技能策略系列之(1)四法五招攻克阅读理解

1、技能策略系列之一四法五招攻克阅读理解 一、阅读理解解题方法一、阅读理解解题方法1. 正选法与排除法正选法与排除法正选法即根据所读材料内容从正面选择最佳答案。如果在正选法即根据所读材料内容从正面选择最佳答案。如果在有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难, 考生则可以考虑选用排除考生则可以考虑选用排除法。对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、法。对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项, 以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等以及不是问题的主要因素的选

2、项等, 都可以采用排除法都可以采用排除法, 如如2014年重庆卷年重庆卷: The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aidwe simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulti

3、ng in a lot of pressure that makes us sink. Walking on water hasnt become a reality mainly because humans _ . A. are not interested in itB. have biological limitationsC. have not invented proper toolsD. are afraid to make an attempt【解析解析】选选B。细节理解题。此题可采用正选法。根据第一段。细节理解题。此题可采用正选法。根据第一段中的中的Sadly, biolog

4、ical facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing. . . 可知可知, 水上行走不能实现是由人体的局限性造成的。水上行走不能实现是由人体的局限性造成的。2. 定位法与跳读法定位法与跳读法定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子相应的句子(即定位即定位), 然后进行比较和分析然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同尤其要注意一些同义转换义转换), 从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文的信息跳读原文, 并找

5、到相关的句子并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子有时可能是几个句子)或或段落段落, 然后进行分析和推理等然后进行分析和推理等, 从而找出正确答案从而找出正确答案, 如如2013年大年大纲版全国卷纲版全国卷: . . . Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital eac

6、h summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh. Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1, 500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And yet as early as

7、 1959, with only 19 theatre groups performing, some said it was getting too big. . . . Who joined the “Fringe” after it appeared? A. Popular writers. B. University students. C. Artists from around the world. D. Performers of music and dance. 【解析解析】选选B。细节理解题。由于本题的答案处于文章的中间。细节理解题。由于本题的答案处于文章的中间部分部分, 考

8、生完全可以运用考生完全可以运用“跳读法跳读法”和和“定位法定位法”。此题题干。此题题干中的中的Fringe为关键词为关键词, 根据这一单词根据这一单词, 可以迅速定位到出现这一可以迅速定位到出现这一单词的段落单词的段落, 再根据文中的再根据文中的Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University. . . 可知答案为可知答案为B项。项。3. 画图与列表法画图与列表法 画图与列表法就是以时间、地点、事件因果或列举等为线画图与列表法就是以时间、地点、事件因果或列举等为线索索, 找出关键词语找出关键词语, 勾画出一幅完整、清晰的关于文

9、章主题和细勾画出一幅完整、清晰的关于文章主题和细节的图的方法节的图的方法, 如如2012年江西高考年江西高考: . . . Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服征服)of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured(忍受忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enou

10、gh to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just th

11、e blank blue of the sky filling the narrow windows of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. . . How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2? A. By giving instructions. B. By analyzing

12、cause and effect. C. By following the order of time. D. By giving examples. 【解析解析】选选D。逻辑结构题。在画线句子的后面。逻辑结构题。在画线句子的后面, 作者提到作者提到: 坐坐船和坐火车旅游能看到沿途的景色船和坐火车旅游能看到沿途的景色, 能听到声音能听到声音, 而坐飞机旅游而坐飞机旅游只能透过窗子看到蓝天。此处可画图如下只能透过窗子看到蓝天。此处可画图如下: by boat Travel. . . by train by plane由以上这些可以得知由以上这些可以得知: 这是通过举例的方式来说明旅游方式不这是通

