新课标高考英语专题复习：阅读理解解题指导　精品

1、新课标高考英语专题复习：阅读理解解题指导精品【专家支招】做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所熟悉的情况下进行的，它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案，它往往与略读

2、综合使用。第一招直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多数。其常见命题方式有：1、特殊疑问句形式。以what, who, when, where, which, how much / many 等引出的问题；2、是非题。通常以true / false, not true / false 提问以及以according t

3、o the text 开头；3、填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。第二招 略读材料，大概了解全文，掌握其中心或主旨。第三招 按文章的体裁，如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词，如for example, first, second 等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等。如时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查读，寻找有关细节。第四招 将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上

4、而下呈z型扫读，直到找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对、比较内容，直至找到答案。第五招了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有以下五个特点：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；符合常识，但不是文内容；与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；部分正确，部分错误。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词，因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。【试题分析】1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节，在必要的

5、时候（做判断、推论或结论的时候）能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息，直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解，将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。nmet设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题，具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义。例如：2008陕西省西工大附中第三次模拟试题阅读理解b篇：the world trade organization (wto), founded on january 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sur

6、e that trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.in the five years since its founding, the wto has become well known as one of the worlds most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the world bank and international money fund.the system of global rules

7、for international trade, however, dates back half a century to 1948 when the general agreement on tariffs and trade was formed after world war ii.as time went by, is became clear that the gatt had two major drawbacks-the limited areas of trade it covered, and the lack of an effective system to settl

8、e disputes. after seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called uruguay round finally give birth to the wto, complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property.even after seven years of talks and 22, 500 pages of agreeme

9、nts, there were still problems, especially the difficulty to deal with areas of agriculture and services, which the member nations agreed to revise in 2007, the wto, with its head office in geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.总述：本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程，即由最初的关贸总协定，到后来的乌拉圭回合谈判，到1995年1月1日成立的世

10、贸组织，其演变经历了大半个世纪，使其成为世界上最大的国际经济组织。45. from the passage we know that the gatt stopped working _.a. soon after world war ii ended b. a little more than 50 years after world war ii c. just in the year 1994 d. seven years before the uruguay round talk46. compared with the gatt, the wto _.a. didnt pay eno

11、ugh attention to services and intellectual propertyb. got its members to sign the agreements more easilyc. has got to many areas of international trade to deal with to work effectivelyd. can do better to settle disputes in more areas of international trade47. in the new century the wto will _.a. tak

12、e the place of the world bank and international monetary fundb. have more members and settle more problemsc. make complete new rules in every area of international traded. have new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property本文后的这三个题都是细节理解题。其中45题，由文第五段中，after seven years of trade talks

13、 ending in 1994, the so-called uruguay round finally give birth to the wto作为原句，因此先c。 46题仍由文第五段原句complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property。可以看出选d。 47题问的是“在新世纪，世贸组织将如何？”由文中第六段最后一句the wto, with its head office in geneva, has

14、135 members with 30 more waiting to join.可知选b。第六招利用上下文语境线索任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例如：1. charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “weve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to te

15、nerife,” she explains. “that was before the euro, so we put pesetas in.”the underlined wore “pesetas” in paragraph 2 is a kind of _.a. story b. collection c. inspiration d. foreign coin分析：本题正确答案为d。由原文中的euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。2. in 1963 a schoolboy called andrew wiles reading in his schoo

16、l library came across the worlds greatest mathematical 17th century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a french woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the ecole pol

17、ytechnique.which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?a. to encourage people to raise questions. b. to cause difficulty in understanding.c. to provide a person with an explanation.d. to limit peoples imagination.分析：本题正确答案为b。 从短文中对fermats last theo

18、rem一书的介绍中有the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled 和beaten ,意义相同，加强语气，从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。3. today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, houngs deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. without

19、 these, none of us could survive. houng turned down donations from others. he said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work. 2008浙江绍兴市高三4月教学质量检测卷42. the underlined word “donation” in paragraph 3 probably means _.a. invitation to give a speech b. something, especially gi

