词汇学--SenseRelations2

1、Sense Relation 2Sandy Last weekSynonymy Synonym Contents1.Synonymy 同义关系 synonym 同义词2.Antonymy 反义关系 antonym 反义词3.Polysemy 多义关系 polyseme 多义词4.Homonymy 同音(同形)异义关系homonym 同音同形异义词homograph 同形异义词homophone同音异义词5.Hyponymy 上下义关系 superordinate 上义词hyponym下义词2. Antonymy2.1. Definition of Antonymy2.2. Types of A

2、ntonyms2.3. Use of Antonyms2.1.definition of antonymy Antonymy is a relationship of meaning opposition that may hold between two words. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 2.2. types of antonyms1.Complementaries 互补反义词2.Contraries相对反义词3.Conversives 换位反义词Contradictory (comp

3、lementary) antonyms Contradictory antonyms include pairs like the following:asleep awakedeadaliveon offrememberforgetwinlosetruefalseThese pairs are called contradictory antonyms because they represent an either/or relation.If you permit some behavior, then it is not forbidden. Since they are not gr

4、adable, they do not allow comparison.Contraries Contraries include pairs like the following: Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable.hot, warm, cool, coldbeautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, uglyold-young, ope

5、n-close, big-small, poor-richConverse antonyms (逆行) The following are examples of converse antonyms：lendborrowhusbandwife above belowbeforeafterbehindin front ofbuysellgivereceiveparentchildspeaklistenLend is the converse of borrow and vice versa; i.e. the substitution of one member for the other do

6、es not change the meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of subject and object. John lent Mary five dollars.Mary borrowed five dollars from John.The bridge is above the river.The river is below the bridge. This behavior is allowed.This behavior is not prohibited. Contradictory vs.

7、Converse AntonymsConverse antonyms are relational antonyms.Contradictory antonyms are either/or antonyms. 3. The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用1.Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of a given word.2.Antonyms are useful in enabling us to exp

8、ress economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. 3.Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. 4.Many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose. Rain or shine now or never

9、 Here and there thick and thin Weal and woe high and low Friend and foe give and take Easy come, easy go. More haste, less speed. United we stand, divided we fall.3. Polysemy3.1.definition of cess of sense-shift3.1.definition of polysemy Polysemy: the same word may have a set of diffe

10、rent meanings. When a word is first coined, it is always the case (true) that it has only one meaning (monosemic). But in the course of development, the same symbol may be used to express new meanings. The result is polysemy. Polysemy shows the economy and efficiency of human languages.Jason: If you

11、 were in a jungle by yourself and an elephant charged you, what would you do?Lisa： Pay him.唐僧：I cant get down from the tree !悟空：You can only get down from a duckWell, its well that the water in the well does well up so well. 3.2 Two processes leading to polysemy There are two important processes in

12、the development of meaning:Radiation (发散)Concatenation(串联)1 Radiation Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center, and the derived meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning. 1657243Radiation

13、Example: facethe front of the head(Primary Meaning)outward appearance(Derived Meaning)a person(Derived Meaning)self-respect(Derived Meaning)the surface of a thing(Derived Meaning)countenance(Derived Meaning)We can get the derived meanings by extension, narrowing, analogy, transfer, etc. 2 Concatenat

14、ion Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primary meaning by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning. Unlike radiation where each of the derived meani

15、ng is directly related to the primary meaning, concatenation is a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one. 165243Concatenation Example: candidateAa person dressed in whiteA+Ba white robed applicant for office (because the Romans wore white robes when standing for

16、 office)B a person taking an examinationbridging contextThere is no connection between A and B, because the middle link (A+B) has vanished. The primary meaning A has also vanished. Now the derived meaning has become the central meaning. 1.原始意义与引申意义2.普遍意义与特殊意义3.抽象意义与具体意义4.字面意义和比喻意义Relations Among the

17、 Meanings of Polysemes 4.Homonymy 同音同形异义词4.1 definition of homonyms 4.2 classification of homonyms 4.3 ways of forming homonyms 4.4 stylistic value of homonymy4.1 definition of homonyms Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning. S

18、uch words are called homonyms. 4.2 classification of homonyms perfect homonyms - lie vi. / lie vi. Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning Words identical in both sound and form and parts of speech but different in meaning Partial homonyms homographs-tear n./ tear vt homophone

19、s- hoarse/horsePerfect homonymsPerfect homonyms: words identical in both sound and spelling, but different in meaning.1.Bank / bank 2.Bear / bear3.Lap / lap4.Race / race 5.Affect / affect 6.Plane / plane Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.1. Bow / bow2. S

20、ow / sow3. Perfect / perfect4. Wind / wind5. Supply / supply6. Redress / redress HomographsHomophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.1. Sun /son2. Deer /dear3. Right /write4. Pair /pear5. Stationary /stationery6. Plane / plain7. Route / root HomophonesDifferenti

21、ation of perfect homonyms from polysemous wordsdifferent lexemes which have the same formthe same lexeme which has several different meanings polysemous words perfect homonyms developed from the same sourcehaving different sources 4.3 ways of forming homonyms a. converging sound development音变的汇合 (co

22、ming from different origin) sea see bean been /ei/ /i:/ b. diverging sense development词义分化 flower/flour (same word in old English) c. foreign influence, eg. fair (OE) attractive (Lat.) gathering 4.4 stylistic value of homonymy homonyms are often used as puns, to achieve certain literary effect, such

23、 as humor, irony, etc. Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventure in Wonderland“How is bread made?”“I know that!” Alice cried eagerly. “You take some flour.”“Where do you pick the flower?” the White Queen asked.“In a garden, or in the hedges?”“Well, it isnt picked at all,” Alice explained: “its ground.”“How ma

24、ny acres of ground?” said the White Queen.（1）“Waiter”“Yes, sir”“whats this?”“Its bean soap, sir.”“No matter what its been, what is it now?”(2) Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield? Because it has so many ears.(3) Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages? Because there were

25、so many Knights.5. Hyponymy5.1. Definition of Hyponymy5.2. Superordinate and Hyponym5.3. Use of Superordinate and Hyponym5.1.definition of hyponymy Hyponymy is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically. The underlying observation is that some words have a more general meaning, while o

26、thers have a more specific meaning, while referring to the same entity. FOODMEATWe are not going to have any food today. We are not going to have any vegetables today.VEGETABLEFRUIT5.2. superordinate and hyponym superordinate or upper term: -the more inclusive words bed,table,sofa.chair (co-hyponym共下义词) hyponym, lower term or subordinate: -the more specific wordsMEATVEGETABLEFRUITBEEFPORKMUTTONCABBAGECELERYSPINACHAPPLEPEACHORANGEsuperordinateThey are subordinate terms. They are hyponyms of the sup