水文学原理-中英文专业词

1、水文学原理Principle of hydrologyChapter 1 绪论绪论： introduction大气圈( aerosphere )水圈( hydrosphere )岩石圈( lithosphere )生物圈( biosphere ) 人类圈( anthroposphere )中国四大水问题( four major water issues in China)水多( more)：洪水( floods ) 水少( less )：干旱( droughts )水浑(turbid )：水土流失( soil and water losses ) 水脏( dirty )：水污染( water

2、pollution ) 水平 / 垂直结构( horizontal/vertical structure)河 流 学 (potamology/riverhydrology) 湖 沼 学 (limnology/lake hydrology) 水 库(reservoir)冰川水文学 (glacier hydrology)地下水水文学( groundwater hydrology )水文气象学 (hydrometeorology)积云 (cumulus) 河口水文学 (estuary hydrology)流域水文学 (basin hydrology)全球水文学 (global hydrology)水

3、文学中的环境同位素 (environmental isotopes in hydrology)Chapter 2 水文循环水文循环： hydrological cycle海洋蓄水 (water storage in oceans) 蒸发( evaporation )凝结( condensation ) 大气蓄水( water storage in the atmosphere )冰雪蓄水( water storage in ice and snow) 降水( precipitation )散发( transpiration )蒸散发( evapotranspiration ) 升华( subl

4、imation ) 凝华( desublimation )地表径流( surface/direct runoff)融雪径流( snow melt runoff to streams )河川径流( streamflow )泉水( spring ) 淡水储存( freshwater storage )下渗( infiltration)地下水出流(groundwater discharge )地下水储存( groundwater storage )大/ 中/ 小尺度( macro-scale/mesoscale/microscale)开放 / 封闭系统( open/closed system )截留

5、(interception )洼地储蓄( depression storage ) 地 下径 流 ( groundflow ) 壤 中流 ( interflow )总 水量( total water ) 海 洋/ 大 陆 ( oceans/continent )咸水 / 淡水( saline/fresh water) 沼泽( marish )大气水( atmospheric water )生物水( biological water)土壤水( soil water )Chapter 3 流域与水系流域与水系： Watershed & Drainage NetworksPart 1 基本概念分水线

6、 (watershed divide)闭合流域 (closed watershed)非闭合流域(unclosed watershed)水系 (Drainage Networks)羽毛状水系(Elongated shape)平行状水系 (fan shape)混合状水系(mixed shape)坡地 (Slope)倾斜面 (inclinedplane)收敛曲面 (Convergent Camber)发散曲面 (Divergent Camber流域基本单元 (Unit)Part 2 水系的地貌特征河源 (headwater)节点(node)出口 (outlet)外链 (External links)

7、内链 (Internal links)干流 (main river)支流 (tributary river)Strahler分级法河流长度 (stream length)河长定律 (the law of stream链长度 (Link Length)横断面 (Cross section)纵断面 (longitudinal河数定律 (the law of stream numbers) lengths)section)弯曲率 (Sinuosity)大断面 (flood cross-section)河底比降 (Slope of stream bed)Part 3 流域的地貌特征流域形状 ( Sha

8、pe of watershed ) 流域坡度 ( Slope of watershed )流域面积及面积定律 (Drainage area and the law of drainage areas)流域长度和宽度( Width and length of watershed) 形态因子 (Shape factor)圆度 (Circularity ratio) 伸长比 (Elongation ratio) 河网密度和河道维持常数( Drainage density & constant of channel maintenance)河流频度和链频度 (Stream frequency & li

9、nk frequency)面积 - 河长曲线( Drainage area-stream length curve 高程曲线( Elevation curve )Chapter 4 降水降 水 (Precipitation)Part 1 降水要素及其时空变化表示方法(Precipitation elements & Temporal andspatial variation)降雨的基本要素( Rainfall Elements )降雨量 ( 深 ) Rainfall (depth)降雨历时 (Rainfall duration) 降雨强度 (Rainfall intensity) 降雨面积 (

10、Rainfall area) 暴雨中心 (Storm center) 降雨强度与历时曲线( Rainfall intensity-duration curve ) 降雨深与面积关系曲线( Rainfall depth-area curve)降雨深与面积和历时关系曲线( Rainfall depth-area-duration curve )Part 2 降雨类型及其影响因素 (Types of rainfall and Affecting factors)气旋雨 (Cyclonic rain)对流雨 (Convectional/Convectiverain)台风雨 (Typhoons/Hurr

11、icanes)地形雨 (Orographic rain)锋面雨 (Frontal rain) 非锋面雨 (Non-frontal rain)Part 3 区域(流域)平均降雨量计算方法 (Calculation method of Average rainfall over an area)算术平均法 (Arithmetic mean method)泰森多边形法 (Thiessen polygonmethod)等雨量线法 (Isohyetal method) 距离平方倒数法 (Inverse distance-squared method)雷达测雨 (Radar measurement of

