特殊句式和主谓一致

1、特殊句式（倒装、省略、强调）和主谓一致专题 （句法 四）一、考试说明的内容及要求特殊句式和主谓一致是中学英语语法的重要组成部分，也是高考考查的考点之一。高考题对特殊句式的考查主要集中在倒装省略和强调上。高考对主谓一致的考查主要集中在意义一致原则以及时态与主谓一致的综合考查上。二、近五年安徽高考考点分布及命题趋势考点考查情况主谓一致和时态结合2012年单选第33题 1分主谓一致和时态结合2011年单选第27题 1分强调句2010年单选第27题 1分省略2008年单选第32题 1分从近五年安徽英语试题来看，本专题内容知识性强，主要涉及语言形式；注重考查知识之间交叉现象，加大了综合考查语法知识的力度

2、，未来还会保持这一趋势，但是这类题目的综合性和情景性将会变得越来越明显。三 一轮复习中存在的问题一轮复习中并未对此语法进行专项讲解，但是在各次段考中都会涉及此语法。可以看出学生对于强调句的各种句式以及部分倒装和全部倒装的区别上存有困惑，失分严重。在二轮复习中要对学生的疑惑处进行针对性的讲解和训练。四 教学重点和教学策略教学重点：鉴于高考命题趋势和学生学习中存在的问题，本专题的教学重点内容是：“倒装句与时态和主谓一致相结合”以及“强调句与其他从句的区别”两个考点，重在让学生在理解语法规则的基础上进行灵活应用。 1. 倒装句与时态和主谓一致相结合的考查 如：-Is everyone here?-N

3、ot yetLook, there _the rest of our guests! (2010江苏) A come B comes C is coming D are coming 答案 A 此题容易选 D here there,now, then 等位于句首的全部倒装句中， 谓语动词 be ,come, go 等不能用于进行时，另外谓语动词要与主语 the rest of our guests 保持一致 2. 强调句与从句的区别与主语从句的区别强调句去掉It is/was.that之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句却不能It is there that accidents often ha

4、ppen. (强调句)It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.( 主语从句)强调句与定语从句的区别强调句中that 没有意义，且不作任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语宾语或表语。It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading. (强调句)It is a question that needs careful consideration. (定语从句)强调句与状语从句的区别强调句去掉It is/wasthat 后，结构完整，

5、而 It is.when 中，it指代时间It was at six oclock that I got up today.(强调句)It was six oclock when I got up early. (状语从句)例题：It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village_the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. (2010安徽) A where B that C when D which答案 B 本题容易选A 难度在于被强调部分中有一个that 引导的定语从句。It

6、was at six oclock _ I got up today. A that B when C as D while答案 A 本题容易选B 解题关键在于强调句型去掉 “It is/wasthat” 之后，句子结构完整，而 “It is. when” 结构中， it 指代时间。教学策略教学的基本策略为向学生展示各项语法的基本解题方法。1. 积累标志词汇，判断是否倒装在倒装句的解题时要注意题干中是否有倒装句的构成条件，这就要求学生在平时的学习中积累标志词汇。如：On the chairs_, who had come here for this job interview. A did t

7、hree graduates sit B sat three graduates C three graduates sat D sitting three graduates 答案 B 介词短语 on the chairs 放在句首，主句要用全部倒装形式。2. 分析主语特点，判断是否省略高考对省略情况的考查主要在状语从句的省略中以及定语从句和虚拟语气的省略，同时也会考察在一些固定结构中的省略。 Some of you may have finished Unit One._, you can go on to UnitTwo. A If you may B If you do C If no

8、t D If so 答案 D 从后面的 you can go on to Unit two 可知道选D， 如果这样的话3. 掌握强调句型特点， 判断句子种类强调句型用来强调主语，宾语和状语等成分。that 只是起连接作用，不作成分，但不能省略。判断是否是强调句，可采用“还原法”，也就是把 “ It is/was . that/who” 去掉。如果还原成一般句式后，句子各部分成分完整，则是强调句，否则不是。 It is the test system, rather than the teachers, _is to blame for the students heavy burden now

