社会分层理论对性社会学研究的启示（The Enlightenment of social stratification theory on sexual Sociology）

1、社会分层理论对性社会学研究的启示（The Enlightenment of social stratification theory on sexual Sociology）The Enlightenment of social stratification theory on sexual SociologyFor the study of social stratification, which belongs to the mainstream research perspective in sociology, as the dominant discourse; and sociol

2、ogy, is one of the most disadvantaged in sociology, in the halls of academia in the difficult crowded place. Sociology of weak position, mainly because of its concern with respect to the social structure, social operation is very small, but I think it is not the same with the mainstream theory of so

3、ciology full convergence also have a great relationship, which in turn makes it difficult to the whole theory of sociology to make their own of course, the contribution of the feeling of me, is based on the observation results of exposure to my China sociology of.In a sense, as the research on the s

4、ocial level of the study can be applied from the sociological theories of all society, and its development also should be able to put the same by other branches of Applied Sociology and reference theory.The social stratification theory studies the individual under the social structure and the social

5、 system, but the social structure and the social system, and any branch of sociology can not be avoided, and the sociology of sociology can not be exception. In this paper, the author tried to learn some about the theory of social stratification in the process of sorting out, and these thoughts are

6、focused on the study of social enlightenment.A wealthy woman: is social status high or low?Different scholars have different definitions of hierarchical standards. Marx believes that the only standard class is economic status, especially the ownership of the means of production, and Webb from three

7、angles of economy, reputation and power to stratify the study in three areas of social economic, cultural and political inequality. Parsons, the functionalism, regards norms and values as the basis of stratification, and his argument is that social order is possible through norms and values.Parsonss

8、 social stratification view can be summarized as follows 4 points:1, in the social hierarchy, a persons status and identity are determined by the moral values of others;2, the valuation of a persons status is based on a system of common values;3, this common value system is shaped by the primary ins

9、titutional institutions. And what kind of system can become the first system is determined by special historical, cultural and environmental factors;4, those who practice this kind of value or idea will gain higher status and receive other rewards, such as income, wealth, etc. 1 (P4)According to Par

10、sonss theory, such as in the United States attaches great importance to the economy of the capitalist countries, a person in the economic structure in the higher position, his social status was higher; while in the political institutions like the former Soviet Union position higher than the economic

11、 institutions of the country, the higher a persons political status, his social position was more high. In the stratification of socialist society, ideology plays an important role. All these characteristics of the socialist transformation period represent the constructive role of ideology in a hier

12、archical system that is fundamentally different from western capitalism. 2From the perspective of sexual sociology, we can also conclude from Parsonss stratification view that the greater the distance between a persons sexual values and the mainstream society, the lower his social status.For example

13、, in prostitution is widely accepted by the public, and even prostitutes known as the goddess in the cultural system, sex workers (* * * worker) social status at least not engaged in other than serious occupation of women in prostitution is lower; and the social stigma of the country, the dark. And

14、the press came into being.The same theory applies to the analysis of gay social status in the United States, which places more emphasis on economic status in the United states,People usually dont think a wealthy gay than a poor heterosexual low social status; but in the value orientation, the politi

15、cal role of the traditional socialist countries, a gay may be the national law as criminals, even the rich economy (in fact he is not allowed in traditional socialist countries class differences exist on the economy), its social status is still low. At the same time can be found in social freedom mo

16、re open as the United States, although many heterosexuals also hold prejudice against homosexuals, but far more freedom in the lack of Chinese much less American gay culture more easily because he in other aspects of performance and obtain higher social status. By comparison, in a culture where homo

17、sexuality is more discriminatory, an openly gay person will be more difficult to climb on the social ladder, and may even fall from the present.The above example also involves the problem of multivariate stratification. An extremely rich sex worker who lives in a culture of discrimination against pr

18、ostitution. From an economic perspective, she may belong to the upper strata of society, but in terms of reputation, she is undoubtedly subordinate to the lower classes. This leads to the issue of the opposite position, namely, that each person is in a completely different social hierarchy on the ba

19、sis of different levels of stratification. Contrary to status, interpersonal tensions and conflicts arise.Lets think again into the realm of professional mobility. Fitzman believes that the basic meaning of vocational stratification is social economy, the basic and even the only basis for profession

