英国经济经典案例

1、2021-5-161 1 Economy of the UK 2021-5-162 2 Historical origin Great Charter Time : In June 15, 1215 Purpose: To protect the political independence and economic interests of the feudal aristocracy保障封建贵族的政 治独立与经济权益 primary coverage : 1. To limit kingship 2. To protect the political 、 economic and judi

2、cial privileges （司法特权）（司法特权）of the church and the secular aristocracy（世俗贵族）（世俗贵族） are not infringed 3. To protect knights, free farmers and citizens interests 2021-5-163 3 It makes the bud which bred in trade and industrial structure of feudal society can grow up in incompatible mother(母体）母体）, and h

3、as a far- reaching influence on the emergence and development of future British capitalism 2021-5-164 4 Forteenth Centurythe plague （黑死病（黑死病） Plague Yersinia pestis（鼠疫耶尔森氏菌）（鼠疫耶尔森氏菌） is a infectious disease（感染性疾病）（感染性疾病）which spread by fleas , are widely popular among wild rodents，is a natural focus

4、 infection disease （自然疫源性疾病）（自然疫源性疾病）. 2021-5-165 5 *Great disaster for the UK *Promote the transformation of British economy to modern mode Due to population decline, resulting in a drop in demand for food, falling prices, and the lack of labor leads to rising wage costs. All of these make traditio

5、nal aristocratic landowners (传统贵族）传统贵族）face serious difficulties in their economic development. Part of aristocratic landowners make adjustments in time and change the mode of operation, rent their manor to individual farmers and give up rent servitude (劳役制地租劳役制地租), England estate development has co

6、me to an end 2021-5-166 6 Middle of the fifth century The system of the slaves and Whelan serfs (维兰农奴)both are disappear Some farmers contract more land, manage more agricultural with the tendency of capitalism,and have excess cash to lend out other poverty farmers, gradually formed yeoman farmer(约曼

7、农）约曼农）. 1. Yeoman s meaning in Middle English(中古英语 ) is the young people and the attendants 2. It is the advanced peasant class(农民阶级） 2021-5-167 7 Late fifteenth Century Enclosure movement（圈地运动）（圈地运动） During the 14th and 15th centuries, in the process of disintegration of the serf system, the Britis

8、h emerging bourgeoisie（新兴的资产阶级）新兴的资产阶级）and new nobility （新贵族）新贵族）through violence to drive peasants from the land, occupying peasant land and public land, deprived of farmers land use rights and ownership, restriction or cancellation of the original common cultivated land（共同耕地权）（共同耕地权） and livestock

9、 right（畜牧权）（畜牧权）, to forcibly seize and occupy land, into a private ranch and large farm. This is the enclosure movement in British history. 2021-5-168 8 Political impact 1.The ownership of land has changed. 2.British class relationship has changed 3. Promote the development of the industrial revolu

10、tion （工业革命）（工业革命） 2021-5-161010 In 1584, the British established the first colony in North America - Virginia (according to: Virginia for the virgin meaning, because Queen Elizabeth unmarried ） In 1588, the British defeated Holland Invincible fleet（荷兰（荷兰 无敌舰队）无敌舰队）, expanding the road for overseas e

11、xpansion In 1600, the United Kingdom established East India Company In 1607, the British occupied the first colony in India In 1609, 1610, 1619, Britain set up its own business station in Gambia, Surat and Madras(苏拉特、冈比亚、马德拉斯) In 1619, Dutch East India Company beat British East India Company 2021-5-

12、161111 Charlie Thi 查理一世查理一世 was executed in 1649, the United Kingdom announced the occasion of the Republic, the situation has changed. The bourgeoisie urgently 资产阶级资产阶级 demands to open up new overseas colonies and broaden overseas markets The British “protectorate” during the period of Cromwell （克伦

13、威尔）（克伦威尔）made the sea control strategy British naval power far more than Holland 航海条例（Navigation Acts）1651 This is done in Britain for Hollands defiance of combat readiness, but also a product of typical mercantilism重商主义 This Ordinance条例 in the various models are clearly aimed at a large number of i

14、ntermediaries and maritime Holland, it is a serious challenge to Holland 2021-5-161212 The three Anglo Dutch war 三次英荷战争三次英荷战争 The first Anglo Dutch war (1652 1654) The second Anglo Dutch war (1665 1667) The third Anglo Dutch war (1672 1674) War outcome：Britain began to become the dominant maritime海上

