何家弘法律英语课件_第二课

1、Lesson Two Legal Profession 法律职业法律职业 法律英语1 Background 律师律师 法官法官 检查官检查官 法学教师法学教师 法律英语2 法律职业法律职业 变换频繁变换频繁 Harlan Fiske Stone 法律英语3 Part 1 The Bar Bar法庭中将公众与法官、律师法庭中将公众与法官、律师 及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板隔板。 后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。 法律英语4 美国律师协会美国律师协会 法律英语5 律师律师 美国美国 Lawyer Attorney Attorney at-la

2、w Counseler Counseler at-law 法律英语6 英国英国 Barrister 诉讼律师诉讼律师 大律师，出庭律师大律师，出庭律师 Solicitor 非诉律师非诉律师 诉状律师，事务律师诉状律师，事务律师 法律英语7 The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. Q：Why is the concern of each state?

3、 admission to the bar 授予职业律师资格；律师职业许可（法院确认申请人的 居住资格、公民身份、教育状况、道德品格等符合法定 资格要求，授予申请人在其管辖区域内从事律师事务的 特权或许可证） Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. 法律英语8 三年大学三年大学 法律学位法律学位 书面考试书面考试 Three years of college and a l

4、aw degree In the United States, a law school is an institution where students obtain a professional education in law after first obtaining an undergraduate degree. Law schools in the U.S. issue the Juris Doctor degree (J.D.), which is a professional doctorate, and for most practitioners a terminal d

5、egree. Although most law schools only offer the traditional three-year program, several U.S. law schools offer an Accelerated JD program. 法律英语9 Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day- long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphas

6、izing its own law. 法律英语10 各州律师联考各州律师联考 州综合问答题州综合问答题 The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two- hundred question multiple- choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. 法律英语11 A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed

7、 on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. Translation: 通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试 的人很少。的人很少。 大部分人都能一次通过，即使没通过的在之后大部分人都能一次通过，即使没通过的在之后 的考试中也能顺利通过。的考试中也能顺利通过。 法律英语12 In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations in their respective

8、 states. 每年各州有每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。万多人通过律师考试。 No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. Admission: admission to the bar apprentice: a person who is learning from a skilled employer (lawyer), having agreed to work for a fixed period at low wages 法律英语13 The rules for admission to prac

9、tice before the federal courts vary with the courts, 在在联邦法院执业联邦法院执业的要求各州不同，的要求各州不同， but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. 在在州最高法院执业州最高法院执业的人办理了一些的人办理了一些无关无关 紧要的手续紧要的手续后可以在后可以在联邦法院

10、联邦法院执业。执业。 法律英语14 before the court 出庭、在法庭上出庭、在法庭上 Federal courts hear cases involving 法律英语15 the constitutionality of a law; cases involving the laws and treaties of the U.S.; ambassadors and public ministers; disputes between two or more states; admiralty law; and bankruptcy cases. The Highest Cour

11、t Supreme Court A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of many legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, instance court, judgment court, apex court, and highest court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are not

12、subject to further review by any other court. In a few places, the court named the Supreme Court is not in fact the highest court; examples include the Supreme Court of the State of New York and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales. 法律英语16 A lawyers practice is usually confine

13、d to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律师通常在律师通常在一个固定地区一个固定地区执业执业 可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务 只能在获准开业的州从业只能在获准开业的州从业 法律英语17 Practice of law Once admitted to practice by the highest c

14、ourt of a state (the state supreme court), a function sometimes administered by the states bar association, an American attorney may file legal pleadings and argue cases in that state court, provide legal advice to clients and draft important legal instruments such as wills, trusts, deeds and contra

15、cts. Arguing cases in the federal courts requires separate admission. 法律英语18 It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. retain: 付定金聘定律师付定金聘定律师 Local counsel: A lawyer licensed to practice law in a particular jurisdiction or before a particular court who assists a law

16、yer who is not licensed, but who has been given permission to provide advice and represent a client in an action in that jurisdiction or before that court, with matters regarding the application and interpretation of the local laws as well as with the local court customs, practices, and rules. 有些州曾把

17、有些州曾把“本州居民本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。 但联邦最高法院在但联邦最高法院在19851985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美 国担任律师的人国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民并不必须是美国公民。 法律英语19 One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often

18、five years. 如果一个人如果一个人已经执业已经执业5 5年以上年以上，那，那 么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，么当他移居到另外一个州的时候， 通常通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考不用再参加该州的律师资格考 试试就可以就可以获准执业获准执业。 法律英语20 A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. 法律英语21 从事律师业务从事律师业务 参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动 It is n

19、ot uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. 法律英语22 在公司的董事会任职在公司的董事会任职 从事商业活动从事商业活动 积极参与公共事务积极参与公共事务 A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the g

20、overnment or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, and may return to private practice from these other activities. 律师在成为律师在成为法官法官、受雇于政府受雇于政府或或私营私营 企业企业或者成为或者成为法律教师法律教师以后，还以后，还保留保留 着律师的身份着律师的身份；从事上述职业的人，；从事上述职业的人， 也可以再回到律师行业。也可以再回到律师行业。 法律英语23 A relatively small number of lawyers give up p