12、rainfall)卫星测雨 (Satellitic measurement of rainfall)Part4 降雨资料的检验 (Test of rainfall data)Chapter 5 土 壤 水土 壤 水( Soil Water )水文循环( Hydrologic Cycle )土壤颗粒( soilparticles )过滤( leach ) 蒸发( evaporation )蒸发，散发( transpiration ) 水分( moisture )Part 1 土壤的质地结构及“三相”关系土壤质地 (Soil texture) 粒( sand )粘粒( clay ) 粉粒( sil

13、t ) 砂土壤结构 (Soil configuration)土壤中的“三相”关系 (Three phaseswithin a soil)固体( Solids )液体( Liquids )空气(Vapor)固体密度 (solid density)干容重 (Dry bulk density)孔隙度(Porosity) 质 量 含 水 率 (Gravimetricwater content)容积含水率(volumetric water content)饱和度 (the degree of saturation)充气孔隙度 (Aerationporosity)孔隙比 (Void ratio)Part

14、2 土壤水的存在形态土壤水作用力 (Forces governing soil water)force)毛管力 (Capillary force)( Cohesion )粘着力( Adhesion )分子力 (Molecular粘结力重力 (Gravitational force)土壤水类型 (Soil waterclassification)束缚水 (bound water )吸湿水 (Hygroscopic Water)膜状水 (Film渗透重力水( percolatinggravitational water( 支water)毛管上升水 (Ascending water in capil

15、lary tube) water )毛管悬着水 (Suspended capillary water) sustained 持重力水 )田间持水量（ field土壤水分常数 (Soil water constants) capacity )Saturation (饱和状态)Part 3 土壤水的能量状态土水势 (Soil water potential) 影响因素( Affect the factors )土壤水分特性曲线 (Soil water characteristic curve)Chapter 6 下渗下渗 : InfiltrationPart 1 引 言 (Introduction

16、)土壤水分剖面 (soil moisture profile) 下渗 (infiltration)下渗率 (infiltration intensity) 下渗容量 (infiltration capacity)下渗曲线( infiltration capacity curve) 累积下渗曲线( accumulative infiltrationcapacity curve ) 下渗机理( mechanism of infiltration )Part 2 非饱和下渗理论( ) 下渗方程的导出( deduction of infiltration equation ) 忽略重力作用的下渗方程的

17、解( solution under gravity neglected)完全下渗方程的解( solution under whole condition)Part 3 饱和下渗理论( ) 基本方程的建立 establishment of basic equation 下渗曲线的导出( deduction of infiltration curve)Chapter 7 蒸发与散发蒸发与散发 (Evaporation & Transpiration)Part 1 蒸发现象及其控制条件 (evaporation and control conditions)基本概念( basic concepts

18、) 蒸发潜热 (heat of vaporization)蒸发率 (evaporation rate)凝结潜热 (condensationlatent)蒸发能力 (evaporation capacity)蒸发分类 classification ofevaporation控制蒸发率的条件 controlling conditions for evaporation动力条件(dynamic)气象条件 meteorological condition供水条件 (watersupply)Part 2 水面蒸发 (water surface evaporation)太阳辐射 (solar radiat

19、ion)气压 (air pressure)风 速 (windvelocity)温 度 (temperature)湿度 (humidity)水面大小 (water surfacearea)水面形状 (shape of water body)水深 (water depth)水质 (waterquality)理论方法( theoretical method )热量平衡法 (heat balancemethod)空气动力学法 (aerodynamic method)method)水量平衡法 (water balance method)混合法 (mixed经验公式( empiricalequation

20、)器测法( instrument-measurement method )水面蒸发的时空分布特点 temporal spatial distribution characteristicsPart 3 土壤蒸发土壤蒸发过程 (soil water evaporation processes)土壤蒸发规律 (soil water evaporation rules)Part 4 植物散发散 发 现象 (phenomena of plant transpiration) transpiration rules)植物散发的确定 (determination of transpiration)Part

21、 5 流 域 蒸 散 发 (watershed evapotranspiration)植 物 散 发 规 律 (plant上层( Upper Layer )下层( Lower Layer )深层( Deep Layer )Chapter 8 产流机制产流机制 :mechanism of runoff generation径 流 (Runoff) 径流形成过程 (Rainfall-Runoff Process)径流深 (Runoff Depth) 径流量的时程分配 (Temporal distribution of runoff)Part 1 包气带及其结构( Aeration (vadose)

22、 zone and its structure)包气带和饱水带( aeration zone or vadose zone and Saturdayed zone ) 特殊包气带 (Special aeration zone)三相系统( three-phase system ( liquid ， gaseous ， solid )土壤结构( soil structure ) 包气带结构 (The structure of aeration zone) 高寒地带的包气带( aeration zone in a high and cold area)Part 2 包气带的水分动态及对降雨的再分配作

23、用( Soil moisture dynamics in aeration zone and its roles in partitioning rainfall)A、包气带水分动态 (soil moisture dynamics in aeration zone) 包气带水分的增长( Soil moisture increase in aeration zone)包气带水分的消退( Recession of soil moisture in aeration zone)B 、包气带对降雨的再分配作用(The role of aeration zone in redistributingrai