15、霸主 2021-5-161313 British slave trade英国黑奴贸易英国黑奴贸易 Britain is the worlds largest slave trade country 大海的深处， 泥泞的沙里， 躺着被人遗忘了的， 锁着铁链的人骸， 在死沉沉的黑暗里， 闪烁这不幸的奴隶的白骨， 他们从漆黑的巨浪里， 大声呼唤“我们是证人”！ 2021-5-161414 Background After the opening of the new route（新航路开辟）（新航路开辟）, the first Portugal, Spain embarked on the path

16、 of the expansion of the colony, the United Kingdom, France and Holland also took the road of colonial plunder. Triangular trade三角贸易 Slave traders from Europe, sailed to Africa, in Africa through various dirty way to capture black, they put slaves transported to the Americas, the black slaves sold t

17、o American plantation owners, then the gold in the Americas and industrial raw materials shipped back to Europe. This is called triangular trade, the first of the slave trade were the Portuguese, but the British came from behind to become the executives of the triangular trade. 奴隶贩子从欧洲出发，乘船到达非洲，在非洲通

18、过各种卑鄙的方式俘获黑人 之后，他们把黑奴运往美洲，把黑奴卖给美洲的种植园主，然后，再把美洲 的黄金和工业原料运回欧洲。这就是被称为一本万利的“三角贸易”，最先 进行奴隶贸易的是葡萄牙人，但英国人后来居上，成为“三角贸易”的主要 经营者。 2021-5-161515 2021-5-161616 Britain is the first country to ban black slave trade. Brought a lot of wealth to the UK, the power of the bourgeoisie 资产阶级资产阶级 expanded quickly, and ac

19、celerated the outbreak of British bourgeois revolution 英国资产阶级革命英国资产阶级革命 and industrial revolution工业革命工业革命 Impact 2021-5-161717 Eighteenth Century The British Industrial Revolution 英国工业革命英国工业革命 Paraphrase释义： Replacing manual labor with machine production Background： 1.Establishment of constitutional

20、monarchy 君主立宪制in Britain 2. Enclosure movement 3. Overseas trade and colony development 4. Theoretical innovation of classical mechanics and thermodynamics经典力学与 热力学的理论创新 2021-5-161818 The first industrial revolution Mark：The steam engine as a power machine and widely used Time：Eighteenth Century 40s

21、 19 century 60s Major countries ：United Kingdom, France, United States, etc. Related person ：Stephen sun , Watt New energy：engine and modified steam engine动力机和改良蒸汽机 Characteristic：Steam age Major inventions：Steam locomotive and Jeanne textile machine珍妮纺织机和蒸汽 机车 2021-5-161919 The process of revolutio

22、n In 1733, the mechanic Keay invented the “shuttle”飞梭, greatly improving the speed of the weaving, in short supply. In 1765, Hargreaves invented the Jeanne textile machine In 1785, Watt invented the modified steam engine改良型蒸汽机, human entered the era of steam In 1807, American Fulton invented a steam

23、 powered steamer 蒸汽汽船and trailed successful In 1814, the British Stephen sun invented the steam locomotive 蒸汽机车 In 1825, Stephen sun drove a train with 34 small cars and successfully test drive Before and after 1840, the British large machine production basically replaced the traditional factory han

24、d industry， The industrial revolution basically completed 2021-5-162020 2021-5-162121 Second industrial revolution Time：Nineteenth Century seventys Major countries：America, Germany, Britain, France, Japan, Russia, etc. Related person：SIEMENS, Edison, Baer, etc. Characteristic ：Electrical age 2021-5-

25、162222 The process of revolution In 1866, the German SIEMENS invented the generator . In the 80 s, the German Karl Friedrich BenzBenz, successfully produced a car driven by an engine内燃机驱动的汽车 In the 70s , Baer invented the phone In the 90s Italian Marconi invented wireless telegraphy无线 电报 2021-5-1623

26、23 2021-5-162424 What are the Industrial Revolution consequences？ 1. Replaced manual labor with machine production大机器生产代替手工劳动大机器生产代替手工劳动 2. Created tremendous productivity创造了创造了 巨大的生产力巨大的生产力 3. Let Britain became the worlds factory 2021-5-162525 Twentieth Century- economic decline and Economic adjus

27、tment 2021-5-162626 The adjustment and intervention of government to economy after the war The occurrence of the great crisis of the capitalism in the 1930 s，Marshall economic theory was hit（Advocate “laissez-faire”主张自由放任 ），Keynesianism凯恩 斯主义 came into being（ Advocate state intervention （主张国家干预）. Th

28、e state monopoly capitalism国 家垄断资本主义was greatly developed. 2021-5-162727 Between 1950 and 1973 ,Britains GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3%. Growth was hampered by chronic balance of payment deficits. The term “Britain disease”英国病 is now used to characterize Britains economic decline. 2021-5-1

