科技英语之2_常用概念的英译

1、幻灯片1qq:10544824542 常用概念的英译2.1 怎样译“有” 1学时2.2 “用”的常见译法 0.5学时2.3 “比较”的译法 1.5学时2.4 举例子的表达方法 1学时幻灯片22 常用概念的英译-2.5 分类的表达方法 1.5学时2.6 有关度量的表达方法 1学时2.7 因果关系的表达方法 1学时2.8 表示程度的方法 1学时2.9 引出结论的方法 0.5学时 幻灯片32.1 怎样译“有”l 译法：l havel includel be ofl holdl show undergobe composed ofbe made up ofconsist ofthere be 句型co

2、ntaincomprise幻灯片4Containl Contain “包含有”、“含有”，指一个统一体包含有两个或多个部分或成分，但都不一定要完全列出所包含的部分或成分，作“有”、”含有”、“装有”、“盛有”等解。l The gas contains about 5% of carbon monoxide.l The tank contains 100 gallons of oil. The alloy contains 5% nickel and 5% iron.幻灯片5Consist ofl Consist of “由组成”、“由构成”，可翻译成“有”。它有“某个整体是由其各个部件组成”的

3、含义，只能用于主动语态。l The class consists of thirty students.l Smelting consists of heating the iron ore in the furnace and removing the slag. 冶炼有两个步骤，在高炉内加热铁矿石和除去铁渣。幻灯片6comprisel Comprise 双面动词，主语和宾语从原则上说可以互换，而句子意思基本不变。表示“包括”。l Most fuels comprises a mixture of different substances.Short course are arranged

4、which last for five days and comprise lecture, demonstration and visit to a hospital.幻灯片7Be composed ofl Be composed of “由组成”。l The machine is composed of several different parts.l The sea is mainly composed of water and salt.Gunpowder is composed of sulfur, carbon, and potassium nitrate(硝酸钾).幻灯片8l

5、Include “包括有”，“含有”，指有形或抽象的东西，其宾语可指全体，也可指部分。l The book was more useful because it included a detailed chronological(编年的) table of the events.l The chief live stock breeds include 12 horse breeds, 14 cattle breeds,11 sheep breeds, 15 swine(猪) breeds, and yak(牦牛) and camel.The machine includes two plas

6、tic parts.include幻灯片9Hold, have l Hold “装有”、“盛有”、“容纳有”、“包含有”，常用于科技上。l Sea-water holds many salts in solution. “溶有”l The battery holds enough electricity.l Have “有”。l A rectangle has four sides.The new methods has the most remarkable advantages.幻灯片10Be made up of， be of l Be made up of 侧重于强调“人为的组成”。l

7、 Cast-iron is made up of about six different substances.l The contents of moulding sand(造型砂) is made up of quartz, feldspar and mica(云母).l Be of 表示抽象概念的“有”。Engines are of two kinds, internal-combustion engines and external-combustion engines.幻灯片11There be 句型， showl There be 句型 表示“有”，”存在”l There are

8、13 species and 1000 varieties or more of Chinese pears which have been classified into oriental pear.l Show “表现出”This paper showed a great practicality. 这篇论文有极大的实用性。幻灯片12Undergo 等l Undergo “经历”，“发生”， 有时可翻译成“有”l Since 1976, this research center has undergone radical changes.l 其它With all his achieveme

9、nt he remains modest and prudent. 他虽有很多成就，但还是谦虚谨慎。幻灯片13作业l 翻译l 1、我们做实验所需要的设备就只有一瓶水、一根玻璃棒和一个橡皮塞而已。l 2、大气有多种气体。l 3、计算机里存有工厂每一变化的纪录以及全部有关信息。4、图中有两条曲线。幻灯片142.2 “用”，“采用”的常见译法l 译法： usemake use of用应用，采用利用借用，开发利用 adopt applyharnessutilizeexploitemploy 幻灯片15Use 表示“为某目的而使用某物”，常用于指“使用”、“消费”；Large quantities of

10、 steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.A thermometer is used to read temperature.Gasoline has been used up. 与“up”连用表示“用完”、“用光”； Make use of sb.表示“利用某人”幻灯片16l Employ “雇佣”、“使从事于”、“使用”， 无“消费”之意。l Different methods are usually employed for welding steel sheets together.l Modern bo

