中电联标准《锂离子电池爆炸试验方法》2017征求意见稿

1、清华大学 电路原理 电子课件江辑光版参考教材：电路原理（第2版） 清华大学出版社，2007年3月 江辑光 刘秀成电路原理 清华大学出版社，2007年3月 于歆杰 朱桂萍 陆文娟电路（第5版）高等教育出版社，2006年5月 邱关源 罗先觉Therefore, physicians were practising this profession requires not only medical expertise as a basis, but also to learn to apply for emergency medical techniques and methods to save

2、a patients life. These rules apply to the emergency department medical specialist the first 3 years of training. (For example, master, doctoral graduates, and residency can be reduced to 2 years), training goals through 3 years of basic training, the trainees master the basic theory, basic knowledge

3、 and basic skills, ability to achieve independent diagnosis and treatment of common acute and severe. To master common symptoms differential diagnosis of acute; master classification of emergency patients condition; be familiar with first aid techniques and methods commonly used; the basic right and

4、 an independent common emergency first-aid treatment. Read books about emergency medicine; knowledge of clinical research methods, seamless integration of clinical practice, writes with a certain level of reports and reviews of medical records. Second, standardized training methods trainees to take

5、part in specialist training standard set theory course, Rotary range should focus on emergency medicine, high risk should appear in the acute and severe Department Web-oriented, taking into account their relevant specialties. Wheel arrangement in clinical departments: emergency medicine (including e

6、mergency ICU) 15 months, related disciplines of emergency medicine rotation for 21 months. Detailed第16章 二端口网络本章重点16.1 二端口概述16.2 二端口的参数和方程16.3 二端口的等效电路16.4 二端口的联接16.516.6 二端口的转移函数16.7 回转器和负阻抗变换器本章重点16.1二端口概述16.2二端口的参数和方程16.3二端口的等效电路16.4二端口的联接二端口的特性阻抗和传播常数 16.5二端口的特性阻抗和传播常数16.6二端口的转移函数16.7回转器和负阻抗变换器 本

7、章重点.二端口参数和方程二端口等效电路二端口的联接返回目录16.1二端口概述二端网络（two-terminal network）+uS_PAR四端网络（four-terminal network）n:1R理想变压器CC滤波器电路一、 端口 （port）+u-ii端口由一对端钮构成，且满足从一个端钮流入的电流等于从另一个端钮流出的电流。二、二端口（two-port）当一个电路与外部电路通过两个端口连接时称此电路为二端口。+u1-i1i1线性RLCM受控源i2i2+u2-三、二端口与四端网络i1i2i1i2i1二端口i2i1 i2具有公共端的二端口i2i1i3i4四端网络例+u111i1i133i

8、i1Ri244i2i222+u2-1-1 ， 2-2 是二端口。3-3 ，4-4 不是二端口，是四端网络。因为i1 = i1 i i1i2 = i2 + i i2不满足端口条件约定（1）本章讨论范围网络内部含有线性 R，L，C，M与线性受控源，不含独立源。（2）参考方向+u1-1 i11 i1线性RLCM受控源i2i22+u2-2（3）在讨论参数和参数方程时，端口电压、电流均采用相量或象函数。返回目录16.2二端口的参数和方程+U 1-I1线性无源I2+U 2-表示端口电压和电流关系的物理量有4个：U 1 ， I1 ， U 2 ， I2 。端口电压、电流关系可由六种不同的方程来表示，即可用六套

9、参数描述二端口。一、 Y 参数（admittance parameters）和方程I1I2U 1 +-1线性无源2+-设图示电路有 l 个独立回路，回路1和回路2的参考方向如图。列回路方程 ， 得Z 11 I1 + Z 12 I2 + Z 1l Il = U 1Z 21 I 1 + Z 22 I 2 + Z 2 l I l = U 2Z 31 I1 + Z 32 I2 + Z 3 l Il = 0Z l 1 I1 + Z l 2 I2 + Z ll Il = 0解得 12具有导纳的量纲 ，上式改写为I1 = Y11U 1 + Y12U 2I2 = Y21U 1 + Y22U 2矩阵形式为 I

