李伟然论文定稿[精选]

1、本 科 生 毕 业 论 文学 院 外国语学院 专 业 英语 届 别 2017届 题 目 incongruity in the adventures of huckleberry finn 哈克贝利费恩历险记中的不协调 李伟然 学 号 201308401309 张宝来 教 务 处 制on the adventures of huckleberry finn from the perspective of the incongruity theory of humora thesissubmitted to the school of foreign languages(english major

2、)yunnan minzu university in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofbachelor of artsbyli weiran class of 2017student code: 201308401309supervised byzhang baolaiapril 28, 2017云南民族大学毕业论文(设计)原创性声明 毕业论文(设计)作者签名： 日 期： 年 月 日关于毕业论文(设计)使用授权的说明本人完全了解云南民族大学有关保留、使用毕业论文(设计)的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，

3、允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文(设计)的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文(设计)。（保密论文在解密后应遵守） 论文(设计)作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日acknowledgementsi want to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor prof. zhang baolai. without him, i can never finish my paper. at the beginning of writing this paper, i had no idea of how to arrange it. mr.

4、zhang brought me great hope with his constant encouragement and patient guidance, and finally i can have a clear arrangement to my thesis.i also want to say thank you to my dear parents and my younger sister, who accompanied me and cared for me all the time. its really an uneasy journey to complete

5、this thesis and they are the one who encouraged me to overcome the pressure and difficulties. my thanks also goes to my friends, with whom i spent my valuable and wonderful four years. i really learned a lot from them.abstractas a wellknown humorist and a prolific writer, mark twain is regarded as a

6、 literary giant. he creates lots of famous short stories and novels with his talented gift, among which the most famous novel is his masterpiece the adventures of huckleberry finn. this book gains its popularity in literature, even in the world. hence, there are so many people studying this novel fr

7、om various perspectives. in this paper ,the author will analyze it from the perspective of incongruity, to find out the using of incongruity theory in the novel and its humorous effects. this thesis consists of five parts. part one is a general introduction to mark twain and the novel, the adventure

8、s of huckleberry finn. part two is literature view to have a broad outline of previous study of this novel. part three is the theoretical background in which “humor” and “humor theories”, especially incongruity theory will be defined. part four is the main body of this paper. the purpose of this cha

9、pter is to unscramble the application of incongruity theory in the adventures of huckleberry finn. part five will reach a conclusion.key words: mark twain; humor; incongruity theory 摘要马克吐温作为一个著名的幽默大师和一个多产的作家，被认为是一个文学巨匠。他用他的天赋创作了很多著名的短篇小说和长篇小说，其中哈克贝利费恩历险记是他在长篇小说中最著名的杰作，这本书在文学界甚至是在全世界都很受欢迎。因此，有许多人从不同角

10、度来研究这本小说。在这篇论文中，作者将从不协调的角度研究这本小说，并找出书中应用了不协调理论的地方及其幽默效果。这篇论文由五个章节组成。第一章对马克吐温和哈克贝利费恩历险记做了简要的概括。第二章是文献综述，对前人的研究进行一个大概的介绍。第三章将会让大家对“幽默”和幽默理论有更深的认识，尤其是不协调理论。第四章是这篇论文的主体部分，目的在于对不协调理论在哈克贝利费恩历险记中的应用进行解读。第五章是对这篇论文总的概括。关键词：马克吐温;幽默;不协调理论contentsacknowledgementivabstractv摘要vi1. introduction11.1. introduction t

11、o mark twain11.2. introduction to the adventures of huckleberry finn22. literature reviews32.1. international study52.2. domestic study53. theoretical background63.1. humor63.2. the incongruity theory84. incongruity in the adventures of huckleberry finn10 4.1. incongruity of languages in the novel10

12、4.1.1. vernacular language and standard language104.1.2. dramatic language and standard language124.2. incongruity of thoughts and actions134.3. incongruity of context and peoples act154.4. incongruity and humor effects164.4.1. satirizing164.4.2. amusing175. conclusion18reference191. introduction1.1

13、. introduction to mark twain samuel langhorne clemens(1835-1910), well known by his pen name mark twain, is considered to be one of the greatest humorists and novelists in american literature. his works are full of humorous language and the purpose of his humor is to make people laugh. mark twain ex

14、perienced both two periods , civil war and the recovery of the nation after the war, which had an great influence on his writing style.it can be said that american civil war was a turning point of mark twains life. during the period that mark twain worked as a steamboat pilot on the mississippi, he

15、was satisfied with his everyday life. his experience of being a steamboat pilot made him very familiar with all kinds of human nature. at least, at that time he was full of hopes and confidence towards future. but all has been changed after the war. as a witness of the war, mark twain distinctly saw

16、 the great changes in this nation. after the civil war, people were all trying to seek every opportunity to create a new life. like most of the american people, mark twain joined the so called “gold rush” or “american dream”. all of these looked like a good beginning of re-construction and also a te

