麦田里的守护者

1、 麦田里的守护者中霍尔顿悲剧成因分析张乐摘要：麦田里的守护者是j.d.塞格林的一部杰作，它深刻探索了二战后美国年轻人的精神世界，是美国经典小说之一。本文主要从他的自身因素，家庭中父母错误的教育方式以及来自学校，社会的不良风气的影响，这几方面详细分析了主人公霍尔顿悲剧命运的成因。霍尔顿看不惯那时的世道，却有无力改变。他变得自欺欺人，矛盾重重，最终，他的精神彻底崩溃，通过分析主人公霍尔顿的悲剧成因，启迪家庭、学校、社会应重视青少年的内心世界，而青少年也应以本作品中主人公的亲身经历为鉴，好好对待自己，认真对待生活。关键词：霍尔顿悲剧 自身素质 家庭、学校及社会因素the analysis of th

2、e causes of holdens tragedy in the catcher in the ryezhang leabstract: the catcher in the rye is the masterpiece of salinger. the novel is one of the great modern classic of the american literature which explores the psychological world of postwar american youth. this paper makes a detailed analysis

3、 of the causes of holdens tragedy in terms of his character flaw, his parents wrong teaching methods towards him and the influence of unhealthy atmosphere from school and society. he hates to see manners and morals of the time but he is powerless to change the secular world. so he becomes self-decei

4、ving and self-contradictory. finally, his spirit is completely collapsed. by analyzing the causes of holdens tragedy, the author tries to demonstrate that family, school and society should pay more attention to teenagers inner world and teenagers should draw a lesson from holdens experience. teenage

5、rs should treat themselves well and treat life seriously.key words：holdens tragedy character flaw family, school and society factorscontentsintroduction：51.holdens tragic life51.1 personal unhappiness in his emotional life61.11 parents who cant understand him61.12 friends who cant cherish the same i

6、deals and follow the same path.71.13 lovers who show false affection81.2 personal imperfection91.21 a lack of pyschological health91.22 a lack of physical health.91.3 personal unhappiness in his school life.101.31 poor achievement in school101.32 disagreeable teachers112. holdens characters112.1 too

7、 stubborn to adapt his surroundings.112.2 too naive to pursue his ideal love122.3 too contradictious to realize his “pure dream”123. the influences of the school and society on his life.133.1 hypocrisy, snobbishness, selfishness as the “corrosive”133.2 the nature of the capitalist society as the dev

8、il.14conclusion14notes.12bibliography 1514 the analysis of the causes of holdens tragedy in the catcher in the ryezhang leintroduction：jerome david salinger (1919-2010) is an outstanding american writer of post-war. when he published the catcher in the rye in 1951, he became more and more influentia

9、l. this novel is the only full-length novel of salinger, which is considered as “modern classic”. the novel tells us holdens tragic stories in his own tone holden is a child from a wealthy family he can enter into an excellent school, but his dream is not become a scholar or anyone that can afford a

10、 cadillac .his school life is boring and meaningless .he is disappointed at his school and he doesnt want to apply himself to the study. so he was flunked due to the failure of many subjects. instead of doing back to home, he spent two nights in new york .during this period, he suffered a lot holden

11、 cannot bear the sight of everything around him, he even want to escape the realistic world .being a deaf and dumb he inclined to live a place which shut off from the outside world, but it is impossible for him to do such things. as a result, he only lives in contradiction. he is sick of movie, but

12、he idles away his time in the cinema. he detests the sex relationship without love, but calls a prostitute irrationally he was disgusted at his girl friend sally who is vulgar and vanity, but cant help coveting her beauty. in these experiences, he suffers nothing but self-deception, gloomy and spiri

13、tual depression. in the end, he cant balance himself. he is sent to a hospital where he can receive psychological treatment. because the catcher in the rye has great social significance and artistic characteristics, many scholars studies this novel from many aspects, the theme, the language, the cha

14、racters and inner world of the protagonist holden. my purpose in this paper is to explore the causes of holdens tragedy in the catcher in the rye. by way of analyzing the causes, we can draw some lessons and pay more attention to the growth of the youth.1. holdens tragic lifeholdens life is a traged

15、y. he longs for understanding and true love but people are careless of his feelings. he is sensitive to his surroundings but he can not adjust his mood accordingly. he longs for a world where there is no hypocritical affection and impurity but he has no power to change the secular world. at last, he

16、 also indulged in everything he hates. he is beset with numerous contradictions and can not get rid of those influences.1.1 personal unhappiness in his emotional life as a sixteen-year-old boy, he should be happy and lively in his emotional life. however, living in a secular world many factors can d

17、estroy his happiness.1.11 parents who cant understand him holden comes from a well-to-do middle class family. his family can provide him with favorable conditions that help him grow smoothly. however, holden cant acquire a deep understanding from his parents. the cause of this problem is that there

18、is no communication between holden and his parents, his parents pays little attention to holdens inner world which is full of numerous worries and contradictions. in the beginning of this novel, holden tells us how he evaluates his parents：“theyre nice and all-im not saying that-but theyre also touc