24、nfall )筛子( sieve ) 门槛( threshold )C 、包气带水量平衡方程式 ( Water balance equation for aeration zone)Part 3 产流的物理条件( Physical conditions for runoff generation )超渗地面径流( Hortonian overland flow) (Rainfall excess)壤中水径流产流( through flow / subsurface flow / interflow)饱和地面径流条件( saturated overland flow)回归流( return fl

25、ow )Part 4 基本产流模式 (Basic modes of runoff generation)Chapter 9 地表水流地表水流 :surface flowPart 1 洪水波的形成及传播 (Formation and propagation of flood wave)A、洪水波运动 (movement wave)a、几何特征( geomtric characteristics)波体( main body of flood wave ) 波高( wave height ) 波长( wave length )b、附加比降( additional slope)c 、相应流量与相应水位

26、( Corresponding discharge (water levels, stages) )d、波速( wave velocity ) e 、坦化( attenuation ) 扭曲( distortion )B、洪水运动的水力学描述 (Hydraulic description of flood wave movement) 圣维南方程组( Saint-Venant Equations ) 连续方程 (Continuity equation or mass conservation equation) 动力方程 (Momentum equation)C、洪水波的分类 (Classif

27、ication of flood wave) 重力( gravity )时间惯性力局地惯性项(friction )D、运动波 (Kinematic wave)E、扩散波 (Diffusion wave)local inertia term )压力( pressure ) 阻力空间惯性迁移惯性项 ( convective inertia termPart 2 ( Storage theory & storage equation )A 、河槽调节作用和河段水量平衡方程(Storage effectsof a river channel and waterbalance equation for

28、a reach)蓄满产流 (Runoff generation on repletion of storage) 超渗产流 (Runoff generation in excess of infiltration)B 、槽蓄方程 (Storage equation)C 、洪水波运动的水文学方法 (Hydrological method of flood wave movementD 、特征河长 (Characteristic river length)F、槽蓄曲线的特性 (Nature of Storage-discharge curve)Chapter 10 洪水演算洪水演算 (Flood

29、Routing)Part 1 引 言 (Introduction)具有物理基础的洪水演算法 (Physically-based flood routing method)动量守恒（ momentum质量守恒( mass conservation ) conservation )Part 2 线性扩散波演算法 (Linear diffusion wave routing method)定解问题的构成 (Composition of solution problems) 基本解 (Basic solution)扩散波（ Diffusion稳定流（ Steady卷积公式 (Convolution出流

30、过程的计算 (Derivation of outflow hydrograph) wave)入流过程 (Processing of inflow hydrograph) flow )参数的确定 (Determination of parameters)formula) 上断面洪水过程( inflow hydrograph at upper section)半无限长，自由下边界( semi infinite long, free lower boundary)简单入流过程 (Simple inflow hydrograph)单位入流过程 (Unit Inflowhydrograph)单位矩形入流

31、过程 (Unit Rectangular Pulse Input)单位瞬时脉冲入流 (Unit instantaneous Pulse Input)入流 过程 离 散 化 (Discretizing inflow hydrograph) 汇流 曲 线 (flow concentration curve)Part 3 线性特征河长演算法 (Linear characteristic length routing method) 描述洪水波运动的基本微分方程式(Basic differential equations of flood wavemovement)汇流曲线的确定 (Determina

32、tion of flow concentration curve)Part 4 线性运动波演算法 (Linear kinematic wave routing method) 运动波差分方程的建立 (Difference equation of kinematic wave) 数值扩散的概念 (Numerical diffusion)连续演算问题 (successiverouting)汇流系数的计算 (Calculation of flow concentration coefficient)泰勒公式 (Taylor formula) 汇流系数 (flow concentrationcoeff

33、icient)Chapter 11 流域产流流域产流 :Watershed Runoff Generation/ProductionPart 1 引 言 (Introduction)径 流 (Runoff) 径流形成过程 (Rainfall-Runoff Process)径流深 (Runoff Depth) 径流量的时程分配 (Temporal distribution of runoff)Part 2 流域产流面积的变化( Variations in runoff producing area)A 、现象及原因 (Phenomena & Causes)蓄满产流 (Runoff generat

34、ion on repletion of storage)超渗产流 (Runoff generation in excess of infiltration)B 、蓄满产流条件下总径流的产流面积变化 (Variations in the runoff producing areaof total runoff under runoff formation on repletion of storage)蓄水容量曲线 (Watershed Capacity Curve)流域蓄水容量曲线 (Watershed water capacity curve) 在降雨空间分布均匀的情况下( Spatial

35、distribution of rainfall is even)C 、超渗产流地面径流产流面积变化 (Variations in the runoff producing area ofsurface runoff under runoff formation in excess of infiltration)Part 3 蓄满产流的流域产流量的计算( Computation of total runoff under runoff formation on repletion of storage )总径流量的计算 (Computation of total runoff)径流成分的划分 (Separation of runoff components)降雨空间分布不均匀情况 (Spatial distribution of rainfall being unev