专题复习七选五

1、专题复习-七选五（Choose five out of seven）考试说明：阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章，必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。考试形式：第二节：共5小题，每小题2分。在一段约300词的短文中留出5个空白，要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。高考大纲对“七选五”的要求：考查重点：主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。整体内容-Main idea of the text结构-Structur

2、eof the text上下文逻辑-Logic of the context命题秘诀：1. 短文体裁：除2017年全国卷是记叙文外，都是说明文。其中，2016年卷和2015年卷是介绍类说明文，其余为指导类说明文。2. 短文长度：虽然考试说明中说“在一段约300词的短文中留出5个空白”，但近三年高考中最短的仅有211个词，最长的也才286个词。3. 短文特征：说明文一般为总分结构，有主题段，每段有主题句，全文层次分明，条理清晰，且有时有格式标志。指导类说明文常含有ways, steps, tips, how等字眼。4主要考点：主要考查段中衔接句，该句与前句或后句之间的逻辑关系主要有顺承关系、转折

3、关系、重述解释关系，以及因果、举例、并列排比关系等；其次是考查主题句或小标题，全国卷连续三年每年考查两道主题句；偶尔考查文末或段末的总结句。5. 主要考点： 主要考查段中衔接句，该句与前句或后句之间的逻辑关系主要有顺承关系、转折关系、重述解释关系，以及因果、举例、并列排比关系等；其次是考查主题句或小标题，全国卷连续三年每年考查两道主题句；偶尔考查文末或段末的总结句。6. 选项排列：七个选项通常由短到长依次排列。不过, 2012年和2013年曾有过由长到短依次排列的。但从未参差不齐地排列。解题方略:我们必须了解文章的框架结构、掌握语篇的衔接手段、把握句际和段际之间的逻辑关系，才可有效解题。1.

4、了解文章的框架结构 七选五阅读的文章，无论是描述性说明文还是指导性说明文，一般是“总分”结构，有主题段，每段有主题句或小标题。 “如何做”这类指导性说明文的基本结构如下：第一部分：主题段 (起承转合)第二部分：如何做 (方法或建议一条条分段列出，常有小标题和主题句)第三部分：希望或评价 (经常无此部分) 其中，第一部分或主题段为“起承转合”结构。“起”就是开端，或提出主题或吸引读者关注主题；“承”就是承接上文加以申述；“转”就是转折，指出问题或困难；“合”就是给出解决问题的方法或建议。(1)考承接句：承接上文加以申述。如：(2016卷)起Have you ever visited a gard

5、en that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum (总和) of its parts? 承 36 转But it doesnt happen by accident. 合It starts with B. Find a good place for your own garden.F. You can produce that kind of magicalquality in your own garden, too.解析：空前句以

6、问句开头(起)，其目的是为了引出话题，空格处应是“承”接上文加以申述。选项F“你也可以在自己的花园里营造这种神奇的魔力”与此吻合，too为关键词。2)考转折句：指出存在的矛盾和困难、提出疑问，常含有difficult, tough, problem，unfortunate, however, but等词。如： (2014全国卷)起The jobs of the future have not yet been invented.转36 合By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what

7、 the future holds. 提出问题解析：起始句“未来的工作还没有发明”提供背景或引出话题，空后句“不管未来什么工作，帮助他们形成最基本的技能是对他们有益的”是“合”，提出如何解决问题，空格句应是“转”，即提出问题，故选D。该选项中的that dont yet exist与空前句中的have not yet been invented是同义复现。3)考“合”句：即该部分结尾句，引出解决问题的方法或建议，也是具体建议前的概括性语句。如： (2017全国卷)起Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the

8、blame on the alarm clock. 转In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock.合 36 Here is how to make one.= plan Find the right motivation Rethink mornings Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends Keep a record and evaluate it weekly 如何设定它的方法A better plan for sleep can help

9、.D. And consider setting a second alarm.解析：该句“一个更好的睡眠计划是有帮助的”，引出下一句“以下是如何设定它的方法”，one即为a plan。故选C。2. 掌握语篇的衔接手段 语篇的衔接手段主要有语法手段(如替代等)和词汇手段(如复现关系、同现关系等)。 (1)语法手段(指代)凡在选项中或空格前、后句中遇到代词，我们要思考该代词替代上文中的什么内容，意义是否通顺。如：(2017全国卷)If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it

10、s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know youre busy so they can get the hint(暗示) that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed.C. Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goesG. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not解析：选项G中的两

11、个it和空前的it都是指代的the door，带入原文后意义衔接。故选G。(2) 词汇手段(复现/同现) 词语复现： 就是空格前、后句中与正确选项中含有相同的一个或几个词，叫原词或同词复现；如果前后句与选项中虽然没有相同的词，但有同义表达，叫同义复现。如： (2017全国卷) Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while youre trying to get work done. 36 , there are several ways to handle things. Lets take a look at the

12、m now.A. If youre busy, dont feel bad about saying noB. When you want to avoid interruptions at work解析：根据空格后的逗号可知，空格处应选一个从句，再根据后文中提到的几种避免在工作中被打扰的方法，选项中的interruption与第一句中的interruption为原词复现可知，答案选B项。 词语同现：就是有相互关联的词语在上下文中有同时出现的可能性。如school, teacher, student, headmaster, class, test, fail, pass, learn等词就有

13、可能在同一篇文章中同时出现。如：(2014全国卷)Your children need to be deeply curious. 37 Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?”A. Encourage kids to cook with you.C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.解析：与空后句中的ingredients(配料), pancakes (薄煎饼)可

