直接引语与间接引语DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech

1、直接引语与间接引语( Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)Direct speech and indirect speechdirect speech and indirect speechQuote or quote someoneelses speech is called quote. Direct reference to others said, mark, quotes are called direct speech; quoted the words of others in their own language, do not need to

2、quote this is called indirect speech and indirect speech are actually the object clause (except the indirect speech conversion by imperative sentence conversion after the infinitive). Then the direct speech is declarative, interrogative, general special interrogative sentences and imperative sentenc

3、es, converted into indirect speech, sentence structure, person, tense, where time adverbial and so have change, how to change?1, the change of person1) the first person in direct speech is generally converted to the third person, such as the first person:He said, I amvery sorry. - He said that he wa

4、s very sorry.2) the second person in direct speech is converted to the first person if the original word is intended to refer to the speaker:You should be more careful next time, my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.3) the second person in direct speech, i

5、f the original word is for the third person, is converted into the third person. Such as:She said to her son, Ill check your homework tonight. - She said to her son that she would check his homeworkthat night.4) the conversion of person includes personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and nominal pos

6、sessive pronouns, such as personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and nominal possessive pronouns:He asked me, Will you go to the station with meto meet a friend of mine this afternoon? - He asked me whether I would go to afternoon. the station withhim to meet a friend of his thatIn short, the conver

7、sion of person is not fixed, specific circumstances, specific treatment, should be in accordance with logic.2, the conversion of tenseDirect speech into indirect speech, if the predicate verb isif the past, clause (i.e. indirect part) of the verb should make the corresponding changes in the temporal

8、 aspect, all become the past tense category (the actual object tense, change the following requirements):Direct speech indirect speechThe present simple past tensePast perfect past perfect tensePresent progressive tense, past progressive tensePresent perfect tense, past perfect tensePast perfect ten

9、se, past perfect tensePast continuous tenseThe past future tense, past future tenseFor example:I am very glad to visit school your, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school.Tom said, We are listening to the pop music. - Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.Mother asked,

10、 Have you finished your homeworkbefore you watch TV? - Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.He asked the conductor, Where shall I get off to change to aNo. 3 bus? - He asked the conductor where he would bus. get off to change to a No. 3Why did she refuse to go there

11、? the teacher asked. - The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.Mother asked me, Had you finished your homework before you watched TV? - 妈妈问我在看电视之前是否完成了家庭作业。汤姆说：“昨天这个时候我们正在进行足球比赛。”汤姆说前天的那个时候他们正在进行足球比赛。 他说：“这些天我没有收到父母的信。” 他说那几天他没有收到父母的信。3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： 他总是说：“我

12、累坏了。”他总是说他累坏了。2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：他会说：“我会尽力帮助你的。他会说他会尽力帮助我的3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： 他说：“我 1994 岁上大学的。”他告诉我们他 1994 上大学了4）当直接引语中有以时，而引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如： 他说：“当我还是个孩子的时候，我通常放学后踢足球。” 他说他小时候放学后经常踢足球。5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： 老师对我们说：“光比声音传播得快。” 老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如： 他说：“熟能生巧。”他说熟能生巧。7）当直接引语中有情态动词应该会，可以过

13、的更好，宁愿，可能， 必须，应该，习惯，需要时，如：例如：医生说：“你最好多喝水。” 医生说我最好喝大量的水他说：“她一定是个老师。”他说她一定是个教师 他说：“她现在该到办公室了。”他说她到那时应该已经到了她的办公室。 老师说：“你今天不必交作文。” 老师说我们不必 不必 交作文。 她问道：“我必须吃药吗？” 她问她有没有吃药。 注：此处用不得不代替必须更好8) 此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地 转述，这里不必改为那里，动词来不必改为去，如果当天转述昨天， 明天，今天下午如等均不必改变：老师：你可以今天下午有球赛。学生：老师说什么，班长？班长：他说我们今天下午可能有球

14、赛。4. Temporal adverbials, place adverbials, and somedemonstrative demonstrative pronouns and verbs1) time adverbial:Direct speech, indirect speech, direct speech, indirect speechNow (then); tomorrow (the next / following day)Today (that day); next week (the next / following week / month / year)Yeste

15、rday (the day before) two days ago (two days before)Last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year)2) demonstrative pronoun: these becomes those3) place adverbial: here becomes thereShe said, I wont come here any more. - She said that she wouldn t go

16、 there any more.4) verb: come becomes go, bring becomes take5, direct speech into indirect speech, sentence structure changes1) declarative sentences. Guided by conjunction that, that is often omitted in spoken language. The main verb can be used in direct indirect said, can also be used to replace

17、the told, that can be said said that said, to sb. that, told sb. that, told that can not directly say, such as:He said, I have been to the Great Wall. - He said to us that he had been to Wall. the GreatHe said, Ill give you an examination next Monday.He told us that he would give us an examination t

