对方提问时,这类动词的常用句式为“I expect so/not”例如: We dont believe we can make such an attempt, can we? I expec

13、t not. 二计划未能实现的动词类此类动词常用过去完成时,其后接动词不定式作宾语,或用于一般过去时,其后接不定式的完成式表示虚拟语气,或表达原来的计划未能实现这类动词有intend, mean, plan, expect, hope, think, want, suppose等例如: I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me. They hoped to have stayed there a week, but the word came. I had to come back. 三

14、表示将来时间的动词类这类动词常用一般现在时现在进行时表示将来时间它们有come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off等例如: Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon. 四表示“据说”意义的动词类此类动词常用过去分词形式,表示“据说”“据报道”等意思常见句式为“It + be + 过去分词+ that从句”这类动词有decide, say, know, report, think, believe, suppose, dec

15、lare, announce等注意: order, suggest, request后面的that从句中常用虚拟语气,也可省略should, 直接用动词原形来表示例如: It is ordered that this design (should) be given up as quickly as possible. It is announced that two teams will have a game in our school. 五使用替代词的动词类此类动词后面常接so/not作宾语,以此回答或代替前面的句子或主从复合句中的从句及谓语动词这类动词有believe, guess,

16、imagine, expect, hope, would like等例如: Will it rain this weekend? I expect so/not. 六混合使用在被动结构中的动词类此类动词常用“动词be + 过去分词”结构,这种结构既表示被动意义,又表示一种状态常见的这种结构有be surprised, be astonished, be discouraged, be pleased, be disappointed, be frightened, be satisfied, be absorbed, be born, be dressed, be devoted, be se

17、ated, be engaged in, be obliged to, be supposed to, be supplied with, be connected with, be equipped with, be married to等例如: These years they have been engaged in building the Three Gorges. You are supposed to send for a doctor immediately. 七能带同源宾语的动词类有些不及物动词后面可以接词源相同的名词作宾语,即同源宾语这一名词前面往往有一个修饰语或另一个名词

18、的所有格这类动词有die, smile, live, dream, laugh, smell, run, sing, whistle, fight等例如: He died a heroic death. He smiled a forced smile. Then they lived a dogs life. The lady laughed a hearty laugh. 八瞬间动词类瞬间动词(又叫终止性动词)表示动作不能延续,在肯定句中不能与表达一段时间的状语连用这类动词有go, come, leave, start, return, begin, arrive, stop, finis

19、h, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join, kill, marry, graduate等比较: They have become friends since they met in Shanghai. They have been friends since they met in Shanghai. My grandfather has died for ten years. My grandfather has been dead for ten years. 九带介词to的动词词组类这类动词词组有lead to, sti

20、ck to, refer to, look forward to, belong to, object to, be/get used to, be accustomed to, adjust to, adapt to, put an end to, devote . to, set to, get down to, give ones life to, prefer + v-ing . to + v-ing, come to, be supposed to, agree to, add to等例如: The red-letter day he has been looking forward

21、 to is coming today! My brother objects to being made fun of him. 十与冠词连用,表示“拍”“打”“拉”“抓”意义的动词类这类动词有pat, tap, hit, beat, strike, take, catch, grasp, pull, seize等这类动词常用的句式为“主语+ 及物动词+ sb + 介词+ the + 身体部位”例如: The angry father caught his son by _ arm. The naughty boy hit the man on _ nose. 十一感官使役动词类这类动词后接

22、不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的时候,表示动作已经完成或表示动作的全过程;后接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语时,表示动作正在进行,后接过去分词时表示一个被动动作已经完成但在被动结构中作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to这类动词有see, look at, watch, notic, observe, hear, feel, listen to, make, let等例如: I saw two boys playing football on the playground. We often heard this song sung by our students after class. Whe

23、n I stayed at home, I often made my little brother cry, but last week, I was made to cry by my little brother. 十二系动词类能用作系动词的词后面常接形容词或名词作表语,此时动词没有进行时态和被动语态这类动词有be, appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, smell, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall, make, remain, continue, stand, lie

24、, sit, exist等例如: This roasted duck looks good and smells delicious. On hearing the news he looked sad and he looked at me sadly. My brother remained silent all time at the meeting. The speech he made proved disappointing. 十三后接动名词作宾语的动词类此类动词及短语动词后面接动名词作宾语这类动词和短语动词有mind, risk, avoid, enjoy, escape, ke

25、ep, suggest, appreciate, practise, delay, finish, forbid, deny, feel like, look forward to, cant help, keep(on), miss, be used to, excuse, be worth, imagine, put off, give up等例如: He is considering finishing pratising playing the notes in order not to disturb others. The tiger escaped being killed by

26、 the hunter. 十四后接动词不定式作宾语的动词类这类动词后面常接动词不定式作宾语它们有afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, refuse, wish, hope, order, promise, pretend, offer, happen, seem, make up ones mind, used, be about, be able, have等例如: She pretended not to see me when I passed by. My father