20、al mobility, is also an economic position. This is because, in the industrialized societies of the United States and other capitalist societies, the basic core of professional inequality is socioeconomic status, not occupational prestige. This view looked prestige in the flow of the occupation, pres

21、tige is decided by economy thought. But there is a big premise, that is, under the conditions of market economy and nuclear family. 3Fitzmans argument can still be applied to the analysis of the behavior of sex workers, provided that the recognition of prostitution is also a profession. Scholars hav

22、e found that if they enter the profession because of economic factors, then the outflow of the profession is to improve prestige.So, here we should further the views of Fitzman and Parsons discuss together in thinking, not only to take into account the influence of reputation and economy in the outf

23、low of the sex workers occupation, but also consider the background of social cultural norms and ethics.Of course, if we really want to do such a study, we must also measure whether the outflow of prostitution is for more long-term economic benefits, such as avoiding dependence on youth and obtainin

24、g social security. This should at least be a small task, and this article can only be limited to such an idea.As a matter of fact, there is no standard explanation for the contradiction between economy and reputation, and different stratification theories give different explanations.Two, your sexual

25、 partner: just your circle of people?Social network theory has been applied to the analysis of job search processes, and has produced such wonderful hypotheses as strong ties and weak ties, which can also be applied to the study of sexual sociology. Huang Yingying, Pan Suiming in the study of northe

26、ast Chinese sex workers engaged in the process, according to the strong and weak ties further put forward friendly relations, close relationship and public relations concept, which in a certain sense to enrich the research on occupation flow. 4Social network theory will also help in sexual studies.

27、Since Parsons, people have tried to explain how social behavior is governed by social structure, but the concept of social structure is defined from the standpoint of position. In their view, the view of status structure shows us that people have certain attributes, and people are classified accordi

28、ng to their attributes. Peoples social behavior is explained by the category they belong to. The status structure view is not wrong,But only from this point of view, the social structure is one-sided, which hinders us from grasping the whole picture of social structure, thus misleading the theory. T

29、he view of network structure is that the tie between man and man, organization and organization is regarded as an objective social structure, and the influence of these ties on human beings and organizations is analyzed. It should be noted that the social network analysis pointed out that the link i

30、s not abstract, but the reality of the relationship between the network structure. view on any subject (person, organization) and other main ties will also influence the behavior of the main body. 5 network structure view and status structure view are complementary, and the combination of them is th

31、e correct direction of analysis.The first application of social network theory in social science research, is an American scientist and his research fully Laoman, embodied in the American life in a book.People usually have sex only with people who are very close to their age, race, and educational b

32、ackground. The so-called freedom to have sex with anyone is merely an illusion. When we meet people who attract us, there may be a discharge phenomenon, but we can only meet people who have been screened before. 6 (P59)If the difference between husband and wife is larger, the possibility of divorce

33、will be greater. 6 (P61)Despite the ideal people, everyone think that friendship is not affected by the status and the class boundary restrictions, Laumann has found that the vast majority of respondents are very similar with those of the background with their friends. So friends have the same educa

34、tional level, the same religious beliefs, the same ethnic backgrounds, and similar jobs. 6 (P68), the closer a couple is to each other, the easier it is to be together, and social partners are often equally equal in sexual relationships.Other people in your social network also exert their influence

35、on your sexual relationships. Your partner should be part of your circle of friends. He or she must be decent and fit into the community. That is to say, your partner should be the same in every way as you are, and your friends and your family should be the same. 6 (P73)Social networks play a silent

36、 but powerful role when we choose who to be our partner. Any minor similarities in the social context are conducive to sexual relationships, especially in the development of intimate partnerships. 6 (P74)Most couples know each other in the most common way, and few people are completely divorced from

37、 their social networks to choose their partners. Partnerships built out of their social networks are often temporary sexual relationships. The more stable a partnership is, the more likely it is for both parties to meet through their social networks. 6 (P98) married couples are more likely to have b

38、een introduced by family, friends, colleagues, classmates or neighbors who belong to their own social networks.It is based on this understanding, American scholars assert whether a person will be transmitted AIDS virus, to a large extent, what kind of social network he lives in. If AIDS spread in th

39、e United States, must meet two conditions: first, in between the infected group and has not yet infected group, there must be a long-term and frequent sexual contact; second, have more sexual partners who have multiple sexual partners. Survey shows that the above two are difficult to achieve, so it

