JohnLocke英国哲学家约翰·洛克的影响

1、known as the “Father of Classical Liberalism”one of the most important Enlightenment thinkersone of the first of the British empiricistsan important figure in social contract theorylimited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due processindividual liberty (including freedom of religion, speec

2、h, press, assembly and free markets)about 1650 to about 1800 (also known as the Age of Reason)a cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and America who wanted to reform society and advance knowledgepromoted: science, intellectual interchangeopposed: superstition, intolerance, abuse

3、s in church and statean epistemological viewa theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experienceemphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditionsRational

4、ism (any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification)Idealism (asserts that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial)Historicism (assigns a central and basic significance to a specific context, such as histor

5、ical period, geographical place and local culture)What is the origin of society?What is the origin of the authority of the state over the individual?Voltaire (1694-1778): French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopherJean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): Genevan philosopher, writer, and compose

6、rmany Scottish Enlightenment thinkers (the Scottish Enlightenment included David Hume 1711-1776, philosopher, historian, economist and essayist and Adam Smith 1723-1790, social philosopher and pioneer of political economy)American revolutionaries and “Founding Fathers” (including Thomas Jefferson, J

7、ohn Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry, George Washington, James Madison, George Mason and many others)political philosophy (classical and modern liberalism, libertarianism)opposition to authoritarianism (both on the level of individuals and on th

8、e level of institutions such as church and government)religious tolerance, separation of church and stateproperty is a natural right and is derived from laborhuman nature is characterized by reason and tolerance and allows for selfishnessgovernmental separation of powersrevolution is a right (and so

9、metimes an obligation)introduction of money eliminates the limits of accumulation, inequality has come about by tacit agreement on the use of moneysupply-and-demand theory of value and pricethe self: that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simpl

10、e, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends (from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding)the Lockean self: a self-aware and self-reflective consciousness fixed in a bodytabula rasa (“blank slate”): the mind is born empty and shaped by experience, ideas are caused by sensations and reflectionsI think I may