27、earns a low salary every month, so he cant afford to buy such an expensive car. 十五后面既可接动词不定式又可接动名词的动词类这类动词的后面既可接动词不定式又可接动名词其中区别不大的有begin, continue, like, love, prefer, start, hate意义有明显区别的有try to do, try doing, mean to do, mean doing, cant help doing, cant help to do, remember doing, remember to do,

28、regret doing , forget to do, forget doing, stop to do sth, stop doing sth, go on to do sth, go on doing sth 例如: I am too busy today, so I cant help _ the dishes. 今天太忙,我不能帮助刷盘子了_ the story, I cant help _ heartily. 听到这个故事,我情不自禁地笑了起来十六表示“需要”意义的动词类这类动词后面既可以直接接动名词,也可接动词不定式的被动式,但二者均可表示被动含义这类动词有need, want,

29、 require, deserve等例如: The new teaching building needs _(粉刷). Your suggestion deserves _(重新考虑).十七用在虚拟语气中的动词类表示应该(或规劝命令建议要求)等意义的动词后面,宾语从句中的谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”的形式,其中should常常可以省略这类动词有order, suggest, insist, advise, command, demand, require等例如: Captain Cook commanded his men (should) jump into the sea.

30、 The police required that I (should) turn up. 十八用主动形式表示被动意义的动词类这类动词常用主动形式表示被动的意义,其后常跟副词well, easily, poorly, 用来说明主语的特点性质或状态等这类动词有break, burn, cook, cut, drive, eat, iron, keep, play, sell, last, open, shut, wear, wash, write, translate, print, run, read, operate等例如: The clothes my mother bought for

31、me last year washed well. The pen writes smoothly. 十九不能用于被动语态和进行时的动词类这类动词不能用于被动语态,它们用作谓语动词时,也不能用于进行时这类动词(短语)有become, cost, have, last, hold, fit, stand, suit, belong to, consist, exist, depend, happen, take place, run out, break out, give out, go out, burst forth等例如: The car in the garage belongs to

32、 my elder brother. The chair gave out under the fat man. The fuel ran out on the way. 二十后接反身代词作宾语的动词类这类动词后面常接反身代词作宾语它们有enjoy, seat, present, teach, help, devote, call, find, force等例如: He taught himself law when free and devoted himself to teaching. He devoted himself to the revolution many years ago

33、. The boy called himself a fool when he was told to leave the garden.短语动词是高考考查的一个热点，分析近年高考试题可知，高考对动词短语的考查主要有以下几个方式。一、不同的动词，后面加上相同的小品词使用频率较高的这类动词有：call, cut, come, go, get, go, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick, make等。常见的介词或副词有：in, off, out, up, away, for, on, over等。1. 动词+ away构成的短语动词有：throw away

34、；put away；give away；carry away；run away ；go away 2. 动词+ for构成的短语动词有：answer for；provide for；call for；plan for；hope for；ask for；send for；go for；pay for；wait for; look for。3. 动词+ on构成的短语动词有：try on；put on；have on；pull on；hold on；carry on；keep on；go on；get on；come on等。4. 动词+ over构成的短语动词有：come over；hand o

35、ver；go over；get over；look over；think over；take over；hand over ；turn over等等。5. 动词+ up构成的短语动词有：bring up；call up；come up; cut up; fix up；give up；go up；grow up ；look up；make up；put up；pick up；set up）; send up; show up；turn up; take up事等等。6. 动词+ out构成的短语动词有：come out; go out; look out; walk out; set out;

36、put out; give out; hand out; pick out; find out; speak out; turn out; get out; work out; carry out; bring out；start out等等。二、同一个动词后面加上不同的小品词（即介词或副词）常见的这类动词有：break，die, call, cut, come, go, get, go, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick, make等等。1. break + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：break down；break out；break throug

37、h；break off；break up；break in；break into；break away等等。2. bring +介词的短语动词有：bring about；bring back；bring down；bring in；bring out；bring up；bring over等等。3. come + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：come in；come from；come about；come over; come out；come by；come up; come across；come along；come after；come back；come around；come do

38、wn；come on等等。4. cut + 介词的短语动词有：cut in；cut into；cut across；cut back；cut off；cut up; cut away；cut down；cut out；cut through等等。5. call + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：call after；call for；call back；call up；call on；call in （at）；call off等等6. get + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：get about；get through；get in；get on；get off；get out；get over；ge

39、t across；get along；get away等等。7. give + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：give up；give in; give away；give over；give off；give out；give back8. go + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：go ahead；go along；go around；go away；go beyond；go by；go down；go u；go for；go off；go on；go over；go through等等。9. look + 介词/ 副词的短语有：look after；look away；look around；lo

40、ok at；look down；look for；look into；look out；look over；look through；look up等等。10. turn + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：turn about / round；turn against；turn away；turn back；turn down；turn i；turn into；turn off；turn on；turn out；turn ove；turn to；turn up等等。11. put + 介词/ 副词的短语动词有：put aside；put away；put back；put down；put for

41、ward；put in；put off；put on；put out；put up等等。12. be / get / become + 过去分词/ 形容词+ 介词的短语动词有：be dressed in；be fond of；be lost in；be located in；be addicted to；be used to；be curious about；be engaged in；be glad to；be convinced o；be aware o；be worried about等等。13. 动词+ 副词+ 介词的短语动词有：add up to；break away from；co