40、is difficult to spread AIDS, it is currently rampant groups, among heterosexual people in the United States, and now there is no, the future will not be the emergence of AIDS epidemic. 6 (P313)It is also based on the theory of the national sample survey data based on the China scholar Pan Suiming as

41、serted: China adult women become the objective of the dam stop AIDS: life partner sexual intercourse occurred in women only 5.5%8.2%;Especially: the dam is less moved by the ups and downs around it. 7However, if we take full account of todays world has entered the Internet era, we have reason to cha

42、llenge the theory of social networks. In the Internet society, has the traditional social network been cracked yet? Network tools allow us to meet across the region, class, or even racial restrictions, if, in the long-term contacts social networks still play a role (if not a social network where peo

43、ple met through the Internet, it is difficult to maintain a long-term intimate relationship), then one such brief purely for sexual intercourse the activity obviously dont need both in a social network. The Internet has facilitated overnight sex among people from different walks of life. In our ongo

44、ing sexual partner actors, has a total of more than 10 sexual partners, almost everyone had more or less through the Internet with partner experience, and more than half of the people are met through the Internet of different classes of partners.We might as well make a hypothesis here: at least in t

45、he community of multiple sex partners, the social network is broken. Specialized research, especially quantitative research, will be more powerful to confirm the hypothesis.Three, the middle class: a guardian of traditional ideas or a betrayer?A lot of theory about the middle class, the theory of th

46、e new working class that the middle class is not stable, will continue to differentiate, few rise, most fall into the working class, but the fact that the middle class is still on the rise; polar theory is that the middle class is exploited, will become a bourgeois gravedigger, however the social re

47、ality also see this trend. Marx believes that the middle class (middle class, white-collar class) and the working class is the same class, will be free class into the class, class consciousness and combat growing; but Webb believes that the middle class and working class is different, the chances of

48、 survival, commodity, wealth and income are is different, the middle class is stable, even if there is a massive uproar of collective behavior, only the pursuit of economic interests. 1 (P35)The voice of the middle class as a conservative force is now in the mainstream.John Goldthorpe believes that

49、the middle class is the force of social stability and identifies with the mainstream values of society. They have a fundamental difference with the working class, their existence is based on the existence of the working class; although they are in conflict with the employer, but are linked to more s

50、ervice relationship, between them and the employer is the relationship between trust and loyalty, now the social structure provides their position. If you break not themselves will become the leading class. 8Parkin pointed out that social mobility is a short distance flow, such as flow between the u

51、pper and lower white-collar, middle class is a buffer zone, because a lot of flow in this place, so they are of great significance to social stability.The traditional socialist countries have always been quasi hostile towards the middle class. Socialist ideology and institutions create a political c

52、limate in which the middle class is a potential opponent of the new social order. But in the process of modernization, discrimination against the middle class is disappearing, and the new middle class is different from the capitalist middle class in many ways. First of all, the social and physical e

53、ducation and occupation achievement based on privilege, rather than inherited property or private wealth based; secondly, the majority of the members of the new middle class is very young, they are enough to make school education and mass media socialization, political value to accept the new order.

54、 Therefore, unlike their predecessors, they are not regarded as potential opponents of socialism. Many people moved upward from the working class, benefiting from earlier educational reforms and, in the system, their own success, making them inclined to give it special legitimacy. These factors comb

55、ine,A middle class that produces a stable and expanding franchise; the middle class has the same loyalty to its own social order as the western middle class. 9The research shows that when the middle class is in the majority of the social members, the society is relatively stable, because its members

56、 have a strong sense of social dominant values, and play a role in alleviating social antagonism and social contradictions.That may be a phenomenon of conflict with this view, survey of sociology, the middle class is the revolutionary active class, such as research on the whole the United States rev

57、eals that our couples are 35 years old to 45 years old in the middle and upper class, more white, which is political middle school. 10Even in the United States, change wives still conflict with the mainstream values of society. Why does the middle and upper class become the main force of betraying t

58、he mainstream values? The results of this study stratification seems impossible, but should also find the reasons, my estimate is that in the middle class do not have to worry for the food and clothing, have more freedom and leisure attitude to try to more sexual behavior in. But the hypothesis remains unresolved. Why is there more middle-class behavior in such extreme behavior as switching wives?.The middle class has its own characteristics in sexual behavior, which has also been confirmed by a national sampling survey by Professor Pan Suiming, a Chinese sexology professor. The