10、1 Y11 Y12 U 1 I 2 令 Y 11Y = Y 21Y 12 Y 22 称为Y 参数矩阵。Y 参数方程 I1 = Y11U 1 + Y12 U 2 端口电流 I1和I2可视为U 1和U 2共同作用产生。=I2=Y21U1+Y22U2互易二端口Y 参数之间的关系I1 = 11 U 1 + 21 U 2Z11Z 21Z12Z 22Z13 Z1lZ 23 Z 2l = Z 31Z 32Z 33Z 3l I 1 Y11 Y12 U 1 = 2 Y21 Y22 U 2 Z l 1Z l 2Z l 3 Z ll若二端口网络内部无受控源，电路满足互易定理，则回路阻抗矩阵Z对称。则12= 21互易

11、二端口有 Y12= Y21，只有三个参数是独立的。IY参数的实验测定I1 = Y11U 1 + Y12 U 2I 2 = Y 21U 1 + Y 22 U 2I1I2实验电路图U 1 +-线性无源2-2 短路Y 11Y 21=I 1U 1I 2U 1U 2 = 0U 2 = 02-2 短路1-1入端导纳2-2 短路转移导纳I1线性无源1-1 短路I2+-I1U 2U 1 = 01-1 短路转移导纳Y 22 =I 2U 2U 1 = 01-1 短路2-2入端导纳Y 参数也称为短路导纳（short admittance）参数。例1求图示二端口的Y 参数。I1YbI2解 I1 = Y11U 1 +

12、Y12U 2 +U 1-YaYc+U 2-I1+U 1-U 1 = 0YbYa YcI1 YbYa YcY12 = Y21 = YbI2Y11 = U 2 = 0 = Ya + YbU 2 = 0I2互易二端口U1U 2U 2 = 0I2=Y21U1+Y22U2+Y12=U1=0=Yb-=Yb+YcI1YbI2Ya + Yb YbY = Yb Yb + Yc若 Ya=Yc，则Y11=Y22 。+U 1-YaYc+-有 Y12=Y21 且Y11=Y22 称为对称二端口。对称二端口只有两个参数是独立的。对称二端口是指两个端口电气特性上对称。电路结构左右对称的，端口电气特性对称；电路结构不对称的二端

13、口，其电气特性也可能是对称的。这样的二端口也是对称二端口。例I1210I2思路1:+U1510+电阻网络，互易Y12 = Y21-电路结构左右不对称-Y11 =12 + 5 / 10=316S思路2:Y 等效变换Y22 =110 /(10 + 2 / 5)=316SI1 2I2对称二端口（电气对称）+U1-242+-电路结构左右对称例2求所示电路的Y参数。I1YbI2 I 1 = Y11U 1 + Y12U 2 +U 1-YagU 1+U 2-解法一由实验测定得参数+U 1-I1YaYbgU 1I2I1U 1U 2 = 0 Y = I221U 2 = 0U 2 = 0= Ya + Yb= Yb

14、 gU 1 = 0I1YaYbgU 1I2+U 2-I1U 2I2U 2U 1 = 0U 1 = 0= Yb= YbI2=Y21U1+Y22U2解法二直接列写端口电压电流方程，得参数I1YbI 2+U 1-YagU 1+-I1 = YaU 1 + Yb (U 1 U 2 )I2 = Yb (U 2 U 1 ) gU 1 Ya + YbY = g YbI1 = (Ya + Yb )U 1 YbU 2I2 = ( g Yb )U 1 + YbU 2 Yb 非互易二端口网络（网络内部有受控源）四个独立参数。二、Z 参数（impedance parameters）和方程I1 I 2U 1 +-线性无源