13、过举例的方式来说明旅游方式不同同, 给人带来的享受也有所不同。故给人带来的享受也有所不同。故D项项“通过举例子的方式通过举例子的方式”正确。正确。4. 概括法与推理法概括法与推理法 概括法指根据所读材料概括文章主题、要点、标题和中心概括法指根据所读材料概括文章主题、要点、标题和中心思想等思想等; 而推理法则指根据所读材料的字面意思而推理法则指根据所读材料的字面意思, 通过语篇的通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示, 推敲作者的态度推敲作者的态度, 理解文理解文章的寓意章的寓意, 悟出作者的悟出作者的“言外之意言外之意”和和“弦外之音弦外之音”。考生在。考生

14、在运用推理法时首先要吃透文章的字面意思运用推理法时首先要吃透文章的字面意思, 从字里行间捕捉有从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索用的提示和线索; 然后再对文字的表面信息进行挖掘和加工然后再对文字的表面信息进行挖掘和加工, 由表及里由表及里, 由浅入深由浅入深, 从具体到抽象从具体到抽象, 从特殊到一般从特殊到一般, 通过分析、通过分析、综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推理理, 如如2013年大纲版全国卷年大纲版全国卷: . . . A paid administrator was first employed only in

15、 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1, 695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1. 25 million tickets were sold. We may learn from the text

16、that Edinburgh Festival _ . A. has become a non-official eventB. has gone beyond an art festivalC. gives shows all year roundD. keeps growing rapidly【解析解析】选选D。推理判断题。此题可通过。推理判断题。此题可通过“推理法推理法”进行解答。进行解答。推理重在通过文章字里行间的表述推理重在通过文章字里行间的表述, 悟出其悟出其“弦外之音弦外之音”, 根据根据文章内容可知文章内容可知A项属于项属于“无中生有无中生有”, 文中根本未提到文中根本未提到;

17、 B项为项为错误改写错误改写, 根据原文倒数第二段中的根据原文倒数第二段中的. . . performances of theatre, music and dance. . . 可以验证可以验证; C项中项中all year round文文中未提及中未提及; D项为正确答案。根据文中最后一段的表述项为正确答案。根据文中最后一段的表述In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1, 695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1. 25 million

18、 tickets were sold. 可以推测出可以推测出: 爱丁堡艺术节发展得非爱丁堡艺术节发展得非常迅速常迅速, 故故D项正确。项正确。二、阅读理解突破策略二、阅读理解突破策略1. 带着问题带着问题, 速读全文速读全文首先要掌握问题的类型首先要掌握问题的类型, 分清是客观信息题还是主观判断分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。其次题。其次, 了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息, 然后有针然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读对性地对文章进行扫读, 对有关信息进行快速定位对有关信息进行快速定位, 再将相关信再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比息进行整合、甄别、分析、

19、对比, 有根有据地排除干扰项有根有据地排除干扰项, 选出选出正确答案正确答案, 如如2012年全国卷年全国卷: Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所住所)as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinkin

20、g that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe. . . What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1? A. They are often forgotten by their owners. B. They are used to living outdoors. C.

21、They build their own shelters. D. They like to stay in warm places. 【解析解析】选选D。推理判断题。题干中明显提示是第一段的内容。推理判断题。题干中明显提示是第一段的内容, 所以我们直接带着问题回读文章所以我们直接带着问题回读文章, 找到信息进行判断就行了。找到信息进行判断就行了。第一段告诉我们第一段告诉我们their pets are just as used to the warm shelter as they are。如果你想当然地认为它们习惯于住在户外。如果你想当然地认为它们习惯于住在户外, 会使会使它们有生病的危险

22、。可见它们有生病的危险。可见, 它们喜欢住在温暖的地方。故选它们喜欢住在温暖的地方。故选D。2. 找准主题句找准主题句, 确定中心思想确定中心思想每篇文章均讲述一个主题每篇文章均讲述一个主题, 不管它有几个段落不管它有几个段落, 它们都围绕它们都围绕着一个中心思想。确定了中心思想着一个中心思想。确定了中心思想, 即抓住了关键。随后搜寻即抓住了关键。随后搜寻关键词、主题句关键词、主题句, 捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点, 并且理并且理清文章脉络清文章脉络, 把握语篇实质。速读全文对于主旨大意题的解决把握语篇实质。速读全文对于主旨大意题的解决尤其有效尤其有效, 能