20、ven to help othersc. questions asked by interviewers d. chances to be a hero分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选b。第七招利用定义和解释性线索阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释方明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refe

21、r to, to mean, in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如：1. the elder learn to master the internet and to overcome what lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.分析：根据句意，maladies of the institutionalized应和后面的解释意思

22、相同，综合后面的内容可得知其意为：“（老年）综合症”。2. some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.分析：such as 后所列举物品均属“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思与之相同，和后句中的passengers形成对比。3. scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in o

23、rder to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs. 分析：从that is 后的解释可看出antibiotics 是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。4. marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.分析：从marine biology 后的同位语可知，marine biology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的

24、学科。5. yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”。第八招利用因果关系因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such that 等连词体现。1. answer the following

25、questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in new orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.what does the

26、word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?dont give me that jazz, for i am a practical person.a. rhythmic beats. b. a type of music. c. a kind of dance. d. meaningless talk.分析：本题正确答案为d。从后面的原因for i am a practical person可知，说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人，因此，他或她让对方不要说空话。2. the biggest power failure happened yesterda

27、y. all of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.分析：melted “溶化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”。3. he ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at karen and todd until they sat up. then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. there, his sister and brother, takin

28、g short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.分析：collapsed“瘫倒”。经过一番艰难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒”在草坪上。第九招利用对比线索有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中多见unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of

29、; rather than等信息词。1. “unlike vitamin c, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. they must be carefully cultivated.”the underlined word “cultivated”(paragraph 1) roughly means _.a. encouraged b. compared c. examined d. developed分析：本题正确答案为d。 从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培养的。2. one idea a

30、bout business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. quite the reverse , business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.which of the following can be used in place of “quite the reverse”?a. quite right. b. time enough. c. most u

31、nlikely d. just the opposite.分析：由前句中perfect information到后imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们不难推断应表示“对比、相反”的意思，因此答案应选d。3. thousands of people got stuck in lifts. but no one panicked, we passed the time telling stories.分析：被困在电梯中，应该是“慌张”，“不安”。but引出转折，“我们讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意。4. unlike the unite

32、states where many different nationalities make up the population, japans population is quite homogeneous.分析：文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同，由此可见，homogeneous与many different nationalities 意义相反，即of the same nationality,“单一民族的”。第十招利用同义线索和同等关系同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like, similarly等。同等关系是指一

33、个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。1. millions of animals die each year on us roads, the federal highway administration reports. in fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the us today. the main reason? roadkill.分析：从后面的同谓语an endangered wild ca

34、t可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫。2. mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.分析：句中mansion应和church, battle site, theatre and other public halls 的词义同属“建筑物或场所”这一范畴。3. we should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, of they will make our speech si

35、lly and vulgar.分析：句中vulgar应和silly 意义相近，“粗俗的，庸俗的”。第十一招利用例证性线索 某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。1. you can take any of the periodicals: the world of english, foreign language teaching in school, of english learning.分析：通过后面的举例：英语世界，中小学外语教学，英语学习，说明pe

36、riodicals为“期刊杂志”。2. many united nations employees are polyglots: mr. simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.分析：通过例举mr. simpson一人通晓五国语言，说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言”。第十二招根据构词法 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。教学大纲已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。1. exhibition officials said that a pe

37、rson bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.分析：anti-poison是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗 ”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。2. although simplified chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people lik

38、e chinese characters in the complex form.分析：simplified跟simple是同根词，带有-ed显然是过去分词形式的形容词。许多年以前我们采用了什么跟“简单”有关的汉字呢？不难想到是“简化的”汉字。第十三招注意熟词生义英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。

39、下题中划线的词可换为：1. new york, 10 november, 5:27 p.m.,yesterday. biggest power failure in the citys history.a. enough b. not passing c. lack of d. lack分析：本题正确答案为d。failure是fail 变来的名词，有“失败；失败者；失败的事”的意思。本句power failure可翻译为“停电”。再如：crop failure“庄稼欠收”；heart failure“心力衰竭”。2. a bike tour and race will be held in a

