奶牛营养需要!(精)

1、DS38IFAS EXTE?1. This docume nt is DS38, one of a series of the Ani mal Scie nee Departme nt, Florida Cooperative Exte nsion Service, In stitute of Food and Agricultural Scien ces, Un iversity of Florida. Origi nal publication date July, 1992. Reviewed June, 2003. Visit the EDIS Web Site at Professo

2、r, Dairy Science Dept.;Cooperative Exte nsion Service, In stitute of Food and Agricultural Scien ces, Uni versity of Florida, Gain esville.The In stitute of Food and Agricultural Scie nces (IFAS is an Equal Employme nt Opport un ity - Affirmative Acti on Employer authorized to provideresearch, educa

3、ti onal in formatio n and other services only to in dividuals and in stituti ons that fun cti on without regard to race, creed, color, religion,age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For information on obtaining other exte nsion

4、 publicati ons, con tact your county Cooperative Exte nsion Service office. FloridaCooperative Exte nsion Service / In stitute of Food and Agricultural Scien ces / Un iversity of Florida / Larry R. Arrington, In terim Dea nProper feed ing and good bala need rati ons rema in the corn erst one of a su

5、ccessful dairy operati on. Milk yield per cow and the cost of feed to produce milk have by far the greatest in flue nce on profitability in a dairy operatio n. If a dairy is to be successful, the dairyme n must con ti nu ally strive to adopt practices that allow the greatest output of milk at the mo

6、st economical cost. Successful dairying in the future will depend on high levels of milk producti on, culli ng for low producti on, con trolli ng feed costs, and using good replaceme nts.Cow ide ntificati on and good records make good feed ing practices possible. Without milk product ion records, it

7、 is difficult to feed accordi ng to milkproducti on or to use any well-desig ned group feedi ng system.Milk yields per cow continue to in crease annu ally as reported by the USDANatio nalAgricultural Statistics Service. Average producti on per cow in the Un ited States reported in 1975 was 10,360 lb

8、s as compared to 14,213 lbs in 1988. Much of this in crease in milk production is due to better nutrition and feeding, overall management practices and the gen etic improveme nt of the cow populati on.FEEDING STANDARDSFeed ing sta ndards have bee n used since the late 1800s to help guide nu tritio n

9、i sts and livestock producers in formulati ng rati ons and feedi nglivestock. Periodically, the sta ndards are updated to en compass the most curre nt research information available. The standards that are now available, entitled Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, were updated in 1988 by a subco

10、mmittee on Dairy CattleNutrition of the National Research Council.Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 show the nu trie nt requireme nts of dairy cattle as developed by the Natio nal Research Coun cil (1988.FiguresThe en ergy requireme nts used from this publicati on are expressed as net en ergy formaintena

11、nce (NEM, net energy for lactation (NEL and total digestible nutrients (TDN. Eve n though both TDN and NEL are acceptable measures of en ergy, NEL is expressed as megacalories (Mcal whereas TDN is give n in poun ds.The NEL is defi ned as the en ergy contained in the milk produced. Since milk fat is

12、high in en ergy, cows produc ing a higher fat testi ng milk require more en ergy per pound of milk (Table 2.ProteinAs milk product ion in creases, it becomes importa nt that some dietary protein escapedegradati on in rume n ferme ntati on. Prote in that bypasses the rume n is degraded to ami no acid

13、s and absorbed from the small in testi ne for utilizati on. These esse ntial ami no acids are n eeded by the high produci ng cow and must come either from dietary protein that escapes degradati on or microbial prote in produced duri ng rume n ferme ntati on and passed along to the small in test ine.

14、The 1988 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle discussed for the first time both absorbed and crude prote in. The dietary in take prote in is described as un degradable in take protein (UIP and degradable in take protein (DIP. Although a specific perce nt UIP is not stated, the calculati ons suggest

15、 35 to 40% bypass prote in.Process ing or heat treatme nt of feedstuffs in creases the amount of bypass prote in in the feedstuff. Commonly used bypass prote insuppleme nts are distillers grains, brewers grains, corn glute n meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal and heat treated soybea

16、ns (Table 4.For faster usage and convenien ce, Table 3 has bee n developed to contain the comb ined requireme nts for maintenance and milk producti on for differe nt sized dairy cows produc ing milk containing 3.5% fat.The compiled information in Table 3 will save time in calculating requireme nts.F

17、EEDS AND THEIR COMPOSITIONTable 4 contains a list of the more com mon feed in gredie nts used in Florida. Values give n onin gredie nts are dry matter (DM; crude protein (CP; bypass protein (BP; total digestible nu trie nts(TDN; net energy for lactation (NEL; fat, calcium (Ca; phosphorus (Phos; sodi