15、+-由Y 参数方程 可解出 U 1 ， U 2即 Y22 Y12U 1 = I 1 + U = Y21 I + Y111I2 = Z 11 I1 + Z 12 I2I2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2其中 =Y11Y22 Y12Y21I1=Y11U1+Y12U2I2=Y21U1+Y22U22其矩阵形式为I1I2U 1 Z 11U 2 Z 21Z 12 I1 +-线性无源+- Z 11Z = Z 21Z 12 Z 22 称为Z参数矩阵。Z参数的实验测定U 1 = Z 11 I1 + Z 12 I2U 2 = Z 21 I 1 + Z 22 I 2用端口开路实验测Z参数。=Z 11 =Z

16、21 =Z 12 =Z 22 =U 1I1U 2I1U 1I2U 2I2I2 = 0I2 = 0I1 = 0I1 = 02-2 开路1-1入端阻抗2-2 开路转移阻抗1-1 开路转移阻抗1-1 开路2-2入端阻抗U 1 +-I1+U 1-I1实验电路图线性无源2-2 开路线性无源1-1 开路I2 = 0I2+U 2-Z参数又称开路阻抗（open impedance）参数互易二端口、对称二端口Z 参数之间关系 Y22 Y12U = Y21 I + Y111互易二端口I2 = Z11 I1 + Z 12 I2I2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2Z12 = Z 21对称二端口Z11 = Z

17、22( Z12 = Z 21 )若 矩阵 Z 与 Y 非奇异，则 Y = Z 1，Z = Y 1。U1=I1+2例1 求所示电路的Z 参数I1 Z Za cI2U 1 = Z 11 I1 + Z 12 I2U 2 = Z 21 I 1 + Z 22 I 2+U 1-由实验测定得参数Zb+U 2-U 1I 1U 2I 1I2 = 0I2 = 0= Z a + Z b= Z bZ 12 =Z 22 =U 1I2U 2I 2I1 = 0I1 = 0= Z b= Z b + Z c互易二端口，当 Za=Zc 时为对称二端口。例2 求所示电路的Z参数I1 ZaZc-rI1+I2+U 1-Zb+U 2-直

18、接列端口电压、电流方程U 1 = Z a I1 + Z b ( I1 + I2 )U 2 = rI 1 + Z c I 2 + Z b ( I 1 + I 2 ) Z a + Z bZ = r + Z bZ b Z b + Z c 4个独立参数三、T 参数 （传输参数）和方程（transmission parameters）I1 = Y11U 1 + Y12U 2 （1）I1I2I2 = Y21U 1 + Y22U 2 （2）由（2）得U 1 2Y21 Y212+-（3）线性无源+-将（3）代入（1）得T 参数方程1U 1 = T11U 2 T12 I2I1 = T21U 2 T22 I22（

19、4）=Y22U+1II=YY11Y22U+Y11I122经比较，得YY21T12 = 1Y 21T21 =Y12Y21 Y11Y22Y21T22 = Y11Y21其矩阵形式U 1 T11 I 1 T21T12 T22 U 2 I 2 （注意负号）T11T = T21T12 称为T 参数矩阵。=互易二端口、对称二端口T 参数之间关系：互易二端口Y12 =Y21则T11 T22- T12 T21=Y11Y222+Y12Y212Y11Y22Y212=1对称二端口Y11 =Y22T11 = Y22Y21T22 = Y11Y21则T11= T22T 参数的实验测定U 1 = T11U 2 T12 I2I

20、1 = T21U 2 T22 I2U 1 +-I1线性无源2-2 开路I2 = 0U 2-U 1U 2I1U 2开路参数+-I1线性无源2-2 短路I2T12 =T22 =U 1 I2I1 I2U 2 = 0U 2 = 0短路参数+例1 求所示电路的T 参数。I1n:1I2理想变压器+U 1-+U 2-U 1 = n U 2I 1 = 1 In2即n0 n n则 T = 00 n U1=0I1U21I21例2 求图示电路的T 参数。由实验测定得参数+U1-I1 122I2+U2-I112 I2=0I112 I2+U1-2+U2-U1+-2T11 =U 1U 2I 2 = 0=1 + 22= 1