19、hy as hell”1 according to the words from holdens sister, if holden was dismissed from school. his father would flew into a rage and criticize him for it. in this case, holden is afraid of facing his father. as for his mother, her heart becomes very fragile due to the death of holdens brother. her mo

20、ther feels heartache for the death of her beloved son and she is hysterical with grief. so holdens feelings and thoughts are completely overlooked. he does not like study, because there are many phonies in his school. he does not accustom of staying at his school. he cant get effective help and corr

21、ect guidance from his parents. he cant get understanding and communication from his parents, even if he longs for his parents tender feelings. he leaves home for school when he is sixteen. he wants to go home and he is eager for his parents understanding. but when he thinks of his parents rudeness a

22、nd critic, he has no courage to look for help and support from parents. as a result, they have much difficulty in communicating and understanding. to a degree, his parents lead to holdens unhappiness.1.12 friends who cant cherish the same ideals and follow the same path.in his school, holden has no

23、real friends. the unhealthy ways and customs are prevailing in his school. his school is full of phonies he hates with all his soul .his fellows and roommates who are not interested in study. they stayed at school just in order to stand out among other fellows and make money to buy a cadillac. holde

24、n wouldnt like to go along with them. so he and his friends had no common goal. holden always hold their behavior in detestation. meanwhile, his friends also cant bear holdens thought and cant understand his hostility and sincerity. holden and his friends can not cherish the same ideals and follow t

25、he same path. holdens friends have terrible personalities. take ackley for example, ackley is a guy who rooms next to holden. holden never even once sees him brush his teeth. his teeth always looks mossy and awful. his whole face is covered with a lot of pimples. his behavior also makes holden sick.

26、 he always picked up others personal stuff. in spite of holdens warning, he cut his crumby nails over the floor. in order to get scissors for ackley, holden gets hurt. he instead of sympathizing with holden, ackley laughs at holden with his very high falsetto voice. holden only tells ackley that he

27、has a damn good sense of humor. however, this is the way in that holden can comfort himself. such foolish fellow like ackley can not understand holden. so holden also would not like to tell him his true feelings. in fact, he cant live in a harmonious atmosphere with his fellows. his friends even bri

28、ng a fight with holden over a girl. another guy called stradlater, who gives a fight to holden. stradlater is a playboy who dallys with women. as we all known, it is wrong for a man to play with a womans affections. but his roommate stradlater considers it as a pleasure. he changes his girlfriends f

29、requently. he makes a girlfriend who was familiar to holden. that makes holden very sad. because holden thinks that the girl is a victim in stradlaters love affairs. stradlater can not give the girl true love. he only wants to spend time or have sex with her. when holden thinks of stradlaters base m

30、otive, he cant keep his temper. as a result holden leads to a fight. on the one hand, holden feels an obscure affection towards that girl. on the other hand, holden always keeps pursuing pure love in his inner heart and he cant bear the sight of soiled love appearing in his mind. at last, holden is

31、hurt by stradlater. as for stradlater, he swaggers out of room leaving holden on the ground. what a selfish boy he is! stradlater never think of the help of holden and he has no patience to listen for holdens question. in this novel, stradlater is always a selfish boy. holden helps him a lot. but ho

32、lden wants him to send his greetings to the girl. stradlater must completely forgot it .stradlater also doesnt know why holden writes his brother in the composition. he even blames holden that he doesnt follow the rule of writing. from above cases, we can see holden and his follows have different ou

33、tlook on life. they have different views on life, love and school. holden has no real friends at all in his life. therefore, no one can share his sorrow and gloomy; no one can truly know and understand him.1.13 lovers who show false affectionholden and sally hayes are lovers in this novel. they get

34、together just because of their solitude and vanity. holden hates to make girlfriend without love. but when he escapes from the school, he feels depressed. he wants to spend time with others. he hopes to phone someone to get rid of loneliness. but nobody would available. finally he finds an address o

35、f a strange and indecent girl and calls her up late at night. unfortunately he is refused again. so holdens last hope is to call sally who is so called his girl friend. in this way, holden and sally meet again. but there is no genuine affection between them. sally is a phony girl. holden doesnt like

36、 this type of girl. whereas, sally is a beautiful girl, which makes holden cant help touching her. the young like holden in the stage of adolescence would have this feeling towards girls. but finding a girlfriend blindly just to feed ones need is not sensible and mature. holden keeps pursuing pure l

37、ove in his ideal but indulging in false love in his reality. the incompatibleness surely can not avoid and causes holdens self-contradiction and depression.1.2 personal imperfectionaccording to the novel, holden has poor psychological and physical health, to make things worse, the condition of his h

38、eart and body clearly has something to do with his emotional and healthy state.1.21 a lack of pyschological healthholden is a rebellious boy who doesnt want to do what society wants him to do. but he is vulnerable and sensitive. so his inner world is under an unhealthy condition. after his brother p

