初中动词的分类及用法

1、gramar focus: verb一. 概述表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。可以分为以下四类:类别例句使用特点行为动词及物动词love, make:后跟宾语不及物动词go, rise后不跟宾语连系动词be, ook后跟表语助动词be, have, do, shall, will, did本身没有词义，后跟动词 原形或分词，构成疑问句 或否定句等情态动词can, may, mist本身有词义，后跟动词原 形，构成谓语注：英语行为动词也可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词是必须带宾语的动词。可以分为两类：（1）及物动词+宾语（2）及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 my mother bought me

2、 a gift.（可以接双宾语的词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find,hand, eave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, budl, pass, bring, cook 等 不及物动词不需要跟宾语，本身意义完整。有些不及物动词加上介词后变成及物 性短语动词，后跟宾语。she did not reply to my l etter。二.常用动词用法（见后）三.连系动词系动词亦称连系动词（link verb）,作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独 用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、 特征等情

3、况。系动词后不可接副词，接的是形容词。大致分七种1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：he is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）i am fine.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep , rest, remain, stay , lie,stand,例如：he always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。this matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look ,例如：he

4、looks tired.他看起来很累。he seems （to be） very sad.他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste ,例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。this flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn , fall（asleep） , get, go,come, run.例如：he became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了

5、。she grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, turn out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：the rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。the search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。his plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。 （ turn out表终止性结果）7.使役动词：let,have,makethe story make me happy.有些动词可谓是“多面手，它们既可以用作实义动词，又可以用作连系动词。另

6、外be还可用作助动词。它们的用法不同，词义和句型结构也有所不同。例如：look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。（look 用作实义动词）he looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。（look用作连系动词）they are at work.他们在工作。（are用作连系动词）they are working.他们正在工作。（are用作助动词，帮助构成现在进行时）四.助动词协助主要动通构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（ auxiliary verb ）。被协助的动 词称作主要动词（main verb）。构成时态，语态。助动词是语法功能词、自身 没有词义，不

7、可单独使用，它没有对应的汉译，例如：he doesnt like english.他 不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）1、 助动词 be （am, is, are, was, were, being, been 的用法（1） be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？she was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。（2） be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。he was asked to do the work.有人要他干这件工作。you are invited to attend

8、the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。（3） be后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：表示计划、安排将要发生的事。who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀？im to have supper with john this afternoon. 今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。you are to see the headmaster today4 天你必须去见校长。you are not to enter the room without permission. 未经允许你不能进入房间。表示义务、责任等，同should oyou are to be

9、back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。what is to be done?i亥干什么。表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆者b有。not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定they say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告另| 了，没想到再也不能相见了。he was to regret the decision.

10、他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。用于习语where am i to go?我该向何处去？what am i to do?我该怎么办？ 2、助动词 have(has, had, having )的用法(1)助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时he has been a doctor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。this is the place i have been longing to visit.这就是我直渴望参观的地方。(2)和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。weve missed the train. well have to wait for another

11、 one. 我4己经误了火车，我 们只能等下一列。-do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗？-no. we dont have to.不,不必了。3、 do(does, did)的用法(1)拓成疑问商或否定句how did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。he does not smoke.他不抽烟。(2)加强语气。he did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。do come and see us定来看我们。(3)代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。-you like popular music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？

12、-yes , i o.是的，我喜欢。he speaks french as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的样流禾限(4)用于倒装句中。never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。only then did i und erstand the importance of english.只是那时，我才了解至u英语 的重要性。（5）构成否定的祈使句。dont be so careless不要刃 b么粗心、。do not hesitate to come for help.只管来求助。3 .助动词shall和will的用

13、法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：i shall study harder at english.我将更加努力地学习英语。he will go to shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的 语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will只用于第二、 第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但 shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为 情态动 迎，试比较：he shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）he will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）sha

