高考英语语法--定语从句

1、2021/3/261 一一.英语句子从结构上看有三种类型英语句子从结构上看有三种类型: 1.简单句（简单句（Simple Sentence) 2.并列句（并列句（Compound Sentence) 3.复合句复合句 （Complex Sentence) 2021/3/262 (1)简单句的五大基本句型简单句的五大基本句型: 主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语 主语主语 及物动词宾语及物动词宾语 主语不及物动词状语主语不及物动词状语 主语及物动词间宾直宾主语及物动词间宾直宾 主语及物动词宾语宾补主语及物动词宾语宾补 Her face turned red with anger. You ca

2、n consider my suggestion. This kind of cloth sells well. He told me a secret. He found the work half done. 2021/3/263 （2）并列句）并列句:由两个或两个以上等立而又由两个或两个以上等立而又 相互独立的简相互独立的简 单句构成单句构成,两个简单句由等立连词连在一起。两个简单句由等立连词连在一起。 其结构是其结构是: 简单句简单句+等立连词等立连词+简单句简单句 （3）复合句）复合句:由一个主句或几个从句构成的句子。从由一个主句或几个从句构成的句子。从 句只用作句子的一个成份句只用

3、作句子的一个成份,不能独立。根据从句在句不能独立。根据从句在句 中的作用中的作用,可分为可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句 三类。三类。 eg:He has studied English for only one year,but he can read and write now. Keep on and you will make progress. 2021/3/264 定语定语:用于修饰名词或代词用于修饰名词或代词 Please show me another ticket. Australia is an English-speaking count

4、ry. A traveller is a person whothat travels. A clock is a machine that tells people time. 是一个成份是一个成份,由一个句子充当某个成份由一个句子充当某个成份 从句从句: 2021/3/265 二二.定语从句定语从句: 由一个句子充当定语由一个句子充当定语 从句的位置从句的位置: 在名词或代词后在名词或代词后 先行词先行词: 被定语从句修饰的词被定语从句修饰的词 引导词引导词: 引导定语从句的词引导定语从句的词 关系代词关系代词 关系副词关系副词 引导词的作用引导词的作用: (1)引导定语从句引导定语从句

5、(2)在从句中作一成份在从句中作一成份 (3)代替先行词在从句中的位置代替先行词在从句中的位置 2021/3/266 一、一、概念概念 定语从句定语从句 在句中做定语在句中做定语,修饰一个名词修饰一个名词 或代词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词由关系词 （关系代词或关系副词）引出（关系代词或关系副词）引出 。 2021/3/267 二、二、用法用法 1 1、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名 词或代词词或代词

6、,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语 等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持 一致。一致。 1 1）whowho( (主格主格) ), whom, whom（宾格）（宾格）, that, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代 词词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如在从句中作主语和宾语。例如: 2021/3/268 a) a) 他就是他就是 我昨天见到的我昨天见到的 那个人。那个人。 He is the man.He is the m

7、an. I saw him yesterday.I saw him yesterday. He is the man He is the man whomwhom I saw I saw yesterday.yesterday. b) b) 你认识你认识 站在那边的站在那边的 那个人吗那个人吗? Do you know the man?Do you know the man? He is standing over there.He is standing over there. Do you know the man Do you know the man whowho is is stan

8、ding over there?standing over there? （ ） （ ） 2021/3/269 2 2）whose whose 用来指人或物。用来指人或物。 例如例如: : a) a) 小明小明,他的父亲是工程师他的父亲是工程师,是我们班级里是我们班级里 最好的学生。最好的学生。 （ ） Xiao Ming is the best student in Xiao Ming is the best student in our class.our class. His father is an engineer.His father is an engineer. Xiao Mi

9、ng Xiao Ming whosewhose father is an father is an engineer is the best student in engineer is the best student in our class.our class. 注意注意: :定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即 定语从句所修饰的词）定语从句所修饰的词） 2021/3/2610 3 3）which, that which, that 所代替的先行词是事物所代替的先行词是事物 的名词或代词的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 例如例

10、如 : a) a) 这是这是 我们去年参观的我们去年参观的 工厂。工厂。（ ） This is the factory.This is the factory. We visited it last year.We visited it last year. This is the factory which / that This is the factory which / that we visited last year.we visited last year. 说明说明: :关系代词在关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以定语从句中作宾语时可以 省略。省略。 2021/3/2611 b)