9、adays. A who B this C that D whom 答案 C 把 it is .that 去掉后，句子结构依然成立，故这是一个强调句。4.了解三大原则，考虑主谓一致高考对主谓一致的考查主要在意义一致原则以及时态和主谓一致的综合考察中。在复习备考中，要注意了解主谓一致的三大原则，牢记主谓一致的用法。 An average of about 100 emails a week_received. Such _the case with Martin at present. A are, are B is, is C is, are D are, is 答案 D an average

10、 of +主语+可数名词复数作主语，其后的谓语动词应该用复数， such 指代前面整个事情，谓语动词应该用单数。五专题教学主要内容考点：1. 倒装 英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。把谓语放在主语之前，就叫做倒装结构。如果全部谓语放在主语之前，叫全部倒装；如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主句之前，就叫部分倒装。分类倒装条件结构例句全部倒装 (全部谓语提到主语之前)1.引导词there引出倒装句，此结构中的be动词有时用stand,exist,lie,live,happen,appear,remain等不及物动词代替。There+谓语+主语There exist many problems a

11、mong the students.2.以here, there,now, then, thus,such 等词位于句首，谓语动词多为come,follow, begin, end,be；主语是名词副词+谓语+主语Such was Albert Einstein, a simple but great scientist.Here comes the bus.3.以out,in,up,down,away,off,back,over等副词位于句首，谓语动词多为come, go 等表示位移的动词；主语是名词副词+谓语+主语Out rushed the children.Away flew the

12、birds.4.表示地点的介词短语位于句首且谓语动词为表示存在的如exist,stand等不及物动词，主语是名词。介词短语+谓语+主语Behind the counter stood a beautiful girl.On the top of the hill stands a temple.5.表语（形容词、介词短语、 现在分词、 过去分词）位于句首，为了保持句子平衡，以示强调，或利于上下文衔接。表语+be+主语Seated in the first line are some advanced workers.Gone are the days when HongKong was gov

13、erned by Britain.部分倒装（助动词，系动词，be动词，情态动词提到主语前）1.only 修饰的副词，介词短语或从句作状语位于句首时Only+副词 介词短语 状语从句+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分Only in this way can you solve this problem.2.含有否定意义的副词或介词短语（not，never, seldom, hardly, little, few, not until, in no case, under no circumstances）位于句首时否定副词或介词短语+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分Sel

14、dom have I seen him so upset.Not until we pointed out their fault did they realize it.3.hardly.when, no soonerthan, not only.but (also) 等引导两个分句时，如果hardly, no sooner, not only 位于句首，前一个分句部分倒装，后一个分句语序不变。Hardly/No sooner/ Not only+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分No sooner had the bell rang than the teacher came i

15、n.Not only did I know her, but also I was her best friend.4.so/such.that 结构中，so/such位于句首时So/such+adj/adv+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分+that 从句So busy is he that he cant attend the concert.Such a fine day is it that wed like to play outside.部分倒装（助动词，be 动词，系动词，情态动词提到主语前）5.So/neither/nor 位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个

16、人或事物，译为“也”或“也不” So/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语He likes football very much. So do I.He didnt see the film, neither/nor did I.6.在含有助动词情态动词were,had, should的if 虚拟条件句中，如将if 省略，则要将were, had, should 移到主语之前Were/had/should+主语+谓语其他部分+主句Were I you, I would help her.Had you come earlier, you would have met him.