21、.5T12 =U 1 I 2U 2 = 0=I 11 + ( 2 / 2 )0.5 I 1= 4 T21 =I 1U 2I 2 = 0= 0.5 ST22 =I 1 I 2U 2 = 0=I 10.5 I 1= 2四、H 参数（混合参数）和方程（hybrid parameters）H 参数方程U 1 = H 11 I1 + H 12U 2I2 = H 21 I1 + H 22U 2+-I1线性无源I2+-矩阵形式U 1 I 2 H 11 H 21H 12 I1 H 22 U 2 =H 参数的实验测定+-U 1I1I2I1I1U 2 = 0U 2 = 0线性无源短路参数I2U 1I1 = 0-U

22、 1U 2I2U 2I1 = 0I1 = 0线性无源开路参数I2+U 2-2-2 短路1-1 开路互易二端口对称二端口H 12 = H 21H 11 H 22 H 12 H 21 = 1证明留作思考+例求所示电路的H参数I1I2U 1 = H 11 I1 + H 12U 2I2 = H 21 I1 + H 22U 2+U 1-R1 I1R2+U 2-端口电压、电流方程U 1 = R1 I1I 2 = I1 + 1 UR22 R10 1 / R2 小结（1）六套参数，还有逆传输参数 和逆混合参数。（2）为什么用这么多参数表示？（a）为描述电路方便，测量方便。（b）有些电路只存在某几种参数。I1I

23、2+U 1-I12I2+- 0.5 0.5 s ，Z参数 不存在。0.5 +U 1-2+U 2-2 2Z = 2 2，Y 参数不存在。n:1存在T参数，H参数。Z , Y 均不存在。（3）可用不同的参数来表示以不同的方式联接的二端口。（4）线性无源二端口表中：detT =T11 T22 T12 T21det H = H11 H22- H12 H21（5）含有受控源的电路有四个独立参数。返回目录YZTH互易Y12=Y21Z12=Z21detT=1H12= -H21对称Y12=Y21Y11=Y22Z12=Z21Z11=Z22detT=1T11=T22H12=-H21detH=116.3二端口的等效

24、电路两个二端口等效是指对外电路而言，端口的电压、电流关系相同。一、由Z参数方程作等效电路U 1 = Z 11 I1 + Z 12 I2I1Z11Z22 I2U 2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2+U 1Z 12I2+Z 21I1+U 2-改写为U 1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + Z12 I1 Z12 I1U 2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2 + Z12 I1 Z12 I1 + Z12 I2 Z12 I2I1 Z11-Z12( Z 21 Z12)I1 Z22-Z12 I2+U 1-Z121-2+U 2-同一个参数方程，可以作出结构不同的等效电路。表明等效电路不唯一。

25、I+II 1Z11-Z12对于互易二端口+Z12=Z21U 1-Z12U 2-互易二端口等效电路若二端口是对称的（Z12=Z21 ，Z11=Z22），则等效电路结构也对称。二、由Y参数方程作等效电路 I1 = Y11U 1 + Y12U 2 I1I2另一种形式+U 1 Y11-I1Y12U 2- Y12Y21U 1Y22+U 2-I2+U 1-Y11 +Y12Y22 +Y12+U 2(Y21 Y12 )U 1 -I2=Y21U1+Y22U2互易二端口+I1- Y12I2+Y12=Y21U 1-Y11 +Y12Y22 +Y12U 2-若二端口是对称的（Y12=Y21，Y11=Y22），则等效电路结构也对称。例给定互易网络的传输参数，求T 形等效电路。解 互易网