11、 b) 这是这是 去年建造的去年建造的 工厂。工厂。（ ） This is the factory.This is the factory. It was built last year.It was built last year. This is the factory which / that This is the factory which / that was built last year.was built last year. 2 2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地 点或理由的名词点或理由的名词,

12、在从句中作状语。在从句中作状语。 2021/3/2612 1 1）关系副词）关系副词when, where, why when, where, why 的含的含 义相当于义相当于 “介词介词+ which” + which” 结构结构, ,因此常常因此常常 和和“介词介词+ which”+ which”结构交替使用。例如结构交替使用。例如: : a) a) 我仍然记得我仍然记得 我参军的我参军的 那一天。那一天。（ ） I still remember the day.I still remember the day. On that day I joined the army.On that

13、 day I joined the army. I still remember the day I still remember the day whenwhen I I joined the army. joined the army. 或或 I still remember the day I still remember the day on on whichwhich I joined the army. I joined the army. 2021/3/2613 b) b) 这就是这就是 我们去年住的我们去年住的 房屋。房屋。（ ） This is the house.This

14、is the house. We lived in it last year.We lived in it last year. This is the house This is the house wherewhere we we lived last year. lived last year. 或或 This is the house This is the house in whichin which we we lived last year. lived last year. 或或 This is the house This is the house whichwhich we

15、 we lived lived inin last year. last year. 2021/3/2614 c) c) 你知道你知道 他迟到的他迟到的 原因吗原因吗?（ ） Do you know the reason?Do you know the reason? He was late for that reason.He was late for that reason. Do you know the reason Do you know the reason whywhy he he was late? was late? 或或 Do you know the reason Do

16、you know the reason for for whichwhich he was late? he was late? 2 2）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时, ,并并 非就用非就用when, where, why when, where, why 来引导定语来引导定语 从句。从句。 例如例如: : 2021/3/2615 这是我们去年参观的地方。这是我们去年参观的地方。 这是我们去年工作的地方。这是我们去年工作的地方。 a)a) vt.vt. vi.vi. This is the place This is the place which / tha

17、twhich / that we visited last year.we visited last year. This is the place This is the place wherewhere we we worked last year.worked last year. 我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我入团的那一天。 我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。 b)b) I still remember the day I still remember the day when when I joined the League.I joined t

18、he League. I still remember the day I still remember the day that / that / whichwhich we spent together. we spent together. 2021/3/2616 引引 导导 词词 关系代词关系代词 关系副词关系副词 在定语从句中作在定语从句中作 主语主语 主语或宾语主语或宾语 宾语宾语 宾语或主语宾语或主语 定语定语 时间时间 地点地点 原因原因 状语状语 状语状语 状语状语 在从在从 句中句中 作宾作宾 语可语可 省去省去 先行词为先行词为 who that who m whic h

19、 whos e 人人 物物/人人 人人 物物 某人某人/某物的某物的 When Where why 2021/3/2617 作用作用例句例句 作主语作主语 We visited the factory which that makes toys for children. Most managers who that are present at the meeting agreed to the plan. 作宾语作宾语 The student whomthatwho you want to see has come. The letter which that I received yes

20、terday was from my father. 作定语作定语 The girl whose mother is a teacher works very hard. The room whose windows were broken was mine. 作状语作状语 In 1998,he returned to the small town where he grew up. I still remember the day when I met him for the first time. The reason why he missed the speech was that h

21、e didnt catch the bus. 关系代词和关系副词的作用关系代词和关系副词的作用 2021/3/2618 关系代词和关系副词如何区别关系代词和关系副词如何区别? 1.The reason _he missed the speech was that he forgot the time. 2.The reason_he gave us sounded reasonable. 3.Ill never forget the day _we spent together in Paris. 4.Ill remember the day_we stayed together at tha

22、t time. 5.This is the factory_we visited last year. 6.This is the house _Lincoln once lived. RememberRemember: : 引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键关键要看他们要看他们 在从句中作什么在从句中作什么成份成份而定。或者说而定。或者说, ,假如把先行词放到从句中是假如把先行词放到从句中是 作主语、宾语还是状语而定。作主语、宾语还是状语而定。 why thatwhic h thatwhic h when thatwhic h where 2021/3/2619

23、 3 3、判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一方法一: 用关系代词用关系代词,还是关系副词完全还是关系副词完全 This is the mountain village This is the mountain village wherewhere I stayed last year. I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。这是我去年呆过的山村。 取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面 无宾语无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动而不及物动 词则要求用关系副词。例如词则要求用关系副词。例如: Il

24、l never forget the days Ill never forget the days whenwhen I I worked together with you.worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 2021/3/2620 方法二方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的准确判断先行词在定语从句中的 成分（主、谓、宾、定、状）成分（主、谓、宾、定、状）,也能正确选也能正确选 择出关系代词择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。 A. whereA. whereB. thatB. that C. on which C.

