9A文如何确定论文题目

1、【MeiWei 81- 优质适用文档】硕士论文的选题论文写作的过程一般可分为五个阶段： 1.选题；2.收集资料； 3.分析资料、 构思、制定提纲； 4.撰写初稿； 5.修改和定稿。一、选题1 选择一个笼统的题目这个题目应该是你既感兴趣又对其有一定了解的题目。 对这个题目你应该已 有一些想法， 而这些想法值得你去进一步探讨、 研究，进而将其扩展为一篇论文。 2. 阅读与思考应该尽量多读书， 以求得到自己所需要的资料。 在阅读的过程中还要不断地 给自己提出问题： 你头脑中的那个题目是否已有人做过较为深入的探讨？你是否 能从新的角度、 新的侧面来进一步拓展此题目， 提出有创见性的论点？如果你的 回答

2、是肯定的，你就可以迈出下一步。否则，你就应该及时地放弃这个题目。 3 缩小题目范围将题目的范围缩小到某几个方面，使其有可能成为一篇论文的题目。4. 确定最后的题目最后选定的题目应符合以下几项要求：1)选定的题目本身应该是有意义的，而且是严肃的。你的分析必须有见地、有 深度。一篇科研论文应该能引起读者的思考，应该使读者读后有所收获。2)选定的题目应该是你力所能及的。3)选定的题目应该有足够的资料供参阅。论文中所表述的观点或看法应该建立 在对各种资料的分析的基础之上。如果你只能找到一两本或一两篇与你的论 文题目有关的书籍或文章，如果你只是从这一点资料中得出结论，那么你所 做出的结论很可能依据不足。

3、4)选定的题目应该是可供客观研究使用的。5)选题不应该是当前最热门却又无法下定论的题目。如果你选定的题目太大， 无法写深写透，你就应该设法缩小它的范围，为自己的论文找到一个恰当的 焦点。选题的过程是一个从大题目中发现小题目的过程。举例说明：General:TheAmericanCivilWarRestricted:CausesoftheVictoryoftheNorth Morerestricted:TheSupportGiventotheUnionArmybythePeople Thetopicchosen:BlackSoldiersintheUnionGeneral:Elizabethan

4、DramaRestricted:Shakespeare sTragediesMeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】MeiWei 81- 优质适用文档】Morerestricted:HamletThetopicchosen:OnHamlet sInsanity二、收集资料论文题目确定之后， 紧接着的一步便是收集资料。 收集资料应当贯穿整个论文写作过程。1使用图书馆，列出阅读书单2阅读3做笔记4.Acknowledgeyoursources.Avoidplagiarism.三、分析资料、构思、制定提纲1 确定论点收集到足够的资料以后， 下一步就是要把这些资料组合成一个统一而联贯的 整体，同时要为自己

5、的论文提出论点。 一篇论文的论点通常是一句话， 阐明论文 作者对自己所研究的论题进一步定位定向的过程， 从而确保自己在论文提纲的制 定和论文的撰写过程中不偏离主题。2 制定提纲论文提纲主要有两种形式。一种是短语提纲 - 提纲中的大小标题都用短语 表述；第二种是整句提纲 - 提纲中的大小标题都用完整的句子来表述。整句提 纲的表达可能更清楚些， 因为它可以清楚地显示出你的论文是如何一步一步地接 近你的结论的。Theresearchpaperisbasedonasystematicinvestigationofmaterialsfoun dinalibrary.Thissectionprovides

6、instructionsaboutthewaytoassemblemateri alsfromsourcesandtodocumentthemwithfootnotes. Chooseasubjectwhichinterestsyou.LimitittomanageablesChooseasubjectwhichinterestsyou.Limitittomanageablesei i.z z Yoursubjectshouldallowyoutousethelibraryextensively,thinkforyourself,an dcometoasignificantconclusion

