雨水管理设计

1、1Daniel E. Medina, PhDFellowWashington DCOutline大纲Basins集水盆地Swales and strips草沟带Filters过滤Infiltrators渗滤设施Gross pollutant traps污染物整体拦截2Infiltrators 渗滤设施UOs in which the entire design capture volume infiltrates to the soil and percolates to shallow aquifers from which it flows to streams as interflow整

2、个设施捕捉的雨水下渗到土壤和浅水层中，之后整股地汇入溪流。Most effective when distributed over the drainage area在整个排水区范围使用效率最好Designed using Darcys law for unsaturated flow使用不饱和流达西定理设计Performance depends on infiltration properties of soils渗透介质决定性能Two general types:一般有两种类型：Surface infiltrators表面渗滤Underground infiltrators地下渗滤34蒸发

3、蒸腾表面储水层饱和水力传导率原始土岩基/季节性地下水岩基/季节性地下水饱和水力传导率透透水或普通铺面水或普通铺面地地下储水设施下储水设施管管道或水箱道或水箱砾石层砾石层透水铺面地基透水铺面地基至至少少1.2米米至至少少1.2米米Performance depends on soil properties渗透介质决定性能Hydrologic soil groups fine to use水力介质 可以使用USDA soil texture classifications much better!USDA土壤成分分类 更好！(Saxton, K. E. (2009) Soil Water Char

4、acteristics: Hydraulic Properties Calculator /soilwater/Index.htm)Low temperatures reduce hydraulic conductivity低气温降低介质的水力传导率Types:类型：Infiltration basins 渗滤池Infiltration trenches and vaults 渗滤沟和水窖Dry wells干井Permeable pavement透水铺面5Infiltrators 渗滤设施Infiltrators-filter combina

5、tion渗滤-渗透的组合Useful when soil infiltration is too fast or too slow当渗滤介质太快或太慢时，使用这样的组合6Infiltration Basin 渗滤池A dry basin that captures the design volume and allows it to percolate into the ground渗滤池捕捉雨水达到设计容量后，将雨水释放到地下Surface infiltrator表面渗滤UPsVolume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration)减少径流

6、量（蒸发蒸腾和下渗）Peak flow attenuation 削峰作用Filtering 过滤Sorption 吸附作用Biological processes生物过程Temperature reduction降低温度78Infiltration Basin 渗滤池Treats drainage areas of 2-20 ha (5-50 acres)可处理的排水范围达到2-20公顷（5-50英亩）Requires permeable soils需要使用透水介质Infiltration rates need to be field tested下渗率需要实地测试Too high of a

7、rate may not allow adequate filtration (e.g., karst); need an upstream filter过高的下渗滤可能导致过滤的效率不足（如卡斯特地质条件）；需要设计上游过滤Design volume should infiltrate within 24-72 h设计容量应在24-72小时内下渗Pretreatment needed to remove solids (e.g., forebay)大型固体需要经过预处理去除（如使用前池）Bottom must be at least 1.2 m (4 ft) above the season

8、al groundwater table or bedrock设施底部必须至少比岩基或季节性地下水高1.2米Need to be located away from buildings, slopes, highways, wells, critical infrastructure需要原理建筑物、坡度较大地区、高速路、水井、重要设施等Mounding may be an issue堆坡可能成为问题9Infiltration Basin 渗滤池Infiltration trenches and vaults渗滤沟和水沟Small-scale underground infiltrators d

9、istributed throughout a site to collect runoff and infiltrate it to the soil分布在整个场地，用于收集径流并在下渗的小型地下渗滤设施UPs:Volume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration减少径流量（蒸发蒸腾和下渗）Peak flow attenuation if deployed watershed-wide如果在整个流域分布则可发挥削峰作用Filtering过滤Sorption吸附Biological processes (if filled with roc