17、7.as 引导让步状语从句时，通常把句中状语，表语或动词提前；若表语是名词，其前不用冠词。Adj/adv/n(一般不带冠词)/v(原形)+ as+ 主谓结构Child as he is, he knows a lot.Much as I love it, I will not buy it.特别提醒1.here,there,now,then,such,out,in,up,down,away,off,back,over 等词位于句首，当主语为人称代词时，不用倒装。Here you are.There he comes.2.only 修饰主语时位于句首， 不能倒装。Only she knows t

18、he secret.3.当前面两件或两件以上的事也适用于另一个人或物时，通常用So it is with sb或 It is the same with sb.He likes singing, but he doent like dancing. So it is with me.4. So +主语+助动词 表示同一人或事时，翻译成：某人的确如此You say he is a reacher.So he is.5.Neither,nor.连接两个并列分句时，两个并列分句都需要倒装。Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.6. in no ti

19、me 与at no time 位于句首的区别：前者的意思为“立刻，马上”位于句首无需倒装，而后者的意思为 “绝不”位于句首则需要倒装In no time he will come here.At no time will he come here.2. 省略省略是为了避免重复，突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种普遍的现象。用法如下表。种类要点归纳例句宾语从句1.wh-特除疑问词或how 引导的宾语从句中，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将重复内容省略，而只保留wh-特除疑问词或how。Someone has used my bike, but I

20、dont know who (has used it).2.引导宾语从句的从属连词that可省略。但及物动词后跟两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个连词that 可省略。He told me （that） she was beautiful and that she was clever.3.Im afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作回答语，后面用so和not分别等于肯定和否定回答，宾语从句可省略。-Do you think it will rain?-I hope not (that it will not rain)定语从

21、句1.在限制性定语从句中，关系代词that,which,whom充当宾语，而且前面无介词时可以省略。关系代词在从句中作表语时也可以省略。The man (who/whom) you shook hands with is called Smith.He still talks like the man (that)he was ten years ago.2.the way后的定语从句可省略关系词。I dont like the way (that/in which/.) he speaks to others.状语从句在时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句主语一致或从句的主

22、语为it而且从句的谓语动词又包含be，就可以省略从句的“主语+be”部分。Come tomorrow if (it is )possible.While (he was) in Beijing, he paid a visit to the Great Wall.虚拟语气1.在虚拟条件句中，如果含有had, were, should 等词，if可省略，句子要用倒装。Were I (if I were) twenty now, I would join the army.2.在表示虚拟语气的名词性从句中:It is desired/suggested/imporant/strange/essen

23、tial that从句 中谓语动词中的should常省略。It is important that we (should) attend the meeting on time.动词不定式（to 的省略）1.感官动词或使役动词（feel, see, hear, notic, have, make等）后接不定式作宾补时可省略to.I heard someone sing in the next room.2.在do nothing but do, cant help but do, would rather do than do, prefer to dorather than do等句型中省略

24、to.He did nothing but wait all the time.I cant but admire his courage.动词不定式（不定式 的省略）1. 使用不定式符号to来代替不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid, expect, hope, intend, mean, like love,want 等后面。I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.2.当不定式在形容词afraid, anxious ,eager, glad, happy, ready, willing等后作状语时，to 后的内容常省略。Y

25、ou cant force him to answer the question if he is not ready to.3.如果不定式中含有be, have, have been, 通常保留这些部分。-Are you a sailor?-No, but I used to be.特别提醒： 还有一些以固定形式出现的省略结构。 What about having a game of chess? How come they left you alone here? What if it is raining? Why not try again?3. 强调 在说话或写文章中，有时要突出或强

26、调某个词，词组或句子，这时就要用强调结构。种类要点归纳例句强调句1. 基本结构：It is/was .that/who 可以对除谓语以外的成分（一般不强调表语）进行强调。当强调部分为“人”时，可用that 或who,其他情况下用thatIt was Lucy that/who bought a pen in the nearest shop yesterday.2.在强调句中，当强调主语时，其后面的谓语动词应和主语在人称和数上保持一致。It is I who/that am to blame.3.强调原因状语时，用连词becauseIt was because he was ill that

