Unit2-paragraph-structure-and-topic-sentencePPT优秀课件

1、Unit 2 Paragraph & Paragraph Structure Are you extrovert, or introvert?Warm-up Activity: Getting to know your partner or yourself extrovert: outgoing; confident; often laugh introvert: shy; reticent; easily feel sadActivities: 1. Interview your partner about the items written in the form on Page 9 o

2、r knowing more about yourself by filling the form. 2. Figure out the most important features of your partner or yourself. Try to use several sentences to describe the features. SampleWarm-up Activity: Getting to know your partner or yourself Example: My classmate, Rose, is a nice and happy girl. It

3、is easy for her to laugh. Sometimes, she laughs for no reason. And she seldom gets angry or cries. You can often see the smile on her face. Thus, all the students enjoy staying with her.Warm-up Activity: Getting to know your partner or yourselfWhat is the structure of a paragraph?The beginning partT

4、he developing partThe concluding part This is the structure of a paragraph! Generally speaking, these three different types of sentences play different roles in a paragraph: Beginning part; Developing part; Concluding part. It is a topic sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly about

5、. Sometimes, a question or background information, the introductory sentence, is before the topic sentence.several logical sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize and reinforce the ideas.(开始开始/起始部分起始部分 )(扩展扩展/阐述部分阐述部分 )(结论结论/

6、结尾部分结尾部分)Writing a topic sentence water bottle sweater compass sandwiches cameraI need a water bottle for the hike(徒步旅行) in case I get thirsty.A sweater is useful if it gets cold.A compass will help me go in the right direction.Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack.I can use a camera to take pic

7、tures of unusual or attractive places. I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack. I can use a camera to take pictures of unusual or attractive places.Writi

8、ng a topic sentenceQ: Is it a paragraph?A: No, it isnt. Without a central idea, a group of sentences is just a list, and not an actual paragraph. I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiche

9、s will be an easy-to-carry snack. I can use a camera to take pictures of unusual or attractive places.Can we make it a paragraph?How can we make it a paragraph?We can make it a paragraph by giving it a central idea, or a focus. We give it a focus by stating the central idea in one sentence, which is

10、 called the topic sentence.Writing a topic sentence I need many items to be ready for a safe, enjoyable hike. I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack. I

11、can use a camera to take pictures of unusual or attractive places.Writing a topic sentenceExample 1 (1) Fishing is my favorite sport. (2) I often fish for hours without catching anything. (3)But this does not worry me. (4)Some fishermen are unlucky. (5)Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots

12、and rubbish. (6)I am even less lucky; I never catch anything-not even old boots. (7)After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. (8)“You must give up fishing!” my friends say. (9)“Its a waste of time.” (10)But they dont realize one important thing. (11)Im not r

13、eally interested in fishing. (12)I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!Topic sentenceConcluding partExample 2 (1)I began the letter of my application by pointing out my secretarial skills. (2)Specifically I noted that I type ninety words per minute and take dictation at

14、one hundred and thirty words per minute. (3)Next, I indicated my past work experience on three similar jobs. (4)Finally I gave a summary of the evaluations of my immediate superiors on the three previous jobs. (5)In short, I stressed my secretarial skills, my experience, and my evaluations in the le

15、tter of application.Example 2 (1)I began the letter of my application by pointing out my secretarial skills. (2)Specifically I noted that I type ninety words per minute and take dictation at one hundred and thirty words per minute. (3)Next, I indicated my past work experience on three similar jobs.

16、(4)Finally I gave a summary of the evaluations of my immediate superiors on the three previous jobs. (5)In short, I stressed my secretarial skills, my experience, and my evaluations in the letter of application.Developing part content (1-4): a. Secretary skillstype & dictation b. Work experience in

17、similar jobs c. Evaluation in previous jobs.Concluding partExample 3 (1)A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. (2) All day long, the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. (3) Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to th

18、e rear (后部) of the bus. (4) In spite of traffic snarls (混乱) and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route (固定线路) on scheduleExample 3 (1)A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. (2) All day long, the driver answer

19、s the same questions without becoming angry. (3) Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear (后部) of the bus. (4) In spite of traffic snarls (混乱) and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route (固定线路) on scheduleDeveloping

20、part Details (1-4): a. Answer question while driving in heavy traffic; b. Answer same question without angry; c. Repeat asking passages to move backwards d. Cover route on schedule despite different delays Can you summarize a topic sentence? -Driving a bus is hard work. Exercises on Page 14 Paragrap