18、um (Na; magnesium (Mg; potassium (K; and sulfur (S. The TDN and NEL refers to the en ergy content of the feed; either may be used in formulati ng rati on s.Table 5 shows the mi neral compositi on of feeds com mon ly used in dairy cattle rati ons (U.S. Fed.FORMULATING DAIRY RATIONSRati ons are nu tri

19、ti on ally bala need and formulated to meet the nu trie nt requireme nts of an imals perform ing at differe nt levels. The nu trie nt requireme nts for maintenance and milk product ion for differe nt sized ani mals in clud ing en ergy, prote in, calcium and phosphorus.Con sider the followi ng exampl

20、e where a herd receives a known amount of corn silage as theprimary roughage. First, the crude protein (OP and total digestable nutrients(TDN of the roughage are determ ined and subtracted from the requireme nts.The rema in der will n eed to be supplied by the concen trate as show n below.The purcha

21、sed concen trate should contain about 20% crude prote in, 70% TDN, 0.80% Ca, and 0.50% phosphorus so that the 34.5 lb of concen trate provide the n eeded requireme nts. Most concen trates con tai n about 70% TDN (Example 1.Calculatio ns: 23.9 lb TDN needed divided by .70 (TDN = 34.2% Co nc. required

22、.6.49 lb needed CP divided by 34.2 lb cone. = .19 or 20.0% protein needed in con c.The most critical period in the cows lactation is from parturition until peakproduct ion which takes from 5 to 8 weeks postpartum. It is duri ng this period that the stage is set for obta ining the highest possible pe

23、ak in product ion and also for the on set of no rmal reproductive cycli ng which may occur as early as 2 to 3 weeks in some cows. To be successful, the best strategies must be applied that in clude many areas such as feed ing and man ageme nt practices, quality and bala nee of feed, feed bunk man ag

24、eme nt, milk practices, and the maintenance of good health.Table 1. Daily nu trie nt requireme nts for maintenance of mature lactati ng cows.*BodyCrude-VitWtProteinNELTDNCaPhosJ| (lb)|.Meal)(lb) (lb) |1 1000 .987.86 7.58 JL .041 J!.0291341200us9.028.70.049141| 1400V3710J2|9.76.057+04048*Add 20% for

25、growth of lactating cows during First lactation.Table 2. Milk producti on - nu trie nts per pound of milk of differe nt fat perce ntages.BodyCrudeVitWtProteinNELTDNCaPhosJ(*b)|(lb).(Meat)(lb) 1(lb) |(lb)-(1C1000a7.867.58.041.029HHHH12009,028,70 二t .04914001-3757.04048*Add 20% for growth o

26、f lactating cows during first lactation.CrudeTable 3. Comb ined requireme nts for maintenance and milk product ion at various levels for cows of three different sizes producing 3.5% milk fat (NRC 1988.BodyCrude* Vitamins -Wl.PratalnNELTDNCaPhosA D(Meal)(lb)輒-(lb) i)(MgoI)lib)恂BOlOt7.30如31.7.2BIim?.9

27、34.93392V7.IMQ IQ34.53tZ.193B4B39.DW93J7.30210014004.2741.240.BMO110I40Q10.0044.249WO,2401ZDlH OU7.445 B*30.360NiELj|DM3CPBPhTDNFl村册艸fM(bed)All-lta h* bm：v bkfnlt.o20&2窮2 0MTana nay, lutl iammiB913 0304S1.SW9 025毎2&1吕AJIalEn. pa Bo La.W17.0USO50i.aAiwa 细事苗铀20卸1.0BaNa hajeaGO3Q?43t,4driwjpfaductVI1EI

28、C戡1n134日呼 grainBS11.02774n1 8Seel pulp *lBdil耳更4574oaBermusa hoy icoaslfti眄to3S42知1.7BermyM vMage32330WIBo.c0nTHjsa peiM阴as4409Bkxid mmi9aa.c*K26iS3t.3Brewers giam91240MB202S3EJrtiwersi grakw tJC7550212117Qanoii iTWi*Si350306364厂Eg rrirtH19i 1AinA 7Table 4. Compositi on of feeds commo nly used in da

29、iry cattle rati ons (as fed.Nutrie nt Requireme nts of Dairy Cattle Table 4. Compositi on of feeds common ly used in dairy cattle rati ons (as fed. NEL DM (% Soybea n silage Soybea n hay Sudex silage Sugarca ne bagasse Sugarca ne silage Sun flower meal Sun flower meal Urea Wheat, whole Wheat, midds