11、iler which employs solid fuels are usually too large to be hand stocked. 使用固体燃料的新式锅炉通常太大，不适宜用人工添煤。幻灯片17l Exploit “开发”、“利用”、“发挥”、“剥削”，多用于自然资源，如exploit a mine 开矿 exploit the full power of the engine开足马力It will be difficult to exploit this invention commercially.The government decided to exploit the ri

12、ch natural resources in the north-west of our country.幻灯片18l Utilize “利用”l The properties of uranium are utilized in nuclear reactions.l The water which is normally used as a coolant cannot usually be utilized in the boiler, and can therefore be re-circulated.l The modulation is what the radio recei

13、ver utilizes to reproduce the radio program from the broadcasting station.幻灯片19l Adopt “采用（手段、方法、技术等）”Various measures can be adopted to control the environment pollution.The farmers adopted new techniques in raising silkworms.The designers adopted a more advanced material for the airplane engine.幻灯

14、片20l Apply “施加”，“应用”This kind of salve can be applied to wound. 这种膏药可以用于敷伤口。A pressure of 100 b/in2 is applied to the piston. 在活塞上加100镑/平方英寸的压力。The principle was successfully applied to the design of rocket.幻灯片21Harnessl Harness “利用”l In the near future, people will be able to harness the limitless

15、solar energy to provide power for us.幻灯片222.3 “比较”的译法adj. + er thanmore adj. thanless than as as not as as not so, asnot such asjust as , so A 比B A 不如 B A 象B 一样 A 不如 B 那样 幻灯片23比较l Steel is much more expensive than cast-iron.l 或Steel is a much more expensive material than cast-iron.l 或Cast iron is no

16、t quite such an expensive material as steel.或Cast-iron is not so expensive as steel.lessnot as than as幻灯片24比较l Cast-iron is almost as useful as steel.l 或Cast-iron is almost as useful a material as steel.Just as planets move round the sun, so electrons move round the nucleus.幻灯片25比较l Electromagnetic

17、waves travel as fast as light.l Sound does not travel so fast as light.l D.C. motors are more easily controlled than A.C. motors.幻灯片26与 相同l Be the same as l Be the same in . l Be similarl Be identical with l Be identical in l 与 相同幻灯片27与 相似，与 不同l be similar to l be like l be alike in l 与 相似l 与 不同be d

18、ifferent from differ from 幻灯片28Same, similar, identicall same 指“数量”“方式”“种类”“性质”等方面的“相同”“无异”l similar 指事物之间“相象”“类似”l identical 指事物之间“完全等同”“同一性”或same = not different, unchangedsimilar = alike but not identical identical = exactly alike, or to agree in every way幻灯片29Same, similar, identicalsimilar tol

19、This machine is like the other one in design.l The two machines are alike in many aspects.l The two machines are the same in design.l This machine is the same as the other one in design.similaridenticalidentical with幻灯片30例句l This car is identical with the other l one in every aspect.l =This car is e

20、xactly the same as the other one in every aspect.l Each atom normally has the same number of electrons, revolving about the nucleus as it has protons.Because all the waves of a laser beam travel in the same direction, the laser beam is very narrow.幻灯片31例句l In almost every aspect an a.c. motor is sim

21、ilar in construction to a d.c. motor.l They cited cases of identical twins reared in different homes who developed very different characteristics despite identical heredity. 他们举出这个事实：在不同家庭抚养的一对孪生儿，尽管其遗传性相同，却会发展成显著不同的个性。幻灯片32Identicall Identical 在表示某事物与另一事物相同或相等时，有三种表达方式：l X and Y are identical.l X i

22、s identical with/to Y.Two (or more) things are identical.幻灯片33Identical, different例如：Each of the products is identical in shape. The products are identical in shape.The shapes of the products are identical.例：A is different from B. A differs from B.-不妥当幻灯片34与比较l Comparel l l Compare with l l Compare

23、to Contrast用于比较相类似的或同种类中的东西，可以指出其相似点，也可指出其不同点。“与比较”“比得上”“可与相比”“与相比”“把比作”“对比”“对照”，用于对不同或不同种类的东西的对比，强调差别，即差别较大。幻灯片35与比较Compared with/to As compared with In comparison with Contrast with In contrast with l 与比较幻灯片36Compare 例句l Experimental results obtained in the laboratory are compared with theoretical

24、 calculations.l How does this compare with