7、whichwillbeofinteresttoyourreader.Abovea ll,itshouldengageyourattentionsothatyouenjoyreadingandthinkingaboutita ndwritingitupforothers.Beginbychoosingageneralsubjectarea.Beginbychoosingageneralsubjectarea.Ifyouhavelonghadaparticularinterest,itmaybeyourstartingpoint:photograph y,perhaps;orliterature;

8、orpainting;orarchitecture.Ifnothingcomestomind,sta rtwithalistofbroadareas,suchasthefollowing,decideononeyoulike,andthenf ocusonalimitedaspectofit.Limityoursubjectadequately.Limityoursubjectadequately.Supposeyouhavechosenphotographyasyourgeneralarea.Afteralittlethought andreadingandalookatthecardcat

9、alogofthelibrary,youwillseethatthisistoobr oadatopicforonepaper.Soyoumaybeginbynarrowingittocolorphotography,oMeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】【MeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】raerialphotography,orthehistoryofphotography.Anyofthesetopicscouldbef urtherrestricted:forexample,TheEffectofColorPhotographyonAdvertising ,orAerialPhoto

10、graphyinWorldWarII,orMatthewBrady:Photographerof theCivilWar.Stillfurtherlimitationmaybedesirable,dependingonthelengtho fyourpaperandtheresourcesofyourlibrary.Avoidinappropriatesubjects.Avoidinappropriatesubjects.Bewareofsubjectshighlytechnical,learned,orspecialized.Onlyaspecialistca nhandlemodemtec

11、hniquesingeneticresearchorexperimentalpsychology.Av oidtopicsthatdonotleadtoawiderangeofsourcematerials.Ifyoufindthatyouar eusingoneortwosourcesexclusively,thefaultmaybewithyourmethod orwit hyourtopic.Forexample,aprocesstopic(howtodosomething)doesnotlenditse lftolibraryinvestigation.Insteadofwriting

12、onHowtoSki,astudentmightharn ess,aninterestinskiingtoastudyoftheeffectofskiingonsomein- dustryorregionintheUnitedStates:BecomeacquaintedwiththereferencetoolsofthelibraryandusethemtocoBecomeacquaintedwiththereferencetoolsofthelibraryandusethemtoco mpileaworkingbibliography.mpileaworkingbibliography.C

13、ertainguidestoknowledgeareindispensabletolibraryinvestigation.Fromthe myoucancompileaworkingbibliography,workingbibliography,alistofpublicationswhichcontain materialonyoursubjectandwhichyouplantoread.Theitemsonthislistshouldh aveonlytheauthorsname,thetitle,andtheinformationyouneedinordertofindt heso

14、urceinthelibrary.Locatesourcematerials,read,evaluate,andtakenotes.Locatesourcematerials,read,evaluate,andtakenotes. Beforeyoubegintotakenotes,itisagoodideatodosomebroap pdreliminaryrreliminaryreaea dingdinginanencyclopediaorinothergeneralintroductoryworks.Trytogetagenera lview,akindofmapoftheterrito

15、rywithinwhichyouwillbeworking.Theseheadingsmaynotbefinal.Youshouldalwaysbereadytodelete,add, andchangeheadingsasyoureadandtakenotes.Atthisstage,thefinalorderofhea dings theoutline-maybeneitherpossiblenornecessary.Atanearlystageinresearchitisnotalwayspossibletoknowexactlywhatinf ormationisneeded.Phot

16、ocopysomeofthelongestpassages,andthenyoucanstu dythemanddigestthemduringthewritingofthefirstdraftofthepaper.Donotcop ysomanypassagesthatyouleavetoomuchofthethinkinguntilthelastmoment,b utmakeenoughduplicatestopreventconstantreturnstothesamebooksinthelibr ary.Whenwritingyourpaper,youmayeitherquotedir

17、ectly,orparaphrase.Quo t- ingandparaphrasingmaybecombinedonasinglenotecard,asinthecardatthebo ttomofpage281.Itismostimportanttousequotationmarksaccuratelywhenwrit ingthenote,touseyourownwordswhennotquoting,andtotransferquotationsa ndquotationmarksfromcardtopaperwithscrupulouscare.Anysinglecardshould