17、ndency to be prosperous. but gradually, mark twain found that there were lots of difference between what he saw and the true reality. that was abjective. the incompetent government and the growth of monopoly phenomenon made american people became immoral and self-serving. in that money-grubbing time

18、s, material prosperity was what they only wanted to pursue and its impossible to refuse to be successful. so, they would try as possibly as they could to compete with others. however, on the other hand, they were filled with stress and depression. thus, as most of the american writers do, mark twain

19、 chose to write humorous works to make people laugh. in 1865, the publishing of the celebrated jumping frog of calaveras county made mark twain known by people as a humorist. mark twain is regarded as the father of modern american literature and enjoys great popularity. all his achievements and repu

20、tations owe to not only his unique humorous writing style, but also his wisdom to combine humor with satire. living in a period where humorous literature was flourishing, mark twain developed his humorous writing skills rapidly. he learned all other kinds of humorous writing skills from other humori

21、sts, the characters or the themes of mark twains novels mainly came from the “life”. due to the darkness of the american society and the tortuosity of personality, mark twain were not only get pleasure, but also we can feel the satire of the american society, especially the corruption and injustice.

22、 and this is why he made himself as a social critic and satirist. mark twain had a great influence on american literature. lots of writers, such as earnest hemingway, william faulkner were affected by him. all in all, mark twain should be regarded as a literary giant in american literary history. 1.

23、2. introduction to the adventures of huckleberry finnas mark twains most representative work, the adventures of huckleberry finn(10) ( huckleberry finn for short hereafter) has a deep influence on american literature. earnest hemingway once said that all modern american literature comes from mark tw

24、ains masterpiece：huckleberry finn. why dose hemingway praise this literary works so highly is because that the language style, the characters and the theme of this novel reveal a new high level in mark twains writing ability and his thought. huckleberry finn combines the reality of realism and the l

25、yricism of romanticism perfectly. for many years, this novel has been favored by people around the world. this book takes childrens colorful adventures as clues, exploring the decadent life style of capitalist class and the detriment of slavery. this book contains mark twain s careful thinking and c

26、riticism to the american society. its unique writing style and deep meaning make it become one of the most famous book in the world. huckleberry finn reflects that the humanity finally will defeat the immoral forces of his education. huck, a piteous child living with his drunkard father, is adopted

27、by a warmhearted widow who tries to educate and moralize him. she forces him to behave properly and to live a so called civilized life. he also has to go to school. all of these make huck uncomfortable and insufferable. his father takes him back to their home, and huck would rather stay at the poor

28、area with freedom then the rich area surrounded by genteel constraint. but all these come to an end when hucks father nearly kills him after drinking a lot. huck determines to escape and meets the slave jim by accident on his runaway journey. they accompany each other and begin their adventures. at

29、the beginning, effected deeply by the traditional view towards slave, huck treats jim unfairly and he even wants to betray jim. when huck protects jim, he thinks that he will go to hell certainly. at the same time, jim was sincere and kind. he will try all his best to protect and care for huck. fina

30、lly, jim is saved with the help of tom and tom tells jim that he is free now. the story at least ends in a happy ending.mark twains unusual writing ability putting humor into every corner of this book is one of the reasons why huckleberry finn is so famous and popular around the world. in this novel

31、, mark twain uses a large number of slang and dialects, which form the humor effects perfectly. the colloquial language reveals the characteristics of the characters. meanwhile, this unique expression brings us lots of humorous impacts. with the publishing of huckleberry finn, american literature ex

32、ists some different attitudes towards it, which makes it controversial. but as time goes by, huckleberry finn was proved to be a classic in american literature even in the world.2. literature reviewshumor has been studied for more than 2,000 years and it can be traced back to the times of plato and

33、aristotle. most of the scholars studied humor from the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology. linguistics also did some research on humor, but until the late 1970s linguistics became the dominant research on humor. linguistic scholars try to use some pragmatic theories to explain humor, such a

34、s mention theory and relevance theory.2.1. international studyhumor as a flavoring agent in the human language is a product of incongruity. all along, foreign scholars of the study of humor never stopped. such as humor and humanit by stephen leacock, the philosophy of language and humor by john morr

35、eall, humor: its origin and development by pe mcghee, the semantic foundation of cognitive theories of humor by s. attardo, and linguistic theories of humor, rl latta, the basic humor process: a cognitive-shift theory and the case against incongruity, geoffrey n. leech, principles of pragmatic and w

36、. nash, the language of humor and so on were carried out on the different aspects of humor. the theories related to humor in foreign countries are koestlers theory of heterogeneous association, raskins humorous semantic script theory, attardo and raskins general theory of verbal humor, veatchs theor