21、ractice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. 很少有律师为了工商业界的很少有律师为了工商业界的重要管理重要管理 职位职位而放弃律师职业。而放弃律师职业。 法律英语24 The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New

22、 York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States. 法律英语25 律师律师 教授教授 院长院长 总检总检 察长察长 首席大首席大 法官法官 法律英语26 Harlan Fiske Stone 1872- 1946 Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872 in Ch

23、esterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理学家著名法理学家 After graduating from Amherst College in 1894, he continued on to Columbia University from which he received his law degree in 1898. The next year he was admitted to the New York bar. 加入纽约律师协会加入纽约律师协会 法律英语27 In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law Sc

24、hool. In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General. 哥伦比亚大学法学院院长哥伦比亚大学法学院院长 司法部长（总检察长）司法部长（总检察长） 法律英语28 In 1925 he was nominated to the Supreme Court. While on the Court, Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation. Roosevelt appointed Stone Chie

25、f Justice in 1941. Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73. 最高法院法官最高法院法官 罗斯福新政罗斯福新政 最高法院首席大法官最高法院首席大法官 法律英语29 These is no formal division among lawyers according to function. 美国没有律师职业的划分。美国没有律师职业的划分。 法律英语30 英国：英国： Barristers：出庭律师出庭律师、 大律师、诉讼律师大律师、诉讼律师 Solicitors：诉状律师诉状律师、 小律师、非诉律师小律师、非诉律师 Barristers: a

26、person called to the bar and entitled to practise as an advocate, particularly in the higher courts. Solicitors: a member of the legal profession qualified to deal with conveyancing, the drawing up of wills, and other legal matters. A solicitor may also instruct barristers and represent clients in s

27、ome courts. 法律英语31 there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. 法律英语32 美国：美国： 出庭代理诉讼出庭代理诉讼 准备法律文书准备法律文书 attorney An exclusive right is the power or, in a wider sense, right t

28、o perform an action or acquire a benefit and to permit or deny others the right to perform the same action or to acquire the same benefit. The term is restricted for use for official state or sovereign (i.e., constitutional) powers. Exclusive rights are a form of monopoly. Exclusive rights can be es

29、tablished by law or by contractual obligation, but the scope of enforceability will depend upon the extent to which others are bound by the instrument establishing the exclusive right; thus in the case of contractual rights, only persons that are parties to a contract will be affected by the exclusi

30、vity. 法律英语33 Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document that can be formally attributed to its author, records and formally expresses a legally enforceable act, process, or contractual duty, obligation, or right, and therefore evidences that act,

31、process, or agreement. Examples include a certificate, deed, bond, contract, will, legislative act, notarial act, court writ or process, or any law passed by a competent legislative body in municipal (domestic) or international law. 法律英语34 The American lawyers domain includes advocacy, counseling, a

32、nd drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. 代理诉讼，出庭辩护；代理诉讼，出庭辩护； 咨询服务；咨询服务； 起草文书；起草文书； 律师实务律师实务 法律英语35 In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in

33、court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. 出庭辩护：出庭辩护： 当事人本人当事人本人 代理律师代理律师 法律英语36 Self-representation / Pro se legal representation Pro se legal representation means advocating on ones own behalf before a court, rather than being represented

34、by a lawyer. This may occur in any court proceeding, whether one is the defendant or plaintiff in civil cases, and when one is a defendant in criminal cases. Pro se is a Latin phrase meaning for oneself or on ones own behalf. Most U.S. states have a constitutional provision that either expressly or

35、by interpretation allows individuals to represent their own causes in the courts of that state. 法律英语37 Nonlawyers are authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. 非律师也可被授权代理其他人非律师也可被授权代理其他人参与参与行行 政机关的一些司法性质的政机关的一些司法性质的正式程序正式程序。 法律英语38

36、 The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. 咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不 明确。明确。 就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划 分不清。分不清。 法律英语

37、39 the lines of demarcation: the dividing line In its most general sense, the practice of law involves giving legal advice to clients, drafting legal documents for clients, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings such as lawsuits, and is applied to the professional servi

38、ces of a lawyer or attorney at law, barrister, solicitor, or civil law notary. However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various other professions where clients are represented by agents. These professions include real estate, banking, accounting, and insuranc

39、e. 法律英语40 However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law

40、 of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. 美国大多数法院都采取了如美国大多数法院都采取了如纽约最高法院纽约最高法院规规 定的定的一项严格措施一项严格措施：在外国而不是在纽约取：在外国而不是在纽约取 得执业资格的律师，得执业资格的律师，不得为纽约的当事人提不得为纽约的当事人提 供法律咨询供法律咨询，即使该律师提供的咨询范围仅，即使该律师提供的咨询范围仅 限于允许其执业所属国家的法律。限于允许其执业所属国家的法律。 法律英语41 One of the biggest traps for lawyers is MJP multi-jurisd

41、ictional practice. The ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 5.5 prohibits the practice of law where lawyers are not licensed, as well as the aiding and abetting of it: A “lawyer shall not: (a) practice law in a jurisdiction where doing so violates the regulation of the legal profession in that jur

