写作教程第2版u9PPT课件

1、1 English Writing 2 Comparison and contrast The purpose of comparing and contrasting is to understand either of the two things more clearly and, at times, to make judgments about them. In this unit, we are going to study how to write paragraphs of comparison and contrast. 3 Please read Sample 1, and

2、 answer some questions: 1.What is the topic of the paragraph? This paragraph is developed around the concepts of “a long time” held by Americans and people from other cultures. 4 2. Now, complete the outline according to the organization of Sample 1: A. Americans concept of “a long time”: anything f

3、rom forty years to forty minutes, depending on the circumstances. Examples: (1) a proposal for an American businessman (2) “long term” capital gain for the Internal Revenue Service (3) accident report by a motorist (4) for a business appointment or a date Attitudes to promptness: it is a binding obl

4、igation 5 B. Other cultures concepts of “a long time”: not limited Examples: (1) murder report by a Truck Islander (2) envoys waiting in a Latin American City (3) ritual dance in Pueblo village (4) South Asian concept: one thousand years or even forever 6 Summarize the pattern of contrast in the par

5、agraph. You may have noticed that the sample paragraph deals with what Americans think “a long time” is before it moves on to discuss the views held by other cultures. This pattern of organization is subject-by-subject or group- by-group. 7 In this pattern, you discuss the two subjects separately, t

6、hat is to say, you discuss all of the characteristics of subdivisions of the first subject in the first half and then present all the characteristics of the other in the second half. The aspects examined in the two subjects should be the same and in both parts, you should follow the same logical ord

7、er for each subject. 8 Now read Sample 2, and identify the different writing pattern of comparison extended families Subject B (Americans): less emphasis on male relatives and on the older generation; nuclear families 11 Point 2. role relations: Subject B (Americans): love and friendship as the main

8、 family ties Subject A (Koreans): less emphasis on feelings as permanence is taken for granted Point 3. value orientations: Subject A (Koreans): filial duty and respect Subject B (Americans): goodness and kindness and features of likability and sociability 12 Summarize the pattern of the sample para

9、graph. You may have noticed the difference in organization between Sample 1 and Sample 2. Sample 2 follows a point-by-point pattern where the writer compares and contrasts both subjects Americans and Koreansitem after item. 13 In such a pattern, the writer structures his paragraph around points of c

10、omparison instead of subjects, moving back and forth between the subjects. The specifics of both subjects are placed close together for direct and immediate comparison and contrast, and transitions are often used so as to avoid abrupt switching between the two subjects. 14 The point-by-point pattern

11、 works best with subjects that contain a lot of points. It can bring into sharp focus the similarities and differences for the reader to see as he reads along. 15 Comparison and contrast The purpose of comparing and contrasting is to understand either of the two things more clearly and, at times, to

12、 make judgments about them. In this unit, we are going to study how to write paragraphs of comparison and contrast. 16 Linking Devices Questions 1. What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with? Both paragraphs deal with the same topic: Egyptian and Greek mythology. 17 2. Which paragraph is easier

13、to understand? Paragraph B is easier to understand. 3. What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand? Because it has certain words and phrases that help clarify the ideas in the paragraph. 18 Work in groups and find out those words or phrases that indicate either comparison or contrast i

14、n paragraph B. Contrasted with Whereas In opposition to Unlike In direct contrast to 19 Can you think out expression indicating comparison and contrast? Comparison: Again Also As well as Both Both and In common (with) In like manner In the same way Like Likewise Neither nor Similarly Too 20 Contrast

15、: Although At the same time But By contrast Conversely For all that However In contrast to In opposition to Instead Nevertheless On the contrary On the one hand on the other hand Otherwise Still Unlike Whereas While yet 21 Summarize the use of linking devices in paragraphs of comparison and contrast

16、. Most probably, you have found that Paragraph B is easier to understand than Paragraph A. Though the ideas in both paragraphs are exactly the same, the second seems more effective in drawing the contrast between the Egyptian ideological world and the Greek one. 22 The main reason is that Paragraph

17、B uses some words and phrases (e.g., whereas, in opposition to, unlike, in direct contrast to) to indicate contrast and clarify the shift from one side to the other. This shows that linking words and phrases play an important role in ensuring a smooth and coherent flow from one subject to another, or from one point to another in paragraphs. 23 Unit summary In this unit we have discussed two patterns of organization used in comparison and contrast: the subject-by-subject pattern and the point-by-point pattern. 24 The subject-by-subject pattern requires the writer to