14、ll在疑问句中，用于第一，第三人称，征求对方意愿shall i turn on the light?要开灯吗？（我把灯打开好吗？）shall he come to see you?他要不要来看你（比较：will he come to see you?他会不会来看你）shall用在陈述句，与第二第三人称连用，变为情态动词 表示允诺，命 令，警告，和说话人的决心等4 .助动词should,would 的用法1） should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：i telephoned him yesterday to ask what i should

15、 do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：what shall i do next week? i asked.“我下周干什么？“我问道。（可以说，shall变成直接引语时，变成了 should 。）2） would也无词义，是 will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来 时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：he said he would come.他说他要来。比较：i will go, he said. 他说：我要去那儿。变成间接引语，就成了:he said he would come.原来的 will变成would , go变成了 come.。过去式从原来的 go变

16、为 came0五.情态动词（1）情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，因此不能单独作谓语，只能和其他 的动词原形一起构成谓语。（2）情态动词后接的动词不定式一律不带 to。（3）情态动词不随人称变化而变。（4）含有情态动词的否定都是由情态动词+ not构成的。can的用法：1 .（表示能力、功能）能，会the classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。june can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。2 .（表示可能性）可能，可能会i think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工

17、作能提前完成。3 .（表示允许、请求）可以you cant take the book out of the room.你不可以将这本书拿出室外。can i use your pen?我可以用一下你的笔吗？4 .（表示命令）必须if you wont keep quiet you can get out.你如不保持安静就请你走。5 .（表示偶然发生的可能性）有时会it can be quite windy there, especially in spring.那里有时容易刮风，特别在春季。6 .（表示惊讶）究竟;竟至于what can it possibly be?到底那是怎么一回事？cou

18、ld的用法can的过去式；（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；（表示可能性）可能；（用于婉转语气）能，可以may的用法1 .表示请求和允许，意思是：可以he may come if he likes.如果他想来，可以来2 .表小祝愿，意思是：祝 ，（但愿）。may the friendship between our two peoples last forever.祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。3 .表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。it may rain this evening. youd better take an umbrella.今晚可能要下雨， 你最好带上雨伞。

19、must的用法1 .表必须”。you must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。2 .在否定结构中表不许。you mustnt leave here.你不能离开这儿。3 .表坚定的建议。you must come and see us as soon as you get to shanghai 至 u上海你得马上来看 我们。4 .表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。he must be ill. he looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意：否定式：needn表示必须要做的事。加动词不定式的完成式或

20、完成 进行式可以表示对过去事情的推测。may暗含的可能性较小。must暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用 cantthe baby cant be ill. he is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。might的用法might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。may的过去式。表示询问或允许或可能、推测。表示可以做的事或可能发生的事，比 may 口气缓和。表示现在的事情，语气较 may弱一些，可能性更小一些。用在表示目的等的状语从句中。用在虚拟条件句的主句中。注意：may, might后加动词不定式的完成式可以表示对过去的推测、认为某事 在过去可能发生，这一用法中

21、 may和might都指过去，不过 might较may更含 蓄或更不肯定。should的用法i.should作为助动词shall的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配， 表示过去将来时间。2.should作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作应该”、应当”，这时它可以和 ought to, be supposed to互换使用。例如：you should (= are supposed to ) complete your test in time.你们应该按时做完你们的实验。3.should作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译 作万一“、竟然，这

22、时也可将should置于从句之首，即将 should放在主语 前面，而省略从属连词if.后接动词不定式的完成式时，表示过去的事情。肯定 句中表示该做的没做；否定句中表示不该做的发生了if it should rain tomorrow , i wouldnt go. (二 should it rain tomorrow , i wouldnt go.) 万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。would的用法1 .would 是 will 的过去式，would you like ？表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。would you like a cup of tea ?您愿意喝杯茶吗？2 .主语+woul

23、d like to 表示 想要的意思上，与want to意思一 样，但用此句型较客气i want to ask you a question.3 .最基本的虚拟语气句型：主句用 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形。ought to的用法ought to是一个可以加上to的情态动词其意思与should是一样的，但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测，而should可以ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使 用。后接动词不定式的