23、快速抓住主干能快速抓住主干, 确定好答案确定好答案, 如如2013年北京卷年北京卷: The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B. C. , painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his so

24、ld-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨抱怨)about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? A. Great heroes of the past were general

25、ly admired. B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history. C. Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids. D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers. 【解析解析】选选B。段落大意题。本段第一句话。段落大意题。本段第一句话The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. 是本段的主题是本段的主题句句, 由此判断本

26、段主要讲述名人面临的这个问题由来已久。由此判断本段主要讲述名人面临的这个问题由来已久。3. 精准推理精准推理, 深层理解深层理解深层理解主要包括归纳概括题深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(归纳中心思想、加标题等归纳中心思想、加标题等)和推理判断题和推理判断题, 是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文; 要以文章提供的事实和线索要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据为依据, 立足已知推断未知立足已知推断未知, 不能凭空想象不能凭空想象, 随意揣测随意揣测; 它要求它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理

27、读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理, 不能就事不能就事论事论事, 以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思, 推理才有前提和基推理才有前提和基础础, 如如2013年大纲版全国卷年大纲版全国卷: The oldest and most common source(来源来源)of renewable energy known to man, biomass is one of the most important forms of energy production in the United States and elsewhere. Since such a

28、wide variety of biomass materials is everywhere -from trees and grasses to agricultural and city-life wastes -biomass promises to play a continuing role in providing power and heat for millions of people around the world. . . . Where does the text probably come from? A. A research plan. B. A science

29、 magazine. C. A book review. D. A business report. 【解析解析】选选B。推理判断题。根据全文内容。推理判断题。根据全文内容, 尤其是文章第一尤其是文章第一段的表述可知这是一篇有关生物能的科普类文章段的表述可知这是一篇有关生物能的科普类文章, 故其应该选故其应该选自科学杂志自科学杂志, B项正确。项正确。4. 猜词悟义猜词悟义, 清除阅读障碍清除阅读障碍在做阅读理解题时在做阅读理解题时, 常常会遇到不认识的单词、看不懂的常常会遇到不认识的单词、看不懂的句子等。这时考生不要紧张句子等。这时考生不要紧张, 而应运用学过的语言知识而应运用学过的语言知识

30、, 通过逻通过逻辑思维辑思维, 去推断出此单词和整个句子的含义。我们要学会去推断出此单词和整个句子的含义。我们要学会“顺顺藤摸瓜藤摸瓜”, 通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义、句意上下文等线索确定词义、句意, 如如2014年湖北卷年湖北卷: The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who

31、were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. . . . Whic

32、h best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning. B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities. C. Some baboons observe others but dont follow them. D. Some baboons perform new tasks but dont concentrate. 【解析解析】选选C。词义猜测题。根据第四

33、段第一句得知这种。词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句得知这种mismatch的行为应在上文第三段已经提及的行为应在上文第三段已经提及, 因此可以定位到第因此可以定位到第三段三段“The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. ”所以答案选所以答案选C。5. 重叠选项重叠选项, 定位答案定位答案通过题干返回原文通过题干返回原文, 判断四个选项判断四个选项, 抓住选项中的关

34、键词抓住选项中的关键词, 把选项定位到原文的某处比较把选项定位到原文的某处比较, 重叠选项重叠选项, 选出答案。注意要有选出答案。注意要有选一个答案的理由和不选其余三个的理由。选一个答案的理由和不选其余三个的理由。正确答案的特征正确答案的特征: 正确答案经常与中心思想有关。正确答案经常与中心思想有关。正确答案的位置正确答案的位置, 最常见的三个位置是最常见的三个位置是: 段首段尾处、转折段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。处、因果处。正确答案经常运用的原则正确答案经常运用的原则: 同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。从语气角度来看从语气角度来看, 正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。例如婉表达的用词。例如: can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some。正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性正确答案经常具