18、containnotesfromonlyonesource,andallthenotes onanysinglecardshouldbeaboutonesingletopic,suchasJamesThurberssubje ctsonthecardsabove.ThiswillgiveyoumaximumflexibilityinorganizingmateMeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】【MeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】rialsastheplanofthepapertakesshape.Arrangethecardsbytopicbeforeyouwrit ethepaper.T

19、heaccuracyofyourpaperdependstoagreatextentontheaccuracyofyour notes.Indicateoneachcardthesource,thepagenumbers,andanappropriatesubj ectheading.Notetakingisnotameremechanicalprocess;itinvolvesinterpretationand evaluation.Twopersonswritingonthesamesubjectandusingthesamesources wouldnotbelikelytotakequ

20、itethesamenotes,andtheirpaperswoulddifferacco rdinglyincontentandorganization.ConstructanoutlineConstructanoutlineNostepinthewritingofaresearchpaperismoreimportantthantheworkingoutof agoodoutline.Thepurposeofanoutlineisnottoholdyourigidlytoapreconceive dformbuttoenableyoutothinkthroughyourtopicandor

21、ganizeitlogicallyandin terestinglybeforeyoubegintowrite.Writingtoosoonisthemostcommonofallfl awsincomposingaresearchpaper.Theoutlinemaythereforebethemostimport antsinglestepintheprocess.Afteryouhaveworkedoutatentativeoutline,studyi tcarefullytobesurethatyouhaveincludedallthemajorpointsyouwishtomakea

22、 ndthatyouhavearrangedthemsothatyourdiscussionwillflowrationallyfromo netotheother.Ifyouhavetakenthetimeandefforttocompleteafullandeffectiveoutline,y ouwillfindthatthewritingofthepaperitselfwillgomuchquickerandsmoothera ndthattheresultwillbeaunifieddiscussion.Seethemodeloutlineonpage297. Acknowledge

23、yoursources.Avoidplagiarism.Acknowledgeyoursources.Avoidplagiarism.Acknowledgeyourindebtednesstoothersbygivingfulldetailsofsourcesinfoot notesandbibliography.Usingotherswordsandideasasiftheywereyourownisa formofstealingcalledplagiarism.plagiarism.Someoftheprinciplesofquotingandparaphrasinghavealread

24、ybeendiscu ssedunderthetopicoftakingnotes(48d).Theymustbekeptinmindduringthewr itingandrevi- sionofthepaper.Finally,quotationsandparaphrasesshouldbecarefullychecke dforaccuracyafterthepaperiswritten.Alldirectquotationsmustbeplacedinquotationmarksandacknowledged inyourtext.Ifyouarewritingadocumentedp

25、aper,specificdetailsofthecitationmustb ecompletedinafootnote.Evenwhenyoutakeonlyaphraseorasingleunusualwo rdfromapassage,youshouldencloseitinquotationmarks.Youmayquotewords ,phrases,clauses,sentences,orevenwholeparagraphs.Generallyyoushouldqu oteasentenceoraparagraphonlywhenawriterhasphrasedsomethin

26、gespeciall ywellandwhenyouneedtosupplyalltheinformationgiven.Donotquoteexcessi vely.Asequenceofquotationsstrungtogetherwithafewwordsofyourownisnot satisfactory.Excessivequotingindicatesthatyouhavenotproperlydigestedyo ursources,thoughtabouttheideas,andlearnedtoexpresstheminyourownword sandtorelateth

27、emtoyourownideas.MeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】【MeiWei_81- 优质适用文档】Allparaphrasesandcitationsmustbeacknowledged. Creditasourcewhenyouciteideasorinformationfromitevenwhenyoudonotqu otedirectly-Alteringthewordingdoesnotmakethesubstanceyours.Anacknow ledgmentnotonlygivespropercreditbutalsolendsauthoritytoyourstatement. Wheneveryouconsultasourceoranoteca