24、完成时，如用肯定结构，表示过去某事该做而未做；如否 定结构，则表示过去不该做的事情发生了。此用法相当于 should (not) have done结构。如： we should/ought to help each other and learn from each other in ourwork .she is your mother, so you ought to support her .we ought to go and see mary tomorrow, but i don t think we will have to的用法后接动词原形，表示 不得不，必须”的意思，它比m

25、ust更含有 客观条件使得必 须如此做”的意思。dare的用法表示 敢于，过去式是 dared。除在“i dare say 这种结构中，dare极少用于肯定句中，常用在否定句、疑问句及条件句中。常和动词不定式连用，但不带toneed的用法表示 需要”，用于否定句和疑问句中，和不定式连用。句型:need to be done/doing （主动表被动）need后面有名词或动名词作宾语时,need是实义动词,但后接动名词的句子相 当于被动语态。shall的用法主要用于第一人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见。used to的用法后接动词原形，表示以前常发生的动作，但现在不是这样了，通常用于肯定句中。句

26、型：be used to,后接动名词或名词，表示 习惯情态动词句型（1）表示对现在情况的推测（情态动词+ v.）肯定： must/may/might + be/do/be doing 否定：can/could + not + be/do/be doing 疑问：can/could + sb. + be/do/be doing表示对过去情况的推测（情态动词 + have done）肯定： must/may/might + have been 否定：can/could + not + have been/done疑问： can/could + sb. + have been/have done注意

27、：表示推测（可能性从大到小）: must, can, could , may, might。常用动词用法:1. allow sb. to do sth.允许某人去做某事my father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.2. asked sb. （not） to do sth.叫某人做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）my father asked me to study hard. he asked me not to swim alone.be asked to do sth.被叫去彳某事/被邀请去做某事i

28、was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.3. be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事 she is afraid to ask me questions.4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 i am afraid of going out at night.5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物he is afraid of snakes.6. be amazed to d o sth. 对做某事感至u惊讶he was amazed to meet the girlthere.be am

29、azed at sth.对某事感至 u 惊讶they were amazed at the news7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事（常考）i was busy washing my car at that time. 那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。i am busy with my work.8. be coming/going/l eaving/fiying/moving/dying（某些位移动词用进行时态时表将来）the bus is coming/the dog is dying.9. be excited to do sth. 对做感至 u 兴奋jack

30、y was excited to travel there byplane.be excited at sth. lily was excited at his words.be excited about doing sth.he was excited about passing the exam without going overing books.10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 sam is frightened to rid e a horse.11. be glad/happy to do sth.高兴去做某事she is happy to

31、 clean theblackboard with me.be pleased to sth. 高兴做某事 she was pleased to help the old man yesterday be pleased with sth. 对某事感至u高兴 / 满意 the teacher was pl eased with my answer.12. be interested in sth./d oing sth.对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣she is interested in swimming in the river. my brother is interested in ch

32、inese.13. be/get ready for/to d o sth.be ready for sth.为某事做好了准备 we are ready for the exam.be ready to d o sth. 为做某事做好了准备 we are ready to have a birthday party for her.get ready for sth.为某事在做准备we are getting ready for the exam.get ready for sth.为做某事而做准备14. be sorry to do sth.对做某事感到抱歉15. be surprised

33、to d o sth.对做某事感到惊奇 be surprised at sth. 对某事感 到惊奇16. be worth doing sth.值得做某事（worth后接动词-ing形式，常考）17. begin to do sth. begin/start to d o/d oing sth.18. can/be able to afford （to buy） sth.有能力购买（供）19. can/may/must d o sth. could/woul d/should/might d o sth.20. can t waitdcsth.迫不急待地去做某事21. decide to do

34、 sth.决定去做某事 sth.对做某事作出决定make up ones mind （tosdh.下决心去做某事（常考）make a decision to do22. deserve to do sth.值得/ 应该做23. encourage sb. to cb sth.鼓励某人去做某事24. enjoy doing sth.乐意去做某事25. expect （sb.） to do sth.期望去做某事26. fail to do sth.做某事失败succeed doing sth.成功做了某事27. finish doing sth.做完某事（后接动词-ing形式）（常考）28. fo