27、he didnt go to school.4.“notuntil”句型的强调结构为 “It is/was not until.that”.It was not until yesterday that I knew the news.5.强调句型的一般疑问句形式：Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who+其他成分Was it ten years ago that he went to Beijing?6.强调句型的特除疑问句形式为：疑问词+is/was+it+that/who.?注意从句中为陈述语序When was it that China sent naval ships to

28、 protect ships against pirates?I really dont know when it was that China sent naval ships to protect ships against pirates.谓语动词的强调1.Do/does/did +动词原形Tom does study hard now.2.“never+do”也表示强调，一般意为“从来没有，绝不”I never did like her, you know.特别提醒：注意强调句型在对话中的省略 _Where did you met your headmaster this mornin

29、g? _ It was in the office_he worked. A that B where C which D whose本题正确答案为D, 学生容易选择A，因为是强调句型。而实际上本句完整的句子为It was in the office where he worked that I met my headmaster this morning. 因为在对话中，后面的一部分省略了。 4. 主谓一致 主谓一致指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上应保持一致。通常指的主谓一致是主语和谓语在单数和复数上的一致性.原则主语谓语例句语法一致原则单数单数This table is a genu

30、ine antique.复数复数The students are working hard to go to college.就近原则1.由or, nor, either.or,neither.nor, not onlybut also, not.but 等连接与最近的主语保持一致Neither they nor he is wholly right.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.2.由there,here 引起的主语不止一个时与最近的主语保持一致There are two pencils a

31、nd a pen on the desk.意义一致原则1.表示时间，重量，距离，价格，金钱等复数名词表示整体概念单数Ten years is a moment in history.2.以-s结尾的表示学科，国家，机构，书籍，报刊等名词的词Maths is my favourite subject.3.动名词，不定式短语和从句作主语To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.4.主语由many a +名词或more than one +名词构成More than one student has failed the exam.5.主语由one

32、in/out of +复数名词构成One out of ten bottles is left untouched.6.不定代词each,every,no 所修饰的名词以及each.and each,every.andevery, noand no,many aand many a作主语Every man and every woman is at work.Each boy and each girl has an apple.7. 由连词and 连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现The teacher and writer has come.8.clothing, furni

33、ture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage 等无生命的集体名词Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area.意义一致原则1.山脉，群岛，瀑布，运动会等以-s结尾的专有名词复数The Olympic Games are held once every four years.2.people, police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词People read for pleasure during their spare time.3.一些常用复数或只有复数形式的名词 goods,

34、stairs , arms等The goods are sold out.4.and 连接两成分表不同概念A writer and a poet have come5. the+adj表示一类人The poor are suffering a lot.意义一致原则1.集合名词 class, family, team, crew,audience,等强调整体时用单数，强调个体时用复数单复数视情况而定Our family has a reunion every year.His family are waiting for him.2.单复数同形的名词means, works,deer等Every

35、 means has been tried.3.all,none, some, any等不定式作主语，根据指代的内容而定All is going on very well.All are present besides the professor.4.分数或百分数+of 以及由 a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of+n 构成的短语60 percent of the work has been done.About one third of the books are worth reading. 特别提醒1. a number of +复数名词作主

36、语，谓语复数； the number of +复数名词作主语， 谓语单数A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.The number of students in our class is 60.2.当主语后有with, together with, including, like, but, except,other than, rather than 和as well as 等时，谓语应该和前面的主语保持一致Jim, together with his parents is going to Beijing this

37、 weekend.Nobody except my parents knows anything about it.3.由两部分构成的表示物体的名词如trousers, glasses 等作主语时，谓语常复数，但是如果前面有 a pair of/two pairs of 修饰时，谓语动词要与pair 保持一致These trousers need washing.This pair of trousers is mine.4.在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，谓语动词与先行词保持一致。但one of 复数名词后面的定语从句的谓语动词用复数，而在the (only/very) one of +复数名

38、词后面所接的定语从句中，谓语动词用单数He is one of the students who have taken part in the activity.He is the only one of the students who has taken part in the activity.5.what 和whatever 引导主语从句时谓语动词的单复数根据从句所表达的意义上的数确定。What he says and what he do not agree.What he says and does does not concern me.6.由kind (type, sort,