42、me up with；catch up with；get down to；go in for；keep away from；keep up with；date back to；put up with；run out of；watch out for；look down upon；go ahead with；go along with；hold on to等等。三、动词不同，小品词也不同。这一类题应该是最难的，因为它考查面广且灵活多变。Shes having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesnt know whom to_

43、. A. turn to B. look for C. deal with D. talk about 【考点诠释】考点一、考查动词词义辨析 这类试题的四个选项是在结构上都很相近的动词。要做好这类试题，必须明确各个动词的词义和用法，然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词。 Recently, these companies have _ some workers because of the drop in economy. A. hired B. dismissed C. refused D. employed 考点二、 考查近义动词辨析 这类试题的四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词。

44、面对这类试题，必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等入手才能选出符合题意的动词。 When his brother was to cross the street, he was knocked down by a truck and badly _.A. injured B damaged C. harmed D. destroyed 考点三、考查动词与其宾语的固定搭配 英语中有许多动词与其宾语有固定的搭配和习惯用法。碰到这类试题时，解答的关键是弄清题意，然后根据题意选择符合固定搭配或习惯用法的动词。 With modern equipment, many mysteries have _

45、to light in recent years.A. bought B. come C. thrown D. appeared 考点四、 考查动词与其宾补的固定搭配 英语中有些动词后跟宾补时，有其固定搭配，如let/have/make sb. do sth.，get/force sb. to do sth.，allow/permit/forbid sb. to do sth.等。解答这类试题的关键是分析句子结构，找到作宾补的不定式，然后看不定式前是否有不定式符号to，最后确定该用什么动词。 The card reads: “Dear Mom and Dad, they are _ every

46、one write home. Love, Joey.”A. advising B. suggesting C. letting D. making 考点五、 考查系动词 动词作系动词用时，后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有：appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, smell, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist等。解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动

47、词，最后确定所要填入的答案。 The effect of the medicine on this kind of disease remains _. A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see 【备考提示】1. 全面牢固地掌握英语基础知识高考英语单项选择题几乎覆盖了中学阶段所有的语言项目,这就要求同学们必须打好基本功 2着重训练在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力近几年的高考单项选择题越来越重视情景的设置,几乎每一道题都放在实际的交际中会出现的语境中进行考查考点六、考查同根动词短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项都是由同一个动词加不同的介词或副词构成。从历年

48、高考试题来看，那些搭配能力强、语义丰富的常用动词短语是命题的重点对象。解答这类试题时，一定要在理解语境的基础上，从语义逻辑、固定搭配、前后关系等角度去确定答案。How I wish that I could _ my ideas in simple and wonderful English when chatting on the net.A. set out B. set off C. set in D. set up 考点七、考查同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项是由不同的动词加相同的介词或副词构成。解答这类试题的关键首先还是弄清题意，然后选出符合题意和句子结构需要的动词短

49、语。When I was twenty, I had to _ before graduation and work in a clothes shop to help support my family. A. drop out B. come out C. leave out D. stay outTake care during the holidays! Drinking too much can _ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.A. contribute to B. relate to C. attend to D. dev

50、ote to 考点八、考查不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项是由四个不同的动词构成的动词短语。解答这类试题的关键是根据题干意思，选出符合题意的动词短语。The society today offers the young generation more chances to _ their talent and skills.A. give out B. take in C. show off D. carry on 考点九、考查“动词+副词+介词”短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项要么是四个不同动词，但副词相同、介词不同的动词短语；要么是四个动词相同、副词相同、介词不同的动词短语。解答

51、这类试题时，弄清题意诚然重要，但还要注意该短语的尾词是介词、副词还是不定式符号to，切忌想当然。Do you know the plan his daughter will _ spread a lot? Really? I dont know it yet.A. get down to B. come up to C. live up to D. look up to “I cant _ your rudeness any more，leave the room，”shouted Mary.A. put up to B. put up from C. put up into D. put u

52、p with 【备考提示】1. 全面牢固地掌握英语基础知识高考英语单项选择题几乎覆盖了中学阶段所有的语言项目,这就要求同学们必须打好基本功 2着重训练在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力近几年的高考单项选择题越来越重视情景的设置,几乎每一道题都放在实际的交际中会出现的语境中进行考查【试题放送】1. We _ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.A. set about B. set up C. set out D. set down2. Two lawyers have donated $50,0

53、00 to _ our schools campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years agoA. sponsorB. launchC. organize D. plan3. Finally, my thanks go to my tutor, who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and _ every page of my draft.A. approvedB. quotedC. polis

54、hedD. folded4. Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to _ his courage.A. hold up B. keep up C. set up D. take up5. Im so glad youve come here to _ this matter in person.tick to /look fore to _neutralA. lead to B. see to C. turn to D. refer to6. OK, Ive had enough of it. I give up.You cantyour responsibilities.A. run off with B. run up against C. run out of D. run away from7. The athletes years of hard training _ when she finally won the Olympic gold medal. A. went on B. go