10、k)生物过程（如果填充了石块）Temperature reduction降低温度10Infiltration Trench 渗滤沟Source: City of Bellingham, WA11Well suited for linear projects; e.g., highways与直线型项目配合良好，如高速路12Infiltration Trench 渗滤沟To treat pollutants through sedimentation and infiltration 通过沉降和下渗处理污染物Well Cap 井盖Pavement 铺面Runoff 径流Fabric Edges T

11、ucked to Prevent any Bypass土工布折卷防止渗流200 mm (8 in)Clean Sand200毫米洁净沙土Anchor 固定Observation Well监测井Overflow Containment Berm溢流控制护坡Level Entry Berm水平护坡Grass Filter Strip 5% Slope草坪过滤带5%坡度Filter Gravel过滤砾石13Infiltration Trench 渗滤沟Treat drainage areas up to 0.4 ha (1 ac)处理排水面积达0.4公顷（1英亩）Require pretreatme

12、nt需要预处理Require permeable soils需要使用透水介质Filled with rock or plastic lattices填充石块或塑料格架Clogging is the main reason for failure; need pre-treatment, e.g., strips瘀堵是造成渗滤沟无法发挥功能的主要原因，因此需要预处理Bottom clogs quickly; infiltration occurs through walls底部瘀堵迅速；有时透过墙体发生渗滤Same limitations as infiltration basins与渗滤池有相

13、同的限制14Infiltration Trench 渗滤沟Dry wells 渗水井Underground controls designed to infiltrate small volumes of stormwater用于渗透少量雨水的地下雨水管理设施Filled with rock or plastic lattices填充石块或塑料格架UPs:Volume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration)减少径流量（蒸发蒸腾和下渗）Peak flow attenuation if deployed watershed-wide如果在整个

14、流域分布则可发挥削峰作用Filtering过滤Sorption吸附Biological processes (if filled with rock)生物过程（如果填充了砾石）Temperature reduction 降低温度15Source: Lake George Association16Dry wells 渗水井17Dry wells 渗水井 Long term usage in areas with fractured rock, glacial outwash, or karst geology在断裂岩层、冰川冲蚀，或卡斯特地质等地区长期使用Restrictions: 局限Bot

15、tom 1.2 m (4 ft) above seasonal groundwater table or bedrock底部需要至少比岩基或季节性地下水层高1.2米3 m (10 ft) away from foundations需要离地基3米远25 m (75 ft) from drinking wells and septics需要离饮用水井25米远Subject to underground injection control regulations需要遵守地下水注入的相关规定Often used to infiltrate roof runoff经常用于渗滤屋顶径流Need pre-t

16、reatment (e.g.; leaf gutter guards)要求预处理（如在道路雨水沟拦截落叶）Need to drain empty in 12 to 72 hours需要在12-72小时内排空18Dry wells 渗水井Permeable pavement 透水铺面A stormwater control consisting of a load-bearing, permeable paving surface that rapidly passes the rainwater falling to an reservoir where it is temporarily s

17、tored until it infiltrates to the underlying soil一种由有一定负荷容载量的透水铺面组成的雨水管理措施，迅速将落入其表面的雨水捕捉并暂时性储存，直到雨水完全下渗到基层土壤UPs:Volume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration)减少径流量（蒸发蒸腾和下渗）Peak flow attenuation if deployed watershed-wide如果在整个流域分布则可发挥削峰作用Filtering渗透Sorption吸附Biological processes生物过程Temperatur

18、e reduction降低温度19Types: 类型Pervious asphalt pavement (PAP)透水沥青铺面Pervious concrete pavement (PCP)透水混凝土铺面Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)透水混凝土咬合铺面Concrete grid pavement (CGP)混凝土格栅铺面Reinforced grass pavement (RGP) (turf pavement)人工草地铺面(草地铺面）20Permeable pavement 透水铺面21Permeable pavement 透水铺面Must meet loading criteria; low traffic volume必须达到负荷要求；低交通量Flat or m