高考复习第2讲 阅读理解技巧篇之主旨大意(无答案

1、第5讲 阅读理解技巧篇之主旨大意(段落主旨题和文章主旨题) 题型特点 考查形式有： ? 文章的主要内容 ? 中心思想 ? 段落大意 ? 标题 常见命题方式 1. The main idea/key point of this passage is that _. 2. The passage is mainly about _. 3. The best title/headline for this passage is _. 4. The topic/subject discussed in this passage is _. 5. The last paragraph is chiefl

2、y concerned with _. 6. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 解题思路 ? 根据文章体裁，把握文章逻辑，锁定阅读重心，找到主题句； ? 深入理解主题句，对比选项（主题句的重现，句意复述或推论）； ? 若无明显主题句，则需用略读法，串联段落大意判断文章主旨，或理解段落的各个句子，归纳段落大意； ? 排查选项时可用逆向推理法。 题一：AB 1. As global temperatures rise, trees around the world are e

3、xperiencing longer growing seasons, sometimes as much as three extra weeks a year. All that time helps trees grow faster. For the past 100 years, trees have been experiencing fast growth in temperate regions from Maryland to Finland, to Central Europe, where the growth rate of some trees has even sp

4、ed up nearly 77% since 1870. Assuming wood is just as strong today, those gains would mean more timber (木材) for building, burning, and storing carbon captured from the atmosphere. But is wood really as dense as it used to be? 2. Hans Pretzsch, a forest scientist at the Technical University of Munich

5、 in Germany, and his colleagues wanted to find an answer. They carried out a study of the forests of Central Europe. They started with 41 experimental plots in southern Germany, some of which have been continuously monitored since 1870. Pretzsch and his team took core samples from the treeswhich inc

6、luded Norway spruce, sessile oak, European beech, and Scots pineand frequency probe. -analyzed the tree rings using a high3. Theyve found that in all four species wood density has decreased by 8% to 12%, which they reported online in Forest Ecology and Management. “We expected a trend of the wood de

7、nsity like this, but not such a strong and significant decrease,” Pretzsch says. Increasing temperatures, and the faster growth they spur, probably account for some of the drop. Another factor, Pretzsch says, is more nitrogen in the soil from agricultural fertilizer (化肥) and vehicle exhaust. Previou

8、s studies have linked increased fertilizer use to decreased wood density. Above all, the study suggests that the higher temperaturescombined with pollution from auto exhaust and farmsare making wood weaker, resulting in trees that break more easily and wood that is less durable. 4. “I am getting wor

9、ried,” says Richard Houghton, an ecologist at the Woods Hole Research Center in Falmouth, Massachusetts, who was not part of the new study. As the density of the samples dropped, so did their carbon content, by about 50%. That means forests may suffer more damage from storms and may be less efficien

10、t at soaking up the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO) than scientists had thought, Houghton says.? 238. Paragraph 1 is written to _. A. prove an idea B. introduce a topic C. give an example D. describe a fact 41. What is the best title for the passage? A. We only have one earth. B. Treesour best fr

11、iends.? C. The influence of climate change.? D. Trees are getting bigger, but weaker. 段落主旨题-思路 1. 首段的写作意图：表明主题或引出主题 注意开头的规律： ? 例子或现象导入，得出结论，表明主题； ? 例子或现象导入，然后转折，引出主题； ? 发问方式，引出主题，引起下文。 2. 文中具体事例或研究的写作意图：论证主旨（全文主旨或段落主旨） 选标题-思路 ? 分析文章主旨 ? 分析选项：必须概括全文的中心内容 ? 抓能体现中心内容的关键词 ? 错误项特征： 1. 太大（过度概括，标题中含有文中未提及的

12、内容） 2. 太小（段落主旨，只对文章中的某个细节进行的概括） 3. 偏离主题（与原文内容不符，感情色彩偏离等） ? 也可从选项入手，逆向推理法判断 第7讲 阅读理解技巧篇之猜测词义(单词) 题型特点 猜测词义题：考查根据具体语境来判断词汇，短语或句子意义的能力。 题型设置： ? 生词 熟词 ? 代词 ? 短语 ? 句子 解题技巧 ? 锁定目标句子 ? 融入语境，发散式阅读, 根据上下文中的信息来猜测 ? 找到与邻近句子之间的逻辑关系，以此为依据，加以判断 ? 后文出现同位语从句或定语从句，出现破折号，冒号，引号，括号等 ? 前后文中出现平行结构：分号，or，and， besides，also

13、，similarly，that is to say，in other words ? 前后文出现转折关系：but，however，yet，though，while，despite，in spite of，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand，unlike ? 前后文中出现因果关系：because，so，since，so that，therefore，thus 题一：1. Be nice to mice and they may return the favour. 2. Only one drug of every ten successf

14、ully tested in laboratory animals ends up working in people. One reason, of course, is that mice are not men. Another, though, might have to do with the fact that while human patients are afforded all manner of creature comforts, their animal proxies (代替物) are not. 3. Although medical scientists fav

15、ourite creatures relish temperatures of a little over 30, laboratories routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below that. This is not in order to abuse the beasts but, rather, because when kept warm they are unmanageably aggressive. 4. The downside is that they have to eat more than they otherwi

16、se would, in order to keep their bodies warm. That changes their physiology (生理). And that in turn changes the way they metabolise (新陈代谢) drugs, with possibly confusing results. Joseph Garner， of Stanford University, thinks the answer is to keep the labs cool, but let mice deal with the low temperat