39、series) of 等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数。This new type of buses is now on show.All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.7.由 and 连接两个动名词，不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念则谓语动词用复数，若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式。Getting up early and going to bed early is a good habit.Riding on the elephants and rowing the boats were the children

40、s favourite games.8. a quantity of后接所有名词谓语单Quantities of后接所有名词谓语复 An amount of 后接不可数名词谓语单；Amounts of 后接不可数名词 谓语复Quantities of money have been spent on the project.A quantity of earth has been washed away.Amounts of money have been wasted.An amount of energy has been saved.六、精讲例题1.【2012江西卷】Never befo

41、re seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.Ahad sheBshe hadChas sheDshe has2.【2012重庆卷】The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor_ it a thought.A. does he even give B. he even gives C. will he even give D. he will even give3.【2012重庆卷】It was 80 years before Christopher Col

42、umbus crossed the Atlantic_ Zheng sailed to East Africa.A. when B. that C. after D. since4.【2012 湖南卷】It was not until I came here_I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. A who B that C where D before5.【2012辽宁卷】Not until he retired from teaching three years ago_

43、having a holiday abroad. A he had considered B had he considered C he considered D did he consider6.【2012四川卷】This is not my story, nor_the whole story. My story plays out differently. A is there B there is C is it D it is 7.【2012 天津卷】Only after Mary read her composition the second time_the spelling

44、mistake. A did he notice B she noticed C does she notice D she has noticed 8.【2012 山东卷】 When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or_. A whoever B wherever C whatever D however9.【2011陕西卷】 It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do_benefits our work most. A

45、 who B which C that D what10.【2012四川卷】Was is on a lonely island_he was saved one month after the boat went down? A where B that C which D what 11.【2011重庆卷】 Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn tree? _ Of course, I have. It was in our village_it was made.A that B where C when D which 12.【2011新课标

46、卷】Only when he reached the tea-house _it was the same place he had been in last year. A he realized B he did realize C realized he D did he realize13.【2011福建卷】Its nice. Never before_such a special drink! _I am glad you like it.A I have had B I hadC have I had D had I 14. 【2011江苏卷】It sounds like some

47、thing is wrong with the cars engine._, we had better take it to the garage immediately.A Otherwise B If not C But for that D If so15. 【2011全国卷】Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and _.A neither wont Tom B Tom wont either C Tom will too D wo will tom16. 【2012安徽卷】Walmart, which is one of the largest

48、 American supermarket chains,_some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. A keeps B keep C have kept D had kept 17.【2012湖南卷】All the scientific evidence _that increasing use of chemicals in farming_damaging our health.A show are B shows are C show is D shows is 18 【2012陕西卷】 The bask

49、etball coach, as well as his team,_interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A were B was C is D are19.【2011安徽卷】 The factory used 65% of the raw materials, the rest of which_savef for other pursoses.A is B are C was D were20【2011湖南卷】 One-third of the country_covered with

50、trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.A is are B is is C are are D are is 1-5 CCBBD 6-10 CAACD 11-15 ADCDB 16-20 ADBDA七、反馈试卷1. Try_ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open.A. if B. when C. sine D as2. Only when he reached the tea-house _it was the same place hed been in last year. A.

51、he realized B. he did realize C. realized he D did he realize3.Its nice. Never before_ such a special drink!Im glad you like it. A.I have had B. I had C have I had D had I 4.Only after they had discussed the matter for a few hours _a decision. A. they reached B. did they reach C. they reach D. do th

52、ey reach5 It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine._ , wed better take it to the garage immediately. A. Otherwise B. If not C. But for that D If so 6.I have seldom seen my mother _ pleased with my progress as she is now .A. so B. very C. too D. rather7.It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. A. where B. that C. when D. which8.Johns success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work has made h