25、 on which D. the oneD. the one 例例1.1. Is this the museum _ you Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago? 例例2.2. Is this museum _ you Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago? A. whereA. whereB. thatB. that C. on which C. on which D. the oneD. t

26、he one B B D D 2021/3/2621 7.(1) He still lives in the room _window faces to the south. (2) He still lives in the room _is in the north of the city. whos e which 8.(1)I will never forget the days _we studied together. (2)I will never forget the days _we spent together. when that 9.(1) The reason _he

27、 didnt come was that he was ill. (2) The reason _he explained is not true. why that 10.(1) We will meet at the same place_we met last month. (2) We will meet at the same place _we visited last month. where that 2021/3/2622 Correct the sentences: 1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday. 2. I

28、s that factory which your father once worked in? 3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada. 4. July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget. _ (去掉去掉) which _ to the one 2021/3/2623 Correct the sentences: 5. I still remember the holidays I stayed with them. 6. Im going to work in the hospital where nee

29、ds me. 7. Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate. 8. I dont like the way which you talked to your friend. in when _ who _ (that/which) 2021/3/2624 Correct the sentences: 9.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons. 10. Soon they came to a farm house,and in fron

30、t of which sat a small boy. 11. We heard the news which our team won the game. 12. The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable. _ that _ that _ why it _ 2021/3/2625 Correct the sentences: 13. Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names. 14. That was the reason because she look

31、ed old. 15. Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school. 16. Taiwan, that we know, belongs to China.as who _ _ _ gives why 2021/3/2626 who,that （先行词为人）有区别吗（先行词为人）有区别吗? 1.用用who不用不用that的情况的情况: (1)当先行词为当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those时。时。 (2)当先行词为人称代词时。当先

32、行词为人称代词时。 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practise more. 2. 用用that不用不用who的情况的情况: (1) 当先行词既是人又是物。当先行词既是人又是物。 (2)当句子出现一个当句子出现一个who等。等。 （3）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 He talked a lot about the things and persons that he

33、 had remembered there. Who is the man that spoke to you just now? Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. 2021/3/2627 which,thatwhich,that ( (先行词为物）有区别吗先行词为物）有区别吗? 1.只用只用thatthat不用不用which which 的情况的情况: (1)先行词为先行词为much,little,few,nothing,none,anything,no,all等不定代等不定代 词词 （2）先行词既是人又是物。）先行词既是人又是物

34、。 （3）先行词为形容词的最高级或序数词）先行词为形容词的最高级或序数词。 （4）先行词被）先行词被the very,the only,the last,any,every,who等修饰等修饰 时时。 All that can be done has been done. He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.This is the very book that I am looking for. Who that has such a home doesnt love it? （5）关系代词在从句中作表语时）关系

35、代词在从句中作表语时 China is no longer the country that it used to be. This is one of the best films that I have ever seen. 2021/3/2628 考点一考点一: :thatthat和和whichwhich 以下情况以下情况,引导词用引导词用that,不用不用which。 1. 先行词为不定代词先行词为不定代词 everything,little,much,all,anything,nothing。 e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything tha

36、t he had stolen. 2.先行词被先行词被 all, any ,no ,little, much, some ,every 修饰时修饰时 . 先行词前有形容词先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词最高级、序数词修饰时修饰时,用用 that。 e.g. This is the best book (that) Ive ever read. 2021/3/2629 考点一考点一:that和和which . 先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the last 修饰时修饰时,用用that。 . The only thing that we could do was ( to) w

37、ait. You can take any seat that is free. Thats the very word that is wrongly used. This is one of the presents that my boy friend gave me on my birthday. 2021/3/2630 . 先行词同时指人和指物时先行词同时指人和指物时,用用that。 e.g. We talked about the things and persons that we saw then. 、被修饰词为数词时。、被修饰词为数词时。 Yesterday I caught