29、62828 The end of 1973 witnessed the first oil shock石油危机. As a result the rate of inflation rose to 16% in 1974. In the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate. 2021-5-162929 Five major economic disasters of the 20th century 2021-5-

30、163030 1.Coming off the Gold Standard in 1931 1931年，英国脱离金本位制度年，英国脱离金本位制度 Winston Churchill温士顿温士顿丘吉尔丘吉尔during his time as chancellor put Britain back on the Gold Standard at its pre-war rate of $4.86 against the dollar with disastrous consequences. The economy was already struggling and returning to

31、the Gold Standard made UK exports uncompetitive. The global downturn following the Wall Street of 1929 (1929年华尔街金融危年华尔街金融危 机机)deepened the slump and make it impossible for the minority Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald to hold the line, despite unpopular welfare cuts. Leaving the Gold Standard f

32、or good helped the economy recover in the 1930s but split the Labour party. 2021-5-163131 2.The devaluation of 1949 1949年，英镑大幅贬值年，英镑大幅贬值 Britain paid a high economic price for victory in the second world war. The country was flat broke and its industrial base, battered by six years of conflict, need

33、ed to be converted back into civilian use. The Attlee government(艾德礼政府艾德礼政府 )negotiated a loan with the Americans, but was forced by Washington to make sterling convertible with the dollar in return. Britain was unable to compete with the much more productive US economy, and this resulted first in t

34、he crisis of 1947, followed by the devaluation of the pound from $4.03 to $2.80 two years later. Labour won a general election in 1950, but only just, and was ousted from power in 1951. 2021-5-163232 3. The devaluation of 1967 1967年英镑再次贬值年英镑再次贬值 The UK performed less well than its main rivals in the

35、 so- called Golden Age of the 1950s and 1960s. Growth was strong and jobs plentiful, but Britain found it hard to compete with the United States, France and Germany. The Labour government of Harold Wilson(哈罗德威尔逊)came to power in 1964 with an ambitious National Plan designed to accelerate Britains gr

36、owth rate, but made the blueprint stillborn by refusing to devalue the pound immediately. Instead, Wilson and his chancellor, James Callaghan(威尔逊 和首相詹姆斯卡拉汉), imposed austerity measures to keep the pounds exchange rate at $2.80 before giving up the fight in November 1967. Consumers were squeezed so t

37、hat resources could be diverted to exports, and Wilson to his surprise lost the 1970 election. 2021-5-163333 4. The IMF comes to town 国际货币基金组织国际货币基金组织援助援助 In the mid-1970s, Britain suffered a number of unpleasant economic shocks. Ted Heaths(泰德泰德希思希思)1970-74 Conservative government had caused industr

38、ial chaos and left office with the country on a three-day week and inflationary pressure rising. Wilsons second spell in Downing Street saw the advent of stagflation rising unemployment and inflation that reached a post-war high of more than 25%. Wilson handed over the reins to Callaghan(卡拉汉卡拉汉) in

39、March 1976 and the scorching summer that followed saw pressure mounting on sterling, even though it was by now a floating currency. Eventually, the UK had to swallow a package of spending cuts to secure a loan from the IMF. Callaghan lost power, narrowly, to Margaret Thatcher(格丽特格丽特撒切尔撒切尔)in 1979, b

40、ut the humiliation of the IMF bailout haunted Labour for more than 15 years. 2021-5-163434 5. Black Wednesday. 黑色星期三黑色星期三 The stain of the IMF was only removed from Labour when the Conservatives （保守党）（保守党）suffered a disaster of equal magnitude: the inability of the UK to continue with its membership

41、 of the Exchange Rate Mechanism in the face of wave after wave of speculative selling of the pound. In many of the other crises of the 20th century, the Conservatives were fortunate that they had left office before the full extent of their economic blunders had been exposed. That was true in 1931, 1

42、967 and 1976, when Labour had a rotten inheritance. In 1992, however, the Conservatives luck ran out. Black Wednesday was followed in 1997 by the biggest electoral defeat suffered by the party in 150 years. 2021-5-163535 The feature in economy of the UK- privatization (私有化）私有化） Main point A. Social

43、situation before the program B. Privatization program was carried out C. The result of the program 2021-5-163636 1.Before the privatization policy. (before 1979) Many enterprises and business were state- owned国有, such as steel钢,telecom, gas ,aerospace航空航天工业，bank of England , oil business, transport

44、service 2021-5-163737 However, problems appeared. a. Great losses(亏损）亏损） b. High cost of production c. High rates of inflation (通货膨胀）通货膨胀） d. Low labor productivity(劳动生产率）劳动生产率） （the labor productivity was 40% lower than it was in private enterprise then) e. Slow growth in economy At that time , a w