18、he next Monday. (told that can not be said)In addition, its also often predicate:Repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think, and so on:He said, Im late because of the heavy traffic. - He explained to us that he was late because of heavy the traffic.If the indirect speech is th

19、e two or more than two coordinate clauses which are guided by that, the first conjunction can be omitted, and the subsequent conjunctions should not be omitted so as to avoid confusion.The doctor said, You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon. - The doctor said (that) I was not seriously i

20、ll and that I would be better soon.2) direct speech to general questions, (also known as whether interrogative sentence, indirect speech) using conjunctions whether or if, if the original predicate verb said to asked (me/him/us), the word order is a statement of the order, this is a very important p

21、oint.He said, Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation? - He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said, You are interested in English, arent you? - He asked whether I was interested in English.3) the direct speech is the choice interrogative sentence, and the indi

22、rect speech is whether. Or. Expression without using if. Or. Dont use either, either. Or. Such as:He asked, Do you speak English or French? - He asked me whether I spoke English or French.I asked, Will you take bus or take train? - I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.4) direct speech

23、 into special questions, changed into indirect speech, the original interrogative as conjunctions of indirect speech, the main verb ask (sb.) to express the order to say.Such as: 他问：“你叫什么名字？”他问我叫什么名字。他问我们：“你们国家建了多少家汽车厂？“ -他问我们在我国建了多少汽车厂 5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带到的不定式表达，谓 语动词常是问， 提醒，告诉， 警告，命令，要求等如问某人。做，（

24、由 肯定祈使句变成）问某人。不，并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地 点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化如（由否定祈使句转变） ： 他说：“请坐。”他叫我们坐下。“一定要小心你的笔迹。”他说。 -他告诉我要小心我的笔迹。“再也不要来了！附近的军官说。 -军官命令村民们不要再去那里了。老师说：“未经允许，不要碰实验室里的任何东西。”。 -老师警告学生在未经允许的情况下不得触摸实验室内的任何东西。6）有些含有”建议” - 、”劝告” - 的祈使句，可用建议，坚持， 提供等动词转述，如：他说：“让我们休息一会儿吧。”他建议我们休息一会儿。他说：“让我来帮你吧。”他主动提出帮助我。7）当直接引语形式上是疑问

25、句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用问 某人。建议某人做某事 / 建议某人做某事。做某事等形式转述。如：你介意把门打开吗？”他问道。他叫我把门打开为什么不出去散步呢？”他问我们-他建议我们出去散步。或他建议我们出去散步。8）直接引语是感叹句时， 变间接引语可用什么或如何引导， 也可用， 引导，如：她说：“今天天气多好啊！ 她说今天天气多好啊。或她说那是一个可 爱的一天。嵌套间接引语的从句：如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句， 则被称为嵌套间接引语的从 句，英文叫：间接陈述从句。这时，这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。从 句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。如：Duxdicebat militem 魁 fu

26、gisset 心灵 daturum 存在。统帅曾常说， 那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。魁 fugisset 逃跑 是一句关系从句，修饰 militem ”士兵”，由于 处在 dicebat 说 后面的间接引语当中，因此需使用虚拟语气。间 接引语的动词是不定式 daturum 存在将受到 ，为将来时，因为动作 发生在主句动词”说”之后，而 fugisset 逃跑 为虚拟语气的过去 完成时，表示在统帅”说话”之前已经逃走了如何把直接引语变间接引语“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时， 如果从句中的主语是第一 人称或被第一人称所修饰。In person in accordance with claus

27、e subject person changes such as:She said. My brother wants to go with me. - She said her brother wanted to go with her.Two as the object refers to the direct speech to indirect speech, if the subject and object in the clause is the second person. Or you are decorated by second people. In person wit

28、h quotes outside the object clause agreement. If I do not have an object outside the quotation marks. You can also use the first person, for example:He said to Kate. How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.The third person does not update refers to the direct speech when the in

29、direct speech is changed. If the subject and object in the clause are the third person or are modified by the third person, the person in the clause does not need to change, for example:Mr Smith said. Jack is a good worker. Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.Variable tense:When the direct speech i

30、s changed into indirect speech, the tense needs to be adjusted accordingly.The present tense needs to be changed into the past tense; the past tense to the perfect tense; the past perfect tense to retain the original tense. Such as:1) She said. I have lost a pen. - She said she had lost a pen2) She

31、said. We hope so. - She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend. She said he would go to see his friend.But we should pay attention to the following situations. When direct speech is changed into indirect speech, tense does not change.Direct speech is objective truth.The earth m

32、oves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. the The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around earth.Direct speech is the past continuous tense, and the tense is invariable. Such as:Jack said. John, where were you going whenI met you in

33、 street the? - Jack asked John where street he was going when he met him in the.(3) in direct speech, there is a specific past year, a month,a date as adverbial, whenit is converted into indirect speech, the tense remains unchanged. Such as:Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2L, 1980. Xiao Wang sai