17、ures as they do in their natural habitat： not by eating more but by building nests. 5. So far, though, no one has a clear idea of how much nesting material is needed to keep mice happy. Dr Garner and his colleagues therefore decided to find out. They have just reported their results in the Public Li

18、brary of Science. Dr Garner and his team let each of their mice, 36 males and as many females from three types commonly used in trials, wander free in two cages connected by a narrow tube. One cage was kept constant at one of six temperatures between 20 and 35. The other was maintained at 20 but was

19、 supplied with up to ten grams of very small pieces of paper, which the mice could use to weave a nest. 6. The idea was to check whether the animals would rather build a nest in the cooler cage or move to the warmer one, possibly pulling nesting material along with them little by little. The researc

20、hers found that the mices preferences varied slightly between types, as well as between sexes (with females fond of higher temperatures, possibly because of their thinner protective layer of fat), confirming that there is no single set of conditions in which all mice feel cosy. 7. In general, though

21、, with little nesting material around, the mice laboriously carried pieces of paper over to the warmer spot, one or two at a time. But leave at least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest there. 8. That seems a small price to pay

22、for better drug trials. ?38. What does the underlined word “relish” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Resist. B. Enjoy. C. Avoid. D. Maintain. 第8讲 阅读理解技巧篇之猜测词义(句子和代词) 题一：1. In December 2017, I attended a conference. Five successful women delivered speeches on the topic “Bouncing Back after Setbacks.”

23、 As I sat there listening to their many personal and professional mistakes and setbacks, I felt fortunate that I hadnt made that many mistakes in my own life. 2. Those women had lost thousands in investments, started companies but failed, sold companies that later ended up being worth millions, and

24、lost partners in the name of business. Despite knowing that they had, in fact, bounced back and were again doing very well, I was starting to feel sorry for them. 3. Then, as if someone whispered in my ear, I heard the words： “Dont be so proud of yourself. You havent made any mistakes because you ha

25、vent lived at all. Look how boring your life is.” Whose voice was this, and how dare it speak to me like that? 4. I think, for the first time, I heard my own heart speak. It shook me to my core, and it took all I had to keep from crying. I started thinking of the mistakes I had made. The voice was r

26、ight. There werent many at all. I had followed a straight path for 38 years. I went to school, earned bachelors and masters degrees with honors, and stayed at every job Id had far longer than it was professionally beneficial for me to do so. In fact, at 38, I had only had three jobs. “The devil (魔鬼)

27、 you know is better than the one you dont” was my motto. 5. A quick review of my life made me realize that it was the actions I hadnt taken that I was suddenly regretting. I hadnt studied abroad. I hadnt risked love. In fact, I was perpetually single. I hadnt started a business. I hadnt traveled eno

28、ugh. I had said “no” far more than “yes”. 6. The voice that whispered to me continued to the New Year. It was like it laughed at me. The thought of turning forty frightened me. Its one thing to be unhappy and unsettled in your twenties, and perhaps even in ones thirties. But was I going to start a n

29、ew decade with the same boredom? I needed something to pick me up, some activities I could look forward to. 53. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. The familiar devil is more frightening. B. Saying “no” is better than saying “yes”. C. Its better to stay within the comf

30、ort zone. D. Youd better change your job more frequently. 猜测句意题的解题技巧 锁定题眼 定位 解题技巧 根据my motto（我“The devil (魔的座右铭）鬼) you know is 第四段：关键词和我的 my mottobetter than the straight one you dont”path for 38 来猜years 测。 猜测句意题的规律 ? 融入语境，发散式阅读，根据上下文中的信息来猜测 ? 可以做小范围阅读和大范围阅读 ? 必要时可以联系文章主旨，段落主旨 ? 逆向思考，可以把选项内容带入文章情景，判

31、断其连贯度 ? 干扰项：对句子进行字面的解释，没有融入到文章情景 ? 曲解文章意图的解释 ? 只做部分解读的选项 题二： 1. An open office is supposed to force employees to cooperate. To have them talk more face to face. To get them off instant messenger (IM) and brainstorming new ideas. But a recent study by two researchers offers evidence to support what m

32、any people who work in open offices already know： It doesnt really work that way. The noise causes people to put on headphones and tune out. The lack of privacy causes others to work from home when they can. And the sense of being in a fishbowl means many choose email over a desk-side chat. 2. Ethan

33、 Bernstein and Stephen Turban, two Harvard Business School professors, studied two Fortune 500 companies that made the shift to an open office environment from one where workers had more privacy. Using “sociometric” electronic badges (标记) and microphones, as well as data on email and instant messeng

34、er use by employees, the researchers found in the first study that after the organization made the move to open-plan offices, workers spent 73% less time in face-to-face interactions. Meanwhile, email use rose 67% and IM use went up 75%. 3. The participants wore the badges and microphones for severa

35、l weeks before the office was redesigned and for several after, and the company gave the researchers access to their electronic communications. The results were astonishing. “We were surprised by the degree to which we found the effect,” Bernstein said. The badges could tell that two people had a fa

36、ce-to-face interaction without recording actual spoken words. The researchers were careful to make sure other factors werent in question the business cycle was similar, for instance, and the group of employees were the same. 4. In a second study, the researchers looked at changes in interactions between specific pairs of colleagues, finding a similar drop in face-to-face communication and a smaller but still significant increase in electronic correspondence. 5. Another wrinkle in their research, Bernstei