45、oman came onto the stage ,which brought a turning point in the UKs history . 2021-5-163838 steel telecom They were state-owned 2021-5-163939 Margaret Hilda Thatcher Born in 1925 The first female prime minister in UKs history The first female prime minister in Europe 2021-5-164040 She carried out an

46、extensive program of privatization throughout the 1980s . Many state-owned enterprises became privately owned under this policy. State-owned privately owned 2021-5-164141 The new economic programmed adopted by Mrs. Thatcher was based on the new classical school of thought新的古典思想学派理论新的古典思想学派理论. Privat

47、ization deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism政府的干涉政府的干涉 主义主义. 2021-5-164242 State-owned privately owned Main reason 1.Needs of tax cut to promote economic development and increase the efficiency of company 需要减税促进经济发展和提高企需要减税促进经济发展和提高企 业的

48、效率业的效率 2.Difficulty in finance of the government 3.Other people think that it had some relation with the fight among the parties . 2021-5-164343 The effect of Thatcherism The British economy gradually restore vitality, The British economy gradually restore vitality, basic restrain the decline of the

49、 economy, get rid basic restrain the decline of the economy, get rid of the image of the “sick man of Europe”“of the image of the “sick man of Europe”“欧洲病欧洲病 夫夫” ” (from the year of 1979 to 1989, Britains (from the year of 1979 to 1989, Britains economic growth rate has more than the German, economi

50、c growth rate has more than the German, French, Italian, and later more than Japan, after French, Italian, and later more than Japan, after entering the 1990s, the British economy is doing entering the 1990s, the British economy is doing better, the level of employment than other better, the level o

51、f employment than other European countries , The unemployment rate is much European countries , The unemployment rate is much lower than Germany and France, and the inflation lower than Germany and France, and the inflation rate is within 2.5%, and the fiscal position is rate is within 2.5%, and the

52、 fiscal position is healthier than other major European countries.healthier than other major European countries. Britain joined the Britain joined the European communites欧洲共同体欧洲共同体 in in January 1, 1973.January 1, 1973. 2021-5-164444 British social security system 2021-5-164545 In 1601, “poor law”济贫

53、法济贫法 marks the promulgation of Britain began to establish the social security system The Beveridge report贝弗里奇报告贝弗里奇报告of 1942 laid the ideological foundation for the establishment of the British welfare social security system. The United Kingdom promulgated the national insurance law, the National He

54、alth Service Act, the family grants law, the national relief act and a series of laws国民保险法国民保险法、国民卫国民卫 生保健服务法生保健服务法、家庭补助法家庭补助法、国民救济法国民救济法等一系列法律等一系列法律 2021-5-1646 The history of the UK welfare system Act for the Relief of the Poor ,1601济贫法济贫法 Amendment of the Poor Law,1834新济贫法新济贫法 Pensions Act 1908养老

55、金法案养老金法案 Act for the Unemployed ,1934失业法失业法 The first “welfare state” ,1950 The history of welfare system 2021-5-1647 The present of the UK welfare system 1.Children and pregnant women welfare 2.Disability and sick benefits 3.Retirement benefits 4.Widow welfare 5.Unemployment benefits 6.low-income e

56、arners welfare 7 Social Fund 2021-5-1648 Children and pregnant women welfare 1) Child Benefit（儿童福利金）（儿童福利金） 2) Family allowance（家庭津贴）（家庭津贴） 3) guardian allowance:（监护人津贴）（监护人津贴） 4) Statutory pregnant employee wages（法定怀孕（法定怀孕 雇员工资）雇员工资） 5) single parent allowance（单亲津贴）（单亲津贴） 6) Maternity allowance（孕妇津

57、贴）（孕妇津贴） 7) The Social Fund Maternity subsidies gold （社会基金孕妇补贴金）（社会基金孕妇补贴金） 8) child support（子女赡养费）（子女赡养费） 2021-5-1649 Big family 2021-5-1650 Disability and sick benefits 1) The care allowance（照料津贴（照料津贴) 2) accidental disability benefits（工（工 作意外伤残福利）作意外伤残福利） 3) disability living allowance（伤残（伤残 生活津贴

58、）生活津贴） 4) Disability Working Allowance（ 伤残工作津贴）伤残工作津贴） 5) Severe Disability Allowance（严（严 重伤残津贴）重伤残津贴） 6) invalid care allowance（伤残照（伤残照 料者津贴）料者津贴） 7) should not work-related benefits （不宜工作福利）（不宜工作福利） 8) Statutory sick series of four days or more of the wage（法定患病福（法定患病福 利）利） 2021-5-1651 Retirement benefits Basic retirement benefits, more than the retirement age, (female over 60, male 65) and in line with the National Insurance