38、 two fish and them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 、如有两个从句、如有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已其中一个关系代词已 which,另一个关系代词则宜用另一个关系代词则宜用that,以以 避免语言的单调或重复。避免语言的单调或重复。 2021/3/2631 、主句是、主句是There be结构结构,修饰其主语的定修饰其主语的定 语从句宜用语从句宜用that作关系代词。作关系代词。 Theres still a seat in the corner that is still

39、free. 、定语从句中缺表语时、定语从句中缺表语时,该关系代词宜用该关系代词宜用 that。 He is not the person that he was ten years ago. 2021/3/2632 Ex. 1. The book _you lent to me is very interesting. 2. Tom is the student _ handwriting is the best in our class. 3.Is the man _talked to you just now Mr Wang ? 4. I live in the room the door

40、 of_ is white. 5.Ill never forget the days _ I spent in the country. 6. I will never the days_ I studied with you. (that /which ) whose who / that which ( which/ that ) when 2021/3/2633 8.Can you tell me the reason _ you were late for class this morning ? 9. Is this the factory _ you visited last we

41、ek ? 10. Is this the factory _ _you worked last year ? 11. Is this factory _ you visited last week ? 12. China is no longer the country _ it used to be. 13. All _ should be done has been done. why ( which /that) where/ in which the one that that 2021/3/2634 13. I dont like the way _ he smiles. 14. T

42、his is the reason _ _you explain to me. 15. This is the first time_ I have been in Beijing. 16.I , _ _ your best friend ,should help you. 17.Jim is the only one of the students _ _ passed the exam. (that / in which) ( that / which ) ( that) who am who has 2021/3/2635 只能用只能用which 的情况的情况: 2. 引导非限制性定语从

43、句修饰某物或整个句子时只能用引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时只能用which (1) The machine ,which I have looked after for many years ,is still working perfectly. (2)She failed the exam, which made her parents vary angry. (3)He saw a film, which was about the Long March. (4)My glasses,without which I was like a blind man,fell to th

44、e ground and broke. 1.介词前置时关系代词只能用介词前置时关系代词只能用which(先行词为物先行词为物) Remember:which Remember:which 在这两种情况下即使在句中在这两种情况下即使在句中 作宾语也不能省。作宾语也不能省。 2021/3/2636 Correct the sentences: 17. It is the one of the best films that have been shown recently. 18. The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou. 1

45、9. Which is known to all, many satellite are going around in the sky. 20. The students and things which you spoke of are known to us. that _ _ has As that _ _ 2021/3/2637 Correct the sentences: 21.Einstein is such a great scientist that we must learn from. 22. The student whos book I had borrowed di

46、dnt come to school today. 23. Who is the worker who took some pictures of the factory. 24. The bike by which I travelled was his. as _ Whose _ that _ on _ 2021/3/2638 介词介词+ +关系代词关系代词 先行词为人先行词为人,关系代词用关系代词用 whom; 先行词为物先行词为物,关系代词用关系代词用which. 关系代词在介词后不能用关系代词在介词后不能用that,关系代词也不能省。如介词放在关系代词也不能省。如介词放在 句尾句尾,

47、引导词可用引导词可用that 或或who,而且可省去。而且可省去。 关系代词和关系副词可转换关系代词和关系副词可转换:where,when,why =介词介词+which 1.This is the reason _ _he left his hometown. (=why) 2.Ill never forget the day_ _ we stayed together. (=when) 3.This is the girl _ _I learned the news. 4.The person_ _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told y

48、ou about. 5.Ill show you a store_ _you may buy all that you need.(=where) 6.I dont like the way_ _ you laughed at her.(=that;) for which on which from whom to whom in which in which 2021/3/2639 请讨论请讨论: :as ,which 引导非限制性定语从句有什么不同吗引导非限制性定语从句有什么不同吗? 1.which的先行词可以是名词的先行词可以是名词,as不可。不可。 (1) The meeting, w

49、hich was held in the park,was a great success. (2) All the books , which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. 2.which和和as都可代替整个句子的意思都可代替整个句子的意思,但但which引导的从句不引导的从句不 放句首。放句首。 (1)Crusos dog became ill and died ,which made him very lonely. (2)As we expected, our football team lost the m

50、atch again. 3.as 引导的从句有引导的从句有(正如正如),(就象就象),(由由而知）等含义而知）等含义. 1.He is not such a man as only think of himself. 2.I should like to use the same pen as I used yesterday. 3.Such problems as are often mentioned should be solved. 4.I will read as many books as are required. 5. Here is so big a stone as no