35、llow sb to do sth.跟随某人去做某事29. get sb. to do sth. make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth.30. get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会31. give/pass/show/l end/sell sb. sth./ sth. to sb. buy/get/bring sb. sth. / sth. for sb.32. go on to do sth.继续做事（常考）go on doing sth.继续做事（常考）33. hate to do/d oing sth.讨厌/不喜欢做某事

36、34. have fun doing sth.35. have problems doing sth.做某事遇到困难36. have sb. do sth. have sth. done have sth. to do 有事要做37. hear sb. do sth.听到某人做某事（后接动词原形，常考） hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事（常见）38. help to do sth.帮忙做某事help sb. （to） do sth.帮助某人做某事39. hope/wish to d o sth.希望做某事wish sb. to do sth.希望某人做某事40. i

37、t seems that 这像是（后接从旬）seem to do sth. seem +adj.41. it s + adj.+（for sb.o tothd.it s + adj. +（of sb.） to do sthe.g: it s glad for him to hear the news.42. it takes sb. some time/money to d o sth.花费某人多长时间做某事（常考）43. pay for cost spend on . it take - o tothd44. it s best for so tothd.对某人来说做某事是最好的had be

38、tter do sth.最好做某事（注意had没有时态和人称的变化，better后接 动词原形）45. it s time for sbo tothd,是某人做某事的时候了46. keep （on）doing sth.坚持做某事（常考）keep sb. doing sth.让某人做某事（常考）keep sb. from doing sth,阻止某人做某事（常考）keep sb./ sth. +adj.keep the book for 2 days 借这本书两天（不要用 borrow 或 lend）47. learn to do sth.学做某事 learn sth. from sb,向某人学

39、习48. like to do/doing sth.喜欢做某事like sb. to do sth,喜欢某人做某事49. need to do sth.need doing sth./to be done need sth .needn ot dth.50. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.宁愿而不愿常考）prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做胜过做e.g: i prefer reading books to going shopping. 比起购物来， 我更爱读书。prefer to do sth.喜欢（爱）做某事51

40、. refuse to do sth.拒绝做52. remember/forget to d o sth. 记得/ 忘记做某事 remember/forget doing sth. 记得/忘记做过某事53. see sb. cb sth.看见某人做某事 （结果） see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做 某事（正在进行中）be seen to do sth.做某事被看见54. something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西（词不定式放在something等后修 饰这些词）e.g: i need something to eat. 我要一些吃的东西。55. spend

41、some time （in）doing sth. /on sth.花费时间做某事（注意动词要用 ing 形式）（常考）spend some money on sth./ d oing sth. 买花了多少钱56. sth. is hard/difficult/easy to d o.做好某事很难 / 容易57. stop to do sth.停下来去某事（两件事）（常考） stop doing sth.停止做某事（一件事）（常考）stop sb. （from） doing sth.阻止某人做某事（常考）58. take turns to do sth.轮流做59. tell sb. （not）

42、 to d o sth.叫某人去（不要）做某事be told to do sth.被告知不要做某事60. there is no need （for sb.） to d o sth.对某人来说没必要做某事 60. there is no time （for sb.） to d o sth.have no time to do sth.没时间做某事61. too （for sb.） tofc 以致不能so that - not enough to o e.g: the boy is too young to go to school.那男孩太小了以致不能上学。62. try/d o one s

43、best oosdh.尽力去做某事try to do sth.试着（图）做某事63. used to do sth.过去常做某事（used to be + adj./ a +n）e.g: mr. wang used to be a teacher worker.王先生过去是一位工人。i used to live in the country.过去我住在农村64. want/would like to d o sth.想做 want/woul d like sb. to d o sth.想某人做feel like doing sth.喜爱做某事（注意like后接动词ing形式65. warn s

