词汇学--词义的分类及

1、Week 8Sandy Outline 1.词义的分类2.词义的分析1 Types of Word Meaning词义的分类词义分类的理论依据Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent. These components are commonly described as types of meaning. 词义由各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成词义由各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。Types of Me

2、aningGrammatical Meaning语法意义语法意义Lexical Meaning词汇意义词汇意义Conceptual Meaning概念意义概念意义Associative Meaning联想意义联想意义Connotative Meaning内涵意义内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义文体意义1. Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning语法意义&词汇意义 Grammatical meaning indicates grammati

3、cal concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. 语法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。 For example girls, winters, tables, joys We notice that word-forms, though denoting differe

4、nt objects of reality, have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality. Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. 林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。 For example g

5、o, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component.v所以，一个词在不同的语境中有不同的语法形所以，一个词在不同的语境中有不同的语法形式来表达不同的语法意义，但词汇意义却保持式来表达不同的语法意义，但词汇意义却保持不变。不变。2. Conceptual Meaning & Associative Meaning概念意义

6、&联想意义 Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the

7、influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc. 联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。What are the sources of associative meanings? The persons who use such lexemes; The settings in which such lexemes are employed; Cultural values associated with the re

8、ferents of the lexemes; The occurrence of such lexemes in prior texts; Contamination from linguistic collocations;AssociativeMeaningConnotative Meaning内涵意义内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义文体意义1) Connotative Meaning 内涵意义It refers to the overtones or associa

9、tions suggested by the conceptual meaning. 内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。Discussion:农民：peasant/farmer ambition:野心/雄心壮志官：official/officer 政治：politics个人主义：individualism外国人：foreignerv英汉词语内涵比较1.动物：Dragon / dog / Peacock / magpie 2.自然界：west wind / moonlight /moonshine3.颜色词语：red / white / black / green / blue4.数字词

10、语：13v英语和汉语中结构相同但词义并不相同的词。 Sweet water / an old daughter/ dry goods white night / Indian summer / guinea pig Vice-chancellor / eat ones words v 颜色词要特别注意颜色词要特别注意： 白菜/白熊/白蚁/白送/白开水 白饭/红运/红榜/红利2) Stylistic Meaning文体意义 Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make th

11、em appropriate for different styles. 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。 In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang”and so on.Compare the following two groups of synonyms. leave job cant tired ad depart position cannot fatigued adverti

12、sement3) Affective Meaning情感意义 Affective meaning expresses the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words. 情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来。 Words that have emotive va

13、lues may fall into two categories: 情感意义有2类：褒义和贬义 Appreciative & pejorative/derogative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; 欣赏或肯定 Those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. 否定、轻蔑或批评 little famous slim/slender determined

14、statesman confidence farmer publicity small notorious skinny pigheaded politician complacency peasant propagandaTell which column contains the appreciative affective meaning.4) Collocative Meaning搭配意义 It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所

15、赋予的那部分意义。 Pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning good-looking, but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur. g girl boy boy man woman car flower vesselpretty garden handsome overcoat colour airliner village typewriter etc. etc.2 Componential A

16、nalysis词义的分析词义的分析 What is componential analysis?1.the analysis of word meanings2.is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features语义特征 or sense components语义成分. （语义特征与语义成分是同义词。）语义特征(semantic features) 语义特征(semantic featur

17、es)是对人类经验的一种抽象概括，属于原语言(metalanguage)，用来描述任何语言的语义。 例如，对名词的描述，可以是人或非人、有生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、抽象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。 如英语中bachelor一词就具有如下几个语义特征：Human, Adult, Male, Concrete, Unmarried。 Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binarity/binary opposition对分法. Eg: +ADULT (adult), - ADUL

18、T (young).To be+Not to be- Sense components are conventionally enclosed in square brackets or parenthesis or without. They are all written in capital letters or in small letters with the letters in capital to distinguish them from lexical items. 语义特征一般是放在方括号或圆括号里面，有时也不用括号； 语义特征全部用大写字母或小写字母以区分被语义分析的单

19、词。 man +MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN woman -MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN boy +MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN girl - MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN bullock +MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN cow - MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN HUMAN ADULT MALE man + + + woman + + - boy + - + girl + - -l“ram”= +sheep +adult +malel“ewe”= +sheep +adult -malel“lamb”= +sheep -adult +/-male 进行对分法分析，要抓住不同名词之间典型的区分特征； 如：man, girl, cow这类词与book, dictionary, chair等词的区别特征是+_Animate。 如boy, chair, dictionary等词与hope, thought, problem等词的区别性特征是+_Concrete。 如boy, chair, book与wate