51、one can lift. 2021/3/2640 先行词被先行词被 the same/ such / so 修饰时修饰时,关系代词关系代词 as 引导引导 1.I have never seen such a lazy man as he. 2. I have the same book as you bought last week. 3. He is of about the same age as you. 4.This is the same book as I lost. that I lost. 2021/3/2641 1.As a teacher , I have never

52、give my students so difficult a problem _ they cant work out. 2. As a teacher , I have never give my students such difficult problems _ they cant work out. _ they cant work them out. as as that 2021/3/2642 基础巩固基础巩固 (Correct mistakes) 1.Do you like the bike your friend gave it to you? 2.This is the v

53、ery place where we visited many years ago. 3. There are ten students are playing basketball on the playground. 4. English is a subject I am interested. 5.Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Smith? 6.There is not a single person in the street whom I can turn for help.

54、（多词）（多词） （错用引导词）（错用引导词） （漏引导词）（漏引导词） （漏介词）（漏介词） （主谓不一致）（主谓不一致） （漏介词）（漏介词） that/which/ who/that in has to 2021/3/2643 限制性定语从句和非限性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限性定语从句 用法与区别用法与区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 “限限”是先行词不可缺少的是先行词不可缺少的 定语定语.如果省去如果省去,主句意思不主句意思不 完整或不明确完整或不明确;“非限非限”只只 是附加说明。是附加说明。 All the people were talking

55、about the wonderful cloth the emperor had ordered to be woven They set up a state of their own,where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. “限限”于主句之间不能用逗于主句之间不能用逗 号隔开号隔开;“非限非限”与主句之与主句之 间要用逗号隔开。间要用逗号隔开。 She is the nurse who looks after the children. The letter is from my sister,who is working

56、in Beijing. “限限”可以用可以用that引导引导;“非非 限限”不能用不能用that引导引导 That is the very tool that we are looking for I saw a good film, which was about the Long March “限限”的关联词作宾语时可的关联词作宾语时可 省省;非限则不可非限则不可 I will never forget the day （that ）we spent together there His dog,which he liked very much, died yesterday. “限限”一

57、般只修饰先行词一般只修饰先行词; 非限既可修饰先行词非限既可修饰先行词,也可也可 是前面的整个句子或句子的是前面的整个句子或句子的 一部分一部分 I have finished the novel that you lent me yesterday He suddenly fell ill, which prevented him from going to school. 2021/3/2644 间隔性定语从句间隔性定语从句 一般来说一般来说,定语从句总是紧跟着它所修饰的先行定语从句总是紧跟着它所修饰的先行 词的词的,但是有时候定语从句与先行词之间被其它但是有时候定语从句与先行词之间被其它

58、 成分分隔开来成分分隔开来,这种定语从句叫做分（间）隔定这种定语从句叫做分（间）隔定 语从句。语从句。 Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours? The boss of the company, whose name was Mr.Little, told the story. 2021/3/2645 想一想想一想 理一理理一理 学好定语从句最关键的是什么学好定语从句最关键的是什么? 定语从句修饰主句中某个名词或代词定语从句修饰主

59、句中某个名词或代词,起着相当于形容词（定起着相当于形容词（定 语）的作用语）的作用,所以也叫形容词性从句。句子那个被修饰的词叫所以也叫形容词性从句。句子那个被修饰的词叫 先行词。先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后。要学好定语从句要学好定语从句, 最关键要掌握以下两点最关键要掌握以下两点: 1.弄清关系代词和关系副词的区别弄清关系代词和关系副词的区别:他们在定语从句中的作用他们在定语从句中的作用 不同。关系代词在从句中起名词的作用不同。关系代词在从句中起名词的作用,在从句中担任主语在从句中担任主语,宾宾 语语,表语和宾语。关系副词在从句中起副词的作用表语和宾语。关

60、系副词在从句中起副词的作用,在从句中担在从句中担 任状语。任状语。 2.掌握关系代词和关系副词的方法掌握关系代词和关系副词的方法:主要看先行词（假如放到主要看先行词（假如放到 从句中）在从句中所担任的成份从句中）在从句中所担任的成份,所起的作用。所起的作用。 2021/3/2646 难点解析难点解析: 关系代词作介词宾语的几种结构关系代词作介词宾语的几种结构: 1.介词介词 + whomwhich The woman general still remember the day on which she joined the army. 2.介词介词 短语短语 + whichwhom The