从中国象棋和国际象棋看中西方历史文化差异

1、Historical Culture DifferencesWhy the chess piece 炮 is only in Chinese Chess?Why does foreign chess have the powerful Queen but Chinese chess doesnt have one?Why does the Knight(骑士) move without obstacles in European Chess?(国际象棋中的“骑士”对应中国象棋中的“马”)(中国象棋里有“蹩脚马”一说)brief introductions of the European Che

2、ssIts said that European Chess deprived from AD 7th century in India(印度).European Chess, together with Chinese Chess, Chinese weiqi and Japanese jiangqi(将棋) are the worlds four leading kind of chesses.In the end of 15th century, Chess, together with archery(射箭), horsemanship(骑术), swimming, swordplay

3、(击剑), hunting and versification(作诗) became the seven required courses in chivalric education(骑士教育).It is Russias national chess. 根据历史传说记载, 国际象棋起源于公元6世纪的印度。它是从古代印度一种叫作“恰图兰卡”的象棋,经长期流传演变成的。当时,“恰图兰卡”的棋子只有四种，这4种棋子是:步兵、骑兵、战车和大象，它们正好反映了古代印度军队的组成兵种。 大概在公元600年左右年波斯人把“恰图兰卡”改名为“沙特兰兹”,并对规则进一步地修改。 公元638年，阿拉伯人征服了

4、波斯（伊朗），8至10世纪，沙特兰兹在中亚和阿拉伯各民族非常风行。通过贸易、战争和宗教等多种渠道，国际象棋从东方向西方传播，11世纪末已遍及欧洲各国，文艺复兴时期在欧洲风靡一时，15、16世纪，终于定型为国际象棋今日的样式。 还有另一种说法，20世纪70年代，英国著名学者李约瑟(Joseph Needham)博士在其所著中国科学文化史中明确提出象棋是中国人的创造。他详细地分析了中国古代游戏六搏与天象数学的关系，他说：“只有在中国，阴阳理论的盛行促使象棋雏形的产生，带有天文性质的占卜术得以发明，然后发展成带有军事含义的一种游戏。前苏联科学院远东研究所研究员切列夫考博士在苏联文艺上发表文章，根据他

5、的研究，国际象棋起源于易经的思想：64格，对应八八六十四卦，黑白对应阴阳。Chinese Chess is said to deprive from Qin Dynasty. Hanxin(韩信) invented Chinese Chess to get soldiers combat skills exercised.Because of the long term of Chinas feudal system(封建制度) , Chinese Chess didnt change much any more.a big foursquare divided into 64 small c

6、hecks(小方格) in two different colorsthe lighter color ones called “white checks” and the darker ones called “black checks”chessboardThere are 16 chess pieces at each side.In each side, it has one King, one Queen, two Bishops(象), two Knights(马), two Rooks(战车) and eight Pawns(兵).The chess piece Queen st

7、ays at check opposite to its side in color.differences about military confrontation Artillery(火炮) was invented along with the invention of gunpowder(火药). And it had been used in military since Tang Danysty, even earily (AD 7th century). Gunpowder wasnt introduced through Arabians to Europe until abo

8、ut 15th century when capitalism just budded(萌芽). But European Chess had finalized its designation before that time.King has no strong power but is the paramount(最重要的) among all chess pieces. 国际象棋特级大师古菲尔德曾经说过，“在开局阶段，王是一个婴儿；在中局阶段，王是一个小孩儿；在残局阶段，王是一个成年人。”Kings death means the whole kindoms extinction(王朝

9、灭亡), so in both chesses, there is rigorous defense(严密的防守) for King.guard by two Shi (士) and two Xiang (象)translocation(易位) with Rook(战车) to survivemove no more than its imperial palace(皇宫)fighting over whole chessboard(棋盘)no meeting with each othercan fight face to facedifferencesQueen corresponds w

10、ith Shi(士) in Chinese Chess. Shi can only moves around Jiang(将), but Queen can moves along its routes to anywhere.The chess piece Shi in original European Chess was changed into Queen by the romantic French.Feminism(女权) is important in ancient European royal household. Because connections through ma

11、rriages plays an important role in peace between countries .ShiQueenThe two kinds of chess pieces move exactly the same way.Che(Ju)Rook(战车)being set upmoving without obstacles（在中国象棋里有“绊马脚”一说）ancient Chinas government: official corruption(官场腐败), intriguing with each other(勾心斗角).HorseKnightWar Elephan

12、t(战象)Herald(传令官)Priest(教士)(the Renaissance Period)Xiang stands for the civil official(文官) in ancient China, so it can not cross over the boundary river(界河).XiangBishopcommon points: the most in numberstanding foremost(最前面) to guard Kingonly charging(冲锋) and having no comebackdifferences: being a dog

13、face(小兵) forever and a little stronger after crossing over the boundary river being a dogface at first but upgrade to any one except for KingDogfacePawnit indicates that the ancient Chinese feudal society had a much more hierarchical(分等级的) and centralized(中央集权的) system than the foreign society. This is why sprouting of capitalism in foreign society(西方资本主义萌芽) wasnt being impeded(阻碍).Finally capitalism was developed maturely and spread to the rest of the