42、isdiction; or (b) assist a person who is not a member of the bar in the performance of activity that constitutes an unauthorized practice of law.” 法律英语42 A foreign lawyer may be admitted to the bar of one of states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on fo

43、reign law. 外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接接 纳为会员纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况，甚至在没有被接纳的情况 下，下，作为外国法律顾问作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨向美国律师咨 询询。 法律英语43 RULES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE ADMINISTRATIVE RULES 35 TO 59 Rule 42D. Licensing and Practice of Foreign Legal Consultants. (1) General Regulation as to

44、Licensing In its discretion, the supreme court may license to practice in this United States jurisdiction as a foreign legal consultant, without examination, an applicant who: (a) is, and for at least five years has been, a member in good standing of a recognized legal profession in a foreign countr

45、y, the members of which are admitted to practice as lawyers or counselors at law or the equivalent and are subject to effective regulation and discipline by a duly constituted professional body or a public authority; (b) for at least five of the seven years immediately preceding his or her applicati

46、on, has been a member in good standing of such legal profession and has been lawfully engaged in the practice of law in the foreign country or elsewhere substantially involving or relating to the rendering of advice or the provision of legal services concerning the law of the foreign country; (c) po

47、ssesses the good moral character and general fitness requisite for a member of the bar of this State, as required by Rule 42(5); and (d) intends to practice as a foreign legal consultant in this jurisdiction and to maintain an office in this jurisdiction for that purpose. 法律英语44 Part 2 Lawyers in pr

48、ivate practice 独立开业的律师独立开业的律师 Among these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners . 在独立开业的律师中，大多数在独立开业的律师中，大多数 （9/15）是）是单独开业者单独开业者。 法律英语45 Single practitioner Proprietorships 个体业主个体业主 Proprietorships are not separate legal entities 法律英语46 A practitioner is someo

49、ne who engages in an occupation, profession, religion, or way of life. Practitioner may refer to: Medical practitioner Justice practitioner The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. 剩下的剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制。合伙制。 Four or five of these six ar

50、e partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. 6个人中有个人中有4、5个是律师合伙人个是律师合伙人； 其余的是受雇律师，他们受雇于律师事务所或其其余的是受雇律师，他们受雇于律师事务所或其 他律师，领取工资。他律师，领取工资。 partnerships A business enterprise entered into for profit which is owned by more than one pers

51、on, each of whom is a partner. A partnership may be created by a formal written agreement, but may be based on an oral agreement or just a handshake. Each partner invests a certain amount (money, assets and/or effort) which establishes an agreed-upon percentage of ownership, is responsible for all t

52、he debts and contracts of the partnership. http:/ 法律英语48 This trend toward group practice is relatively recent origin. 法律英语49 合伙开业合伙开业 Throughout most of nineteenth century, law practice was general rather than specialized, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting, and t

53、he prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. 律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的 主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起 草文书草文书 美国律师的原型是单独开业者。美国律师的原型是单独开业者。 法律英语50 Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. the work

54、 of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. 19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出 现了显著的现了显著的律师专业化律师专业化。 律师为客户提供律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书专业咨询和起草文书， 以防止和解决争议。以防止和解决争议。 法律英语51 The best lawyers were attracted to this wor

55、k 最好的律师最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。被吸引来做这些事。 leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. 律师界的领导人物多为那些律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭极少出庭即即 使确曾出庭的话使确曾出庭的话的人，和那些作为的人，和那些作为顾问、顾问、 计划者和谈判者计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。而深受欢迎的人。 法律英语52 Move toward

56、s Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in shaping of their policies. 目前律师们都认为不断地熟悉目前律师们都认为不断地熟悉当事人的当事人的 经营问题经营问题，并，并参与商业决策形成的每一参与商业决策形成的每一 个步骤个步骤是较为是较为合理的执业合理的执业惯例惯例。 法律英语53 Part 3 House Counsel 受雇于某公

57、司而非独立开业的律师受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师 Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concerns legal department. 20个律师中有个律师中有2个受雇于个受雇于私人企业私人企业，如工业，如工业 企业、保险公司、银行。企业、保险公司、银行。

58、专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问 法律英语54 the growth of corporations the complexity of business the multitude of problem posed by government regulation 法律英语55 firms to have in their employ persons with legal training 非常了解企业的非常了解企业的 特殊问题和条件特殊问题和条件 The general counsel (总法律顾问总法律顾问) An officer of the company Se

59、rve on important policy making committees Serve on the board of directors. 法律英语56 公司管理人员公司管理人员 重要决策委员会重要决策委员会 董事会董事会 In large corporations the legal department may number 100 or more. House counsel remain members of the bar 保留律师协会会员身份保留律师协会会员身份 entitled to appear in court 有资格出庭进行诉讼有资格出庭进行诉讼 An outsi

60、de lawyer is retained for litigation. 法律英语57 House counsel However, it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset. 专职律师的专长是专职律师的专长是法律顾问法律顾问而不是而不是 辩护律师辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。，这是个珍贵的财富。 法律英语58 Constantly in touch with the employers problem, house counsel is ideally