44、b. （not） to d o sth.警告某人做某事（或不要做某事66. why don t yoiodsth.?why not do sth ?表示建议的句型还有：what how about 文咏是动词，要用ing形式）shall we ?67. would you like （sb.） to do sth.? yes, i ove to. d l68. would you mind doing sth.?你介意做某事吗？never mind/not at all/of course not/certainly not.（从不介意 / 一点也不介意 /当然不会了）69. would yo

45、u please （not） do sth.你可不可以不做 ？70. finish doing sth. enjoy doing sth. practise doing sth. be good at doing sth. be good at doing sth. thank you for doing sth. stop doing sth. be good at doing sth. give up doing sth mind doing sth stop sb from d oing sth go on doing sth be busy doing sth see/hear/wat

46、ch sb doing sth feel like doing sth hate doing sth like doing sth do well in d oing sth be afraid of doing sth be interested in doing sth make a contribution to sth/d oing sth71. 非延续性动词(终止性动词)1) buy-have(has)had2) borrow-have(has)kept 3) leave-have(has)beenaway4) go -have(has)been away/in 5) come -h

47、ave(has)here/in 6) die -have(has)been dead 7) join- have(has)been a member of/in8) begin-have(has)on 9) stop-have(has)been over例如：他的狗死了 3 天了 .: his cbg has been dead for three days. it is three days since his dog died. his dog died three days ago.72.感 官动词：(主动语态不带to)1.hear/see/watch sb do sth 或 2. he

48、ar/see/watch sb d oing sth1)we often hear him sing the song.2)i saw him swimming in the river just now.抽动语态带to:he is often heard to sing the song.役使动词：(主动语态不带to) make/let sb do sth.his father often makes him d o this and that.被动语态带to:he is often made to do this and that by his father.exercises:(a)1

49、.everyone here today?a. beb. arec. isd. am2. harry is older than i. but he younger than i.a. ook b. ooksc. ookedd. ooking3. it like the singing of the birds.a. sounds b. ooksc. smellsd. tastes4. this kind of cake tastes.a. good b. well c. to be goodd. to be well5. the children all looked at the brok

50、en mod plane and felt quite.a. sad, sadb. sadly, sadly c. sad, sadlyd. sadly, sad6. this kind of paper nice.a. feelb. feltc. is feelingd. feels7. this math problem is and i canodt.a. easy, easily b. easily, easily c. easy, easy d. easily, easy8. coffee is ready. how nice it! wduyou like some?a. ooks

51、 b. smellsc. soundsd. feels9. in winter the days coed and colder.a. gets b. gettingc. gotd. get10. he paat the thought.a. got b. ookedc. turnedd. seemed(b)1 .mother(watch) tv every evening.2 .we(talk) when the teacher came in.3 .he(go) to beijing two days ago.4 .he e(ve) chengdu in two days.5 .look!

52、the boy(play) football on the playground.6 .my uncle(live) here for ten years.7 .he often helps the old woman(carry) water.8 .would you like to make a contribution to improve) our living conditions?9 .don t forget turn) (off the lights before you go out.10 .please let the girls(go) first.11 .they ha

53、d great fun(play) football this afternoon.12 .do you enjoy(watch) tv?13 .would you like(have) a cup of tea?14 .you can(go) there tomorrow.15 .would you mind my(open) the door?16 .please ask him(speak) more loudly17.i ll go fishing if it(be) fine tomorrow.18 .he said his grandpa(bee ad for ten years.

54、19 .tell the children(not play) in the street.20 .mr zhu spent much time(help) me with my english.(c)1. mr wang be in nanjing now, he went to beijing only this morning.a. mustn t b. may not c. can t d. needn t2. -must i stay at home, mum? -no, you.a. needn t b. mustn t c. don t d. may not3. -can you

55、 go swimming with us this afternoon?-sorry, i can t. i take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.a. can b. may c. would d. have to4. -may i go to the cinema, mum? -certainly. but you be back by 11o clock.a. can b. may c. must d. need5. to make our city more beautiful, rubbish into the river.a. needn t be thrown b. mustn t be thrownc. can t throw d. may not throw6. -may i go out to play basketball, dad?-no, you. you m