21、h B:1. Have introductory sentence (1)2. Topic sentenceIt is a good rule (2) 3. Supporting Details (3-5):a. Cannot get self-relianceb. No substitutec. Others cannot solve our personal problems4. No concluding part Paragraph A:1. No introductory sentence2. Topic sentence(1) 3. Supporting Details (2-11

22、): a. Foodexcellent; well-prepared & delicious; many choices; quick b. Environmentnice; calm atmosphere; study c. Peoplefriendly; share tables; talking in English4. Concluding part(12) Unity of a paragraph(段落统一性) is concerned with its content. A unified paragraph should only contain the sentences th

23、at prove or develop the topic sentence. To achieve unity, one should cross out any irrelevant sentences in a paragraph.Paragraph Unity (1)Tourism is Hawaiis leading industry. (2)Every year, some 3.2 million tourists visit the islands. (3)During the poplar winter months, a planeload or shipload of to

24、urists arrive every fifteen minutes. (4)New hotel, new resorts, and new restaurants are being built every year to accommodate the growing number of visitors. (5)Sugar cane and pineapple are also important industries in Hawaii.Paragraph UnityCan we cross out the irrelevant sentence in the paragraph?

25、(1)Knowing how to write an effective letter is essential for a business executive. (2)Other professions like medicine and law also demand good writing skills. (3)Although executives can depend upon secretaries to type letters for them, the executives themselves are responsible for making their lette

26、rs grammatical, clear, and to the point. (4)For that reason, courses in business English are becoming popular at many universities.Paragraph UnityCan we cross out the irrelevant sentence in the paragraph? (1)You should not trust advertisements. (2)Read each advertisement carefully, and then look at

27、the product itself to see if it really does what the advertisers claim. (3)Talk to friends who have bought it to see if they are satisfied or not. (4)Switch channels if a television program is interrupted by too many commercials. (5)Above all, dont buy a product only because a famous movie star like

28、s it.Paragraph UnityCan we cross out the irrelevant sentence in the paragraph? (1)Probably the greatest advantage of Chicago as the location for our new distribution center is its excellent transportation facilities. (2)The city is served by three major railroads. (3)Chicago is also a major center o

29、f the trucking industry, and most of the nations large freight carriers (货运车辆) have terminals there. (4)We are concerned, however, about the delivery problems that weve had with several truck carriers. (5)Both domestic and international air cargo(货物) services are available at OHare International air

30、port. (6)Finally, except in the winter months when the Great Lakes are frozen, Chicago is a seaport, accessible through the St. Lawrence Seaway.Paragraph UnityParagraph Coherence Coherence of a paragraph（段落连贯性） is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentence in a paragraph should be ar

31、ranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writers train of thought and understand what he is talking about. A. Transitional words and phrases (过渡词或短语) There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best c

32、ountries in the world. Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Canadas cities are clea

33、n and efficiently managed. Canadas cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. Canada is a desirable place to live in.Paragraph CoherenceFirst,Finally, Second, B. Transitional devices a. Pronoun reference Paragraph Coherence Anderson remained single all his life. The good Collin fam

34、ilythree generations of thembecame all the family he was ever to have. They all loved him, but they advised him not to write any more poetry and plays, and try to get a government job. They talked as he later made the animals talk in his stories: “I tell you this for your own good,” said the hen to

35、the ugly Duckling, “you should learn to lay eggs like me.” In The Ugly Duckling Hans Christian told the story of his own life. Donald and Louise Peattie b. Repetition of key words or ideas 10:35 I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still ha

36、ve a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. 朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。 I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up, live up to the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.” 我梦想有一天，

37、这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的；人人生而平等。Paragraph Coherence I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。 I have

38、a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. 我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹，压迫成风，如同沙漠般的地方，也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。Paragraph Coherence I have a dream that my four little

39、 children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color if their skin but by the content of their character. 我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评判他们的国度里生活。 I have a dream today. 我今天有一个梦想。 12:30Paragraph Coherence c. Restatement of a subject in different words Hans Christ

40、ian made friends with a few kind people. Among them was Jonas Collin of the Royal Theater. This kind man collected funds from friends to send the young writer to school. Hans felt most at ease with children. He ate his dinner in turn at the homes of six friends. In each home the children begged him

41、for stories. Donald and Louise PeattieParagraph Coherence d. Parallel Structure When you are three years old and stick mashed potatoes upon your nose, thats expected. When you are six and make your bed but it looks like you are still in it, you deserve some credit for trying. When you are nine and p