34、d he was born on April 20, 1980.Direct speech if it is the present tense. Expresses a repeated or habitual action,changes indirect speech, tense unchanged.Such as:He said, I get up at six every morning. He said he gets up at six every morning.If the modal verb in direct speech has no past tense (exa

35、mple: ought to, had better, used to) and already past tense, (example: could, should, would, might) is no longer changed. Such as:Peter said. You had better comehave today. Peter said I had better go there that day.Three, how to change adverbials:The direct speech changes the indirect speech, the ad

36、verbial change has its intrinsic regulation, the time adverbial is changed from present to original (example: now to then, yesterday). The, day, before) adverbial of place, especially directional, or adverbial modifier marked by demonstrative pronoun, instead of that (this):He said, These books are

37、mine. - He said those books were his.Edit how to change sentence patternsIf the direct speech is the declarative sentence, the indirect speech should be changed to the object clause guided by that. Such as: She said,“我们的车在五分钟后到达。”T她说他们的车会在五分钟后到达。 直接引语如果是反意疑问句， 选择疑问句或一般疑问句， 间接引语 应改为由是否或如果引导的宾语从句。如：他说

38、，“你会游泳吗，约 翰？ ”7他问约翰他是否会游泳。“你已经做完作业了，是吗？ ”妈妈问。7妈妈问我是否已经完成了 作业。“你是坐公共汽车上学还是骑自行车上学？”7他问我如果我去乘 公交车或骑自行车上学。 直接引语如果是特殊问句， 间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副 词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序） 。她问我：“他们什么时候吃晚饭？”7她问我他们什么时候吃晚饭。 直接引语如果是祈使句， 间接引语应改为”告诉 （问，秩序，求等） 某人（不）做某事”句型。如：“不要吵闹，”她对孩子们说。7她告诉（有序）孩子们不要制造任 何噪音。”给我一杯茶，请，”她说。7她要求他给她拿一杯茶。 直接引

39、语如果是以”让“开头的祈使句， 变为间接引语时， 通常用” 建议 +动句词（或从句如）。 ” ：他说，“我们去看电影吧。”7他建议去看电影。或他建议他们应该 去看电影。引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直 接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例 如：约翰说：“我要和我爸爸去伦敦。”约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去（引号内是直接引语）。”约翰说他要和他父亲去伦敦。约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦（宾语从句是间接引语）。我、重点难点解析一、直接引语和间接引语的区别：直接引语直接引述别人的话，用”间接引语转述别人的话，不用”二。直接引语改为间接引语时，间接引语中的

40、动词、时间、时态、地 点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。遵循下列规律：在直接引语中在间接引语中这指示代词这些那些 时间状语现在 今天这一天昨天的前一天上星期的前一周明天第二天明年下一年两天前两天前地点状语这里动词时态（以工作为例）一般现在时（工作）一般过去时（工作） 现左进行时（ / 工作）过去进行时（正在工作） 现在完成时（已工作）过去完成时（曾） 一般过去时（工作）过去完成时（曾） 过去完成时（曾）（不变）（曾） 一般将来时（工作）过去将来时（工作） 动词变化可以可能必须有 来来去去把Three. The change of the direct speech to the indirect

41、speech in various sentence patterns:Examples of various sentence patternsThe conjunction of declarative sentence is that and can be saved in spoken languageSay to sb. tell sb. She said: He will be busy.She said that he would be busy.If or whether is used as a general question,Change to declarative w

42、ord orderSay becomes ask She said to Tom, Can you help me?She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.Special interrogative sentences use the interrogative words in the original sentence as conjunctions to change the word order say into ask The teacher asked, how did you repair it? The teacher asked

43、 me how I had repaired it.The structure of Verb + object + infinitive in imperative sentencesAsk represents a request:Ask sb. to do sth.Ask sb. not to do sth.Tell indicates command:Tell sb. to do sth.Tell sb. not to do sth.The mother said, Tom, get up early, please.The mother asked Tom to get up ear

44、ly.The mother told Tom to get up early.Four, when the direct speech is changed into indirect speech, several special situations remain unchanged:Unchanging situation1. direct speech is proverbs, objective facts, truth when The teacher said, The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the eart

45、h goes round the sun.2. the quoted parts are recurring, habitual actions or speaking situations still exist He said, We are still students.He said they are still students.I was now 3., in accordance with the needs of any kind of temporal She says, I ll never forget the moment. .She says that she ll

46、never forget the moment.4 if direct speech is What s the matter? / What has happened?/ What s wrong with? Whenit becomesindirect speech, the word order remains unchanged. What s the matter? Said he.He asked me what was the matter.What has happened? said she.She asked what had happened.5 direct speech is an exclamatory sentence guided by what or how, and the word order remains unchanged. What a lovely day it is! He said.He s