(完整版)词汇学Unit1-2答案

1、Unit 1Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. F d. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word “word” is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words

2、.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. t

3、he promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word ” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will te

4、nd to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own.Phonetic boundaries : It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word

5、where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to the identification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot.

6、For example, 流连 and 蹒跚， theyare danchuci(单纯词)which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK: Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there

7、any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words in English and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的)number words(a, ), copula words(is,是)，conjunctions(and,和)and localizers(in,在).;English has the definite article the and se

8、veral pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be a

9、bundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, Si- Is highly suggestive of the meaning of the wor

10、ds that contain it, such as Slide”, Slip”, and Slush.ASK:Babble, bang, grunt, splash；嘛啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket

11、 into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy4) ) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another? Some figu

12、rative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5) British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language. Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also di

13、ffer substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Differences ufstuinck Wiwten Britt Ji and American EnglishM1 mekey hwj

14、z/s.4 JWCI7C7/；/intin * advance7fn: st/, AxiKtvnWk驮匕办出醇也 loadJ(flat):Ch/a/*km,.1, /就邛/*/hat/, /staprJ”Mdog. moth/由震/11口必/w./u：/i.iu b/./tu h/,/inr/./icir/hcnkapptiraixe/ 电 话 rou/s/fhi rnu/./ VpiT；ni5Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE , the letter r before a consonan

15、t is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of / memb f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are

16、simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.DirergkKesBntisk必”门咨A merican aptllitifrUUP-vrcolour, neighbourcolor, neighborou-rmouldh smoldermold, smetderreercentre, theatrecenter, theaterA further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, bill

17、“ means bank note“ in AE but a demand for payment of a debt in BE.ASK: Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and American Englishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British Eng

18、lish and American English?In American English we say graduate from school”; while in British English, we say leave school”. In American English, it has put up price”, while in British English, it is raise price”(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chine

19、se characters 博览会，British English has fair while American English usees trade show. Life and elevator”, and autumn and fall“ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 10000000000

20、00 万彳乙之数(US) the number 1000000000 十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) mens underpants; women

21、s or childrens knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama s speech on Fathers Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.t just sit in the house me with， “ _ us,andght for it. If weThe first is setting an example of excellence f

22、or our children because if we want to set high expectations for them, we vgot to set high expectations for ourselves. It s great if you have a job; it s even better if you have a college degree. It s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don and watch “ Sp

23、orts Center all weekend 10ngi whytso many children are growing up in front of the televisio n. As fathers and parents, we ve got to spend more tthem, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That s h6w we build that foundation .

24、The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy - the ability to stand in somebody else s shoes; to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it s so easy to get ca ught up in that we forget about our obligatio ns to one a

25、nother. There s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft that we can t show weakness so therefore we can t show kindness And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children and that is the gift of hope. I m no

26、t talking about an idle hope that s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we re willing to work for it and fiare willin

27、g to believe.ASK: How does Obama distinguish empathy from sympathy?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of anothers situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else s shoes Sympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define hope” -

28、a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is something b etter is waiting for us if we re willing to work for itand fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress

29、 you deeply as well?“As fathers and parents, why n6t as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have? Read the following excerpt from George W. Bushs Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have hel

30、d this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yel_L have always acted with the best interests of our country -in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree wjih some tough decisions I h

31、ave made. But I hope you canagree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examples to illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writi

32、ng vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that word can be used to refer to rumor, and we know it means rumor irthe sentence The word is that hes left the country.( 据说他已经离开这个国家了 ).”But actually, we will not write the se

33、ntence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize t

34、he meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that o

35、f productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obamas Victory Speechin 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are cont

36、ained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but each other.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, its that we cannot have a thriving Wall Stre

37、et while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Lets resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so 10ng.Lets remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the b

38、anner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values of self-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal

39、 the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexico

40、logy is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the followi

41、ng words:OmittedUnit 2Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. a. F b. F c. F d. F e. FIn-Class Activities 1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as s z and iz when it is respectively attached to a voic

42、eless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as s or z.(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Yes, for example, the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(

43、3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English? The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as t, d and id2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the l

44、ike.symmetry f asymmetry typical f atypical forgettable f unforgettable tie- untie articulate finarticulate, discreet f indiscreet mature fimmature, partial fimpartial legal fillegal legible fillegible relevant firrelevant reverent firreverent like fdislike ablefdisable use -misuse lead fmislead sen

45、se fnonsense commercial f noncommercial form f deform construction f deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can we prefix un- to adjectives like tall”, Hl”, and black? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as

46、 tie funtie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment funemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essentialnon-essential, and nouns, such as existence fnon-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms i

47、n English lexical system.3.ASK: Could we cut unwomanly into unwoman” and -1y ”?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun.(2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word a inaccessibility? inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleacc

48、ess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like “ history and “ human encode sex inequality. Do you agree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK: What are the words in the

49、pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK: What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue _Tuesday, Sun _* Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how th

50、e month names are shortened in English?1 月 January Jan 2 月 February Feb 3 月 March Mar. 4 月 April Apr. 5 月 May May 6 月 June Jun. 7 月 July Jul. 8 月 August Aug. 9 月 September Sept. 10 月 October Oct. 11 月 November Nov. 12 月 December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marat

51、hon-telethon/talkathon, hamburger-shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至无胃不治；其乐无穷棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A

52、is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does “safety line” mean the same as “safe line”? Can you come up with similar compounds?NO, the former means t

53、hat line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D; b.B; c. D; d. C; e. A; f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. R

54、ead the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness - un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ityun/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/nessnot/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/sminim/al/istg. immigrationh. Psychologistim

55、mi/grate/ionpsych/ology/isti. occurrencesj. assumptionoc/cur/renceas/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.S&CUQITV Tl4 Qj Q co* cj llovw 。八yQC- Io 目inf。，voLjr toorn sdir

56、ioui Ol&tolriiiro 2。占*Hy。|白口尸彳I- flcot lor%Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives likepoor”, rich”, fat, sick”, Wounded”, deaf”, mute, Chinese”,

57、 Danish,best”, Most”, least”, latest”, accused, condemned”, (for) good”, thick” (and) thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by