37、y of violation and fauconnier and turners conceptual integration theory.2.2. domestic studydomestic research on humor and the adventures of huckleberry finn is mainly in the form of papers and periodicals. the study of huckleberry finn is mainly from the perspective of pragmatics, such as lin lings

38、“a pragmatic study of verbal humor in the adventures of huckleberry finn,” which hold that second language learners thought its difficult for them to have effective interpersonal communications with foreigners. however, humor can solve this question properly. except from the perspective of pragmatic

39、s, some learners also from the perspective of cooperative, such as guo wentaos humor in the perspective of cooperative principle-taking the adventures of huckleberry finn as an example. as humor involves a wide range of domestic theory of humor on a lot of theory, but summed up roughly three categor

40、ies: from the communication point of view; from the perspective of rhetorical aesthetics as a satire, pun, exaggeration and other dramatic expression of ideas, from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics.as mark twains the most famous work, huckleberry finn was studied by a lot of people. moreover,

41、 humor as the most distinct characteristic of this work, was still studied a lot. and we have already got a good understanding of this work through these studies. but the author of this paper thinks that the forerunners always put the three humor theories together, and mainly focus on the introducti

42、on of them. so, in this paper, the author will pay attention to one of the three theories only, that is , the incongruity. it will give a detailed analysis of the using of incongruity theory in huckleberry finn and the humor effects produced by it.3. theoretical background in this part , the author

43、will give a brief introduction to the definition and three main functions of humor. the key point of this part is the introduction of the incongruity theory. it will include the origin, elements and the development of incongruity theory.3.1. humoractually, the original meaning of “ humor” is not wha

44、t we think today. it was a medical word in ancient time, which means “fluid” or “moisture”, determining peoples mental and physical health. at that time, humor can be divided into four fluids in ones body, which controlled the disposition, health, physical appearance and personality.(18:p5)but as ti

45、me went by, humor was applied into literature. at the end of 16th century, the british dramatist ben johnson related “humor” with his two dramas, every man in his humor (1598) and every man out of his humor(1599), and it indicated that humor found its way in literature. so what is humor? the meaning

46、 of humor varied from different fields. some scholars think that humor is something related to funniness. for example, when you say someone is humorous, you mean he is funny. and this is most acceptable meaning in modern society. nash regards humor as a derivation of culture, institution, attitudes,

47、 beliefs, typical practices and characteristic.(8:p9) from mcghees point of view, the nature of humor is complicated and multifaceted and it is something not real.(7:p2-9)humor is a unique character of human beings, which exists in all nations and areas in the world. in modern society, humor can not

48、 only bring you happiness, but also may bring you some opportunities. nowadays, we live in a world full of tensions, indifference, competitions and lack of satisfaction and happiness. humor leads us into a relaxing, comfortable and pleasant environment and it also helps us solve many problems easily

49、. following are three functions of humor. first, humor makes us happy. this is the most basic function of humor. there are lots of humorous people, humorous stories and activities around us. our life must be very boring without the company of humor. second, humor can make us relaxed. living in this

50、modern society, you have to meet different pressure from all aspects, so the sense of humor reminds us of smiling and gives us a sense of happiness. when you meet something difficult, humor will bring you lots of courage. third, having a sense of humor has a big influence on your interpersonal inter

51、action. people are inclined to make friends with someone who has a sense of humor, because talking with this kind of people makes you feel how beautiful life is.3.2. the incongruity theorythere are plenty of humor theories, but among all of them three of them are most famous. they are superiority th

52、eory, relief theory and incongruity theory. besides, the incongruity theory is the dominant one among them. the author will mainly focus on the introduction of incongruity theory in this paper.incongruity is produced when the expectation is not in accord with the results, meanwhile, the humor effect

53、 is achieved. for a long time, many people try to use their own way to explain the incongruity theory. it can be said that aristotle is the first one to give the explanation. he thinks that laughter comes from the incongruity between expectation and the results. in rhetoric, aristotle presents this

54、method to make people laugh. at the beginning of the play, he gave audience an expectation, and at last the audience got something unexpected, which made them feel surprised. in aristotles view, incongruity theory means that humor will be created at the moment of recognization of incongruity between

55、 the expectation and the facts.the exaggerated self-assessment is also regarded as one of the elements to create incongruity. the philosophy plato is considered to be the first who made great contributions to the study of incongruity theory. he asserts that a man who lacks of correct self-assessment

56、 seems to be funny. these people always think themselves better than what they really are in reality and so they think highly of themselves with over confidence. from the view of us, they are too ridiculous which makes us laugh. we can see that plato thinks that the occurrence of humor is because th

57、e incongruity between the individuals subjective points and the objective facts, while aristotle holds that humor results from the incongruity between the common expectation and the unexpected truth.with the influence of plato and aristotles view of incongruity theory, lots of famous person also give their thoughts about it. thomas hobbes developed platos view. he believed that human being is going through a constant struggle, and the winner must come to the person who laughs. he thinks that peop