40、ugust 26 and 27. at 5:30 a .m. , the riders will leave tianan men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training lge . then the next 55 kilometers from yanjiao to jixian, will be the first competitive part for the tour.a. race b. practice c. part of the training d. part of the tour分析：本题正确答案为d

41、。从first 35 kilometers可看出，自行车赛车手从天安门出发，开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分，从后句legwill be part of the tour也可确定答案为d。第十四招根据常识或经验猜测词义在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。1. rainforests like the amazon are important for mopping up co2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.the underlined ph

42、rase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _.a. cleaning up b. taking in c. wiping out d. giving up分析：本题正确答案为b。由常识可知，雨林可以“吸收”空气中co2。所以mop up 意为“吸收、吸纳”，故选b。另外根据下文currently the trees in the amazon take in around 500 million tones of co2 each year 也可推知答案。2. she walked quietly to the small room by

43、 the lift and took a mop . she pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. mum nodded and said, “very dirty floor.” 分析：从文中可看出，母亲用mop从桌子前面擦过去，还说了一句“地板真脏”。不言而喻mop的词义是“拖把”。第十五招利用词性转化1. the most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools th

44、ey had.分析：此处picture为动词，“使脑海中出现图画”即“描绘”.在理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，并结合原词含义发挥便理想象，从而概括抽象出它的新词义。3. the aging of the population will affect american society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.the underlined work “aging” means _.a. counting the number of years someone livesb. the numbers of years some

45、one livesc. becoming olderd. making someone looking older分析：本题正确答案为c。我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思，而此处是作动词用，意思是“老化”。怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意【专家支招】文章是由段落组成的，段落的主题是段落的中心思想。而就一篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的，寻找中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，进而通过主题句找出文章主题，主题句通常有这样的特点：有一个题；阐述控制性概念。主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题句陷含在段意之中，这就需要读

46、者进一步加工概括了。第一招在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或

47、归纳大意。例如：河北唐山市高三第二次模拟考试题e篇：in recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. but do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? there is evidence to suggest that whil

48、e variety certainly makes the workers life more enjoyable, it doesnt actually make him work harder. as far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor.other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt

49、 that this is true. the problem was that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in fixed way. thus freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it .another important consideration is how much each worker contributed to the product he is making. in

50、most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. it would seem that not only is the degree of

51、workers contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we do something about.to what extent more money led to greater productivity? the workers themselves certainly think this is important. but perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. money just lets

52、them enjoy their spare time more. a similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.59. in this passage, the author mainly talks abou

53、t _.a. how to make the workers contribute moreb. possible ways leading to greater productivityc. to what extent more money leads to greater productivityd. how to make workers jobs more interesting分析：本文就如何能使工人们的工作效率得到提高而进行讨论。根据作者文中所提到的观点，就工人们的工作效率问题专家们提到了很多不同的观点，如使工作多样化、给工人们更多的自由时间、使工人们意识到自己工作的重要性以及增

54、加工资等等，而作者的观点是尽可能地使工作更有趣，以吸引工人的兴趣，从而达到提高生产效率的目的，因此59题的正确答案应该是b，即提高工人们工作效率的措施的方法。第二招抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的重点，考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。例如：2008石家

55、庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试卷a篇：many people think a telephone is essential. but i think its a pest and a time waster. very often you find it impossible to escape from some idle or curious chatterbox, or from somebody who wants something for nothing. if you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that i

56、t tends to ring when you are asleep, of in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are taking your bath. are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself, “ah, well, it will all be the same in a hundred years time?” you are not. you think ther

57、e are maybe some important news or messages for you . i can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. havent you ever rushed dripping from the bath, or chewing from the table, or dazed from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number?but you will sa

58、y, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only unable for outgoing calls. besides you will say, isnt it important to have a telephone in case of emergency-illness, an accident, or fire? of course you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like england, one is seldom far from a telephone in cas