42、repare the family meal but the casserole(砂锅菜) looks worse than the kitchen, you should be applauded for your effort. But somewhere along the line, some responsible adult should say, “You are too old for this nonsense.” Dan KileyParagraph CoherenceAnswers to Practice 3 on Page 15 Paragraph A: 1. For

43、example 2. not only 3. but (also) 4. in fact 5. In addition 6. also 7. Furthermore Paragraph C: Tenses used in this paragraph are in a mess. Past tense should mainly be used within this paragraph.The Topic Sentence The characteristics of a topic sentence The positions of a topic sentenceThe beginnin

44、g partThe developing partThe concluding part This is the structure of a paragraph! Generally speaking, these three different types of sentences play different roles in a paragraph: Beginning part; Developing part; Concluding part. It is a topic sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainl

45、y about. Sometimes, a question or background information, the introductory sentence, is before the topic sentence.several logical sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize and reinforce the ideas.(开始开始/起始部分起始部分 )(扩展扩展/阐述部分阐述部分

46、)(结论结论/结尾部分结尾部分) Unity of a paragraph(段落统一性) is concerned with its content. A unified paragraph should only contain the sentences that prove or develop the topic sentence. To achieve unity, one should cross out any irrelevant sentences in a paragraph.Paragraph Unity (1)Tourism is Hawaiis leading ind

47、ustry. (2)Every year, some 3.2 million tourists visit the islands. (3)During the poplar winter months, a planeload or shipload of tourists arrive every fifteen minutes. (4)New hotel, new resorts, and new restaurants are being built every year to accommodate the growing number of visitors. (5)Sugar c

48、ane and pineapple are also important industries in Hawaii.Paragraph UnityCan we cross out the irrelevant sentence in the paragraph?Paragraph Coherence Coherence of a paragraph（段落连贯性） is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentence in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical o

49、rder, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writers train of thought and understand what he is talking about. Transitional words and phrases （过渡词或短语） There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. Canada h

50、as an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Cana

51、das cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. Canada is a desirable place to live in.Paragraph CoherenceFirst,Finally, Second, A carefully thought out topic sentence will serve two important functions. First, it will provide the author the means to stay focused on your objective.

52、Its a lot easier to write if you know what you are going to write about. Second, a clearly stated topic sentence will provide readers with the tools they need to clearly understand what you have to say. Writing a topic sentenceThe Characteristics 1) The topic sentence must be a complete sentence. 2)

53、 The topic sentence should always contain both a topic and a controlling idea. The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too detailed. Requirements of a Good Topic SentenceTopic sentence should be a complete sentence with a complete meaning.

54、 (主题句必须是意义完整的一个完整句子。主题句必须是意义完整的一个完整句子。) How to read a novel. Anyone can learn how to read a novel. (X)()Topic sentence should not be too general and should be clear in meaning. (主题句内容不能太泛，必须内容清楚。主题句内容不能太泛，必须内容清楚。) Television is very important. Television plays an educational role in daily life. (X)(

55、)Requirements of a Good Topic SentenceTopic sentence should have practical content. (主题句内容必须具体。主题句内容必须具体。)To improve reading ability, one needs to acquire some reading skills. To improve English proficiency, one need to acquire some skills. (X)()Requirements of a Good Topic SentenceTopic sentence sh

56、ould not be a specific description. (描写细节的句子不能作主题句。描写细节的句子不能作主题句。) 1. He sent his wife a diamond ring on her thirtieth birthday. 2. They moved to a new apartment last month. 3. Today more and more women are going out to work. 4. He encountered an old friend yesterday.(X)(X)(X)Requirements of a Good

57、Topic Sentence()Topic sentence: topic + controlling idea Before writing any essay or even a paragraph, it is important to think 1. the topic 2. what you want to say about the topic. Most often, the topic is easy, but the question then turns to what you want to say about the topic which is the contro

58、lling idea. Topic sentences should always contain (1) a topic (2) a controlling idea. People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions. Topic: avoid burglaries Controlling idea: by taking certain precautionsThere are several advantages to growing up in a small town. Topic: growing up in a s

59、mall town Controlling idea: several advantagesMost US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons. Topic: Most US score Controlling idea: for a number of reasonsTopic sentence: topic + controlling ideaEffective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop.

60、Topic: effective leadership Controlling idea: specific qualities In order to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic, scientists must address several problems. Topic: to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic Controlling idea: several problemsTopic sentence: topic + controlling ideaExamples:1) The im