14、能同时出现的，只有选项A中的cook，故选A项(鼓励孩子跟你一起烹饪)。 结构复现：就是句子结构重复出现，常有also作为标志词。如：2016全国卷) 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.解析：因空后句

15、中it is also hard to与选项A中It is very hard to是结构复现，特别是also是重要标志词；将选项A代入文中，前后意义衔接。值得注意的是，利用词语复现解题十分管用，但这并不意味着，凡与上下句有复现词的选项就一定是正确选项，只是在解题过程中需重点考虑或优先考虑而已，是否正确，还得将含复现词的选项代入原文，看该选项与上下文是否衔接。3. 把握句际的逻辑关系(1) 总分关系:要求考生据“总(主题句)”选“分(支撑句或分述句)”,或据“分”选“总”。如：(2017全国卷)A better plan for sleep can help. Here is how to m

16、ake one. 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why its important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reason, tell your family or roommates about the change you want

17、to make.A. Get a sleep specialist.B. Find the right motivation.解析：该句“找到正确的动机”是该段的总论，下文中提到的“与家人共进早餐，做晨练，或者为今天的工作做好准备”都是为早晨起床所找的理由，即起床的动机，故答案为B项。(总分关系)(2) 顺承关系：顺承是按时间、空间或逻辑事理上的顺序说出连续的动作或相关的情况，分句之间有先后相承的关系。如：(2016全国卷) A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a

18、 real code, you must have a code book. 39 A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.解析：前句“要读懂代码的真实信息，你必须要有本代码书”与选项F“如果有一本代码书，你就可以把它们所代表的其他词写下来”是顺承关系。选项F中的a code book与空前句中的a code book是原词复现。故选F项。(3) 转折关系：选项

19、或空后句中常有but, however, instead等词。如：(2017全国卷) If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping. I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in comm

20、on with me. 36 The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. We have done a lot of it since. everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in s

21、tyle.B. Things are going to be improved.D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.解析：空格前句说作者与喜欢露营的人道不同不相为谋，后文却开始举例说明作者接受朋友邀请参加了露营活动，可见空格表示作者对露营活动有所改观，因此答案D项中的“however”起了转折作用，表明作者从那时起，开始学习与露营相关的事。(4) 因果关系：空格前后可能有so, therefore, since, because等词。如：(2017全国卷) When people try to interrupt

22、you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate (消除) future interruptions.E. Its important that you let them know when youll be availableF. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you解析：空格前提到，

23、当别人打扰你的时候，你要安排好时间，告知他们你在什么时候有空，空格后提到这样做可以帮助你消除日后的打扰，用选项E(让他们知道你什么时候有空是非常重要的)代入原文，选项E与空后句存在因果关系。故选E项。(5) 并列关系：正确选项与前后句是并列关系。如：(2015全国卷) Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 Trust is a risk A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. 解析：空前句是

24、Trust is空后句也是Trust is，因此，正确选项很可能也是Trust is,三句并列，构成排比句；浏览各选项，只有选项B符合，其中it指代trust，故选B项。 (6) 解释关系： 用更为明白易懂的话重述或解释前面的信息，常用that is (i.e.), in other words, that means, in fact等或冒号(:)、破折号()等标点。如：2011全国卷) 2. Go for a walk. Mildly raised glucose(葡萄糖) levels can harm the area of the brain that helps you form

25、memories and physical activity can help get blood glucose down to normal levels. In fact, exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain. 74 D. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading. G. In other words, when you take care of your body, you take care of your brain.解析：In other wor

26、ds表示该句是对空格前一句的解释，且take care of your body与exercise是上下义复现，还有your brain原词复现，故选G。(7) 列举或举例(2016全国卷) There are many common methods used to cook fish. 40 B. The easiest is to steam it.C. This is how you can do it.The easiest = The easiest method解析：前句说有许多种煮鱼的方法，选项B中steam(蒸)就是列举其中的一种最容易的方法。故选B项。(8) 相对或对立关系

27、:(2017全国卷) Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After youve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.A. Get a sleep specialist.E. If the steps you take are working,

28、keep it up.解析：该句“如果你所采取的措施是有效的，那么坚持下去”与下一句“如果无效，看看有没有你可以尝试的其他措施”形成相对关系。两句都是“条件状语从句+祈使句”的模式，同时，steps与methods也构成了并列关系，故答案为E项。(9) 顺序关系： 指one / first second (ly) third (ly) (第一第二第三)，first next then (首先接下来然后)等。如： (2013全国卷 )One is the establishment (制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production,

29、sales, the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies, and accounting. 74 The third relates to the establishment of standards of word in all departments. E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments. F. In the theory of business management, organization has two

30、 main aspects.解析：因前有One后有The third，这里应是The second，故选E。4. 重视语篇的明显标志(1) 语言标志：指someothersstill others (一些人一些人还有一些人)等。如：(2016全国卷) Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water

31、and fewer fertilizers(肥料). 38 D. Its delightful to see so many beautiful flowers.E. E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.解析：由本段中的语言标志词SomeOthers (有的人有的人)可知应选以Still others (还有的人)开头的E项。 (2) 行文标志：指根据行文的格式，特别是小标题和主题句的句式结构，去判断正确选项。如：(2017全国卷)there are several ways to handle

32、 things. Lets take a look at them now.37 .Tell the person youre sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youll find them then.When you need to talk t