39、asses away. his heart is also broken by the death of his beloved brother. his brother is a very good boy. in holdens eyes, he is the symbol of all good things. the death of his brother not only brings the sadness of holden but also it brought the disappointment of holden. he thinks that such a good

40、boy like his brother should not die. he can not bear to taste the sadness of the death of his family member. that is to say, he cant believe that some good things will disappear in the world. so he behaves extremely violent. he breaks the windows of car to express his dissatisfaction. we know that e

41、veryone must experience happiness and sadness in his or her life. losing our beloved ones is not an exception. everyone should face up to the fact and greet tomorrow positively. however, holden sometimes even thinks his brother is alive and wants to get help from his brother. as long as he thinks of

42、 his brother, he indulges in deep sadness. besides, he is sensitive to things that may not happen. for instance, he doubts that stradlater and the girl may have the sex action. he doesnt know how to resist his impulse and causes a fight. in his life, when he meets any problems that troubles him, hol

43、den cant use a reasonable way to resolve the difficulties. he cant adjust himself to a good mood. in the end, he only goes for a psychoanalyst.1.22 a lack of physical healthbecause holden suffers from psychological problems, such as despair, loneliness, scare and pessimism, he tried some special mea

44、ns to cure his psychological diseases, drinking alcohol when he is in loneness. smocking when he is in despair and boring. in the eyes of most people, holden should be a lively and healthy boy. in fact, he suffers disease not only from his heart but also his body for he is a heavy smoker. he has the

45、 height of six foot two and a half but he nearly gets t.b, we feel heartache that holden use smoking and drinking to release his depression and sadness and to be away from solitude.1.3 personal unhappiness in his school life.holden is not interested in his school life. his school is full of phonies

46、who he hates from his inner heart. he is disgusted with the indifference, fraud and phoniness. under this condition, holden will not apply himself to his study. he falls out of four schools due to his poor grade. when he wants to say good those teachers to whom he respects. but unfortunately, the te

47、achers let holden feel disappointed too. so his unhappy school life is a heavy blow to his vulnerable heart.1.31 poor achievement in schoolin fact holden should be a boy who loves study. he reads a lot of classical books, like the return of the native and all. in school, he doesnt like the phony tea

48、chers and his classmates. so he has no mood to study. for another reason, he doesnt enjoy studying those subjects he doesnt like, because they can not give him a sense of achievement. he likes literature best, especially he likes reading war books and mysteries. he wants to find a space to develop h

49、imself, but he only live in the atmosphere he hates from his inner heart. so he is flunked from school and doesnt feel regret for it. but can he really escape from school? in the end of this novel, we know that his psychoanalyst keeps asking holden if he is going apply himself when he goes back to s

50、chool next september. in holdens opinion, its such a stupid question .school should be a good place to culture our teenagers but in holdens eyes, school can not provide holden with his ideal and healthy atmosphere. he cant gain achievements by school education which in that time only a tool to creat

51、e “bright future.”1.32 disagreeable teachersholden says that his headmaster mr. haas, who is the phoniest bastard he ever met in his life. he always go around shaking hands warmly with parents when they drove up to school .but he gives the parents who are little old funny-looking a phony smile and l

52、eave for other parents. holden cant stand that stuff. it drives him crazy. it makes him so depressed that he nearly goes crazy. teachers should set a good example to holden. they should teach holden how to treat people equally and guide holden to a correct way of life. however, mr. haas makes a grea

53、t bad effect on holden as well as his schoolmates. his schoolmates may bear their headmasters behavior but holden will not. another disagreeable teacher is old spencer. old spencer flunks holden in history. holden writes a note to him for he thought it will make spencer feel not too bad about flunki

54、ng him. from this thing, we can see how kind boy holden he is! but spencer reads his essay and notes neglecting holdens feelings. holden always consider others feelings. his teachers cant do it. like holden says spencer and him were on opposite sides of the pole.2 .holdens charactersalthough outside

55、 world can have a strong influence on holden, holden also has fatal weakness which can cause his tragedy.2.1 too stubborn to adapt his surroundings.its difficult for holden to adapt to the phony world around him. he detests for his school and those phony classmates, which is the main reason for hold

56、en dont want to study and stay in the school. he suffers from much conflict and doesnt know how to remove them so that he plans to flee from the reality. this is not sensible way to solve the problem. even in todays society, our surroundings is full of hypocrisy snobbery. if everyone follows the dec

57、ision likes holden. we dont study in school just because of the unhealthy atmosphere. that is absurd thing. he has already flunked four times, but he doesnt adjust his attitude to adapt to his surroundings. we all know that we cant change others, but we can change ourselves by our effort. as long as

58、 we have a positive attitude and behave ourselves. we can not be influenced by so called phony world. every clever people will change their attitude and actions when they found they can not adapt to his surroundings. holdens stubborn character to some extent attributed to his tragic fate.2.2 too naive to pursue his ideal loveholden is a naive person. he wants to get a pure love. however, in capitalist society, if people too naive, he will not survive in society. he