30、Wheat silage Whey, lacto Whey, dehy. Yeast, brewers *BP = bypass or escape prote in. 32 88 26 92 30 90 90 99 89 89 26 61 93 93 CP (% 17.0 13.0 2.1 1.8 0.8 28.0 40.0 281.0 12.6 16.0 3.0 44.0 13.0 44.0 BP* (% 40 30 30 40 -30 30 -22 21 30 -42 TDN (% 17 45 13 40 19 58 64 -78 76 18 68 72 72 Milk (Mcal 16

31、 46 12 35 18 62 65 -82 74 16 70 75 75 Fat (% 1.0 2.4 0.8 -1.0 1.0 -1.6 4.5 1.0 -1.0 6 Table 5.Mi neral compositi on of feeds com mon ly used in dairy cattle rati ons (as fed. NEL Ca (% Alfalfa hay, early bloom Alfalfa hay, full bloom Alfalfa, haylage Alfalfa pellets Alfalfa silage Bahia hay Bakery,d

32、ried product Barley, grain Beet pulp, dried Bermuda hay (coastal Bermuda silage Bermuda pellets Blood meal Brewers grains Brewers grains, wet Canola meal (Rapeseed Carrot, roots Citrus pulp Citrus pulp, silage Citrus pulp, pelleted Clover hay, alsike Clover hay, ladi no 1.40 1.30 0.70 1.40 0.50 0.30

33、 0.05 0.04 0.62 0.30 0.16 0.35 0.29 0.30 0.10 0.68 0.04 1.50 0.30 1.50 1.10 0.80 Phos (% 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.27 0.10 0.15 0.06 0.15 0.24 0.48 0.15 1.10 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.20 0.30 Na (% 0.13 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.05 0.36 0.32 0.02 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.07 -0.12 0.09 0.02 0.09

34、 0.40 0.10 Mg(% .24 .24 .14 .20 .10 .18 .32 .10 .24 .15 .07 .15 .22 .12 .04 .60 .02 .14 .03 .14 .28 .40 K (% 2.20 2.20 1.10 2.30 0.80 1.30 0.80 0.31 0.18 0.95 0.50 0.95 0.09 0.08 0.03 1.20 0.30 0.68 0.11 0.68 0.10 1.80 S(% .24 .24 .17 .24 .12 .10 .02 .15 .20 .26 .03 .26 .34 .34 .11 .09 .02 .06 -.06

35、.14 .18Nutrie nt Requireme nts of Dairy Cattle Table 5. Mi neral compositi on of feeds common ly used in dairy cattle rati ons (as fed. NEL Ca (% Clover-grass mix Corn meal Corn, high moisture Corn, high moisture ear Corn ear, sn apped Corn silage Corn cobs, ground Corn glute n feed Corn distillers

36、Corn glute n meal Corrugated boxes, ground Cott on seed, whole Cott on seed meal Cott on seed hulls Cowpea hay Fats and oils Feather meal Fish meal Hominy feed Lespedeza hay Lin seed meal Malt sprouts Meat and bone meal Molasses, cane Molasses, cane, dehy. Millet silage Milo, grain Oats, grain Oat s

37、ilage Oat hay Oats, fresh Pan gola hay Pea seed, field Pea nut meal Pea nut hulls, coarse Pea nut hulls, pelleted Pea nut skins Pea nut hay Ryegrass silage Ryegrass hay Rye seed, grain Rye silage Rice bran Rice hulls, ground Rice millfeed 0.90 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.30 0.09 0.02 -0.14 0.15

38、0.14 1.20 -0.20 5.3 0.04 0.90 0.39 0.20 9.0 1.00 0.82 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.34 1.00 0.18 0.54 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.08 Phos (% 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.16 0.20 0.06 0.03 0.76 0.36 0.62 -0.68 0.90 0.10 0.30 -0.72 3.1 0.60 0.20 0.82 0.70 4.4 0.08 0.25 0.05 0.28 0.34 0.10 0.1

39、7 0.06 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.06 0.06 0.18 0.15 0.08 0.27 0.32 0.10 1.40 0.06 1.30 Na (% 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.04 -0.01 0.90 0.09 0.02 -0.18 0.05 0.27 0.24 -0.70 0.50 0.08 0.06 0.10 1.10 0.71 0.20 0.15 0.08 0.02 0.15 0.35 0.14 0.02 0.25 0.04 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.30 0.02 -0.05 Mg (% .35 .09 .08 .09 .11 .08 .06 .30 .06 .13 -.27 .50 .32 .35 -.20 .17 .23 .22 .60 .181.00 .58 .40 .10 .16 .16 .12 .13 .08 .15 .10 .02 .15 .15 .11 .44 .04 .12 .12 .10 .90 -.35 K (% 2.10 0.26 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.31 0.75 0.60 0.18 0.41 -0.82 1.20 0.90 1.70 -0.27 0.700.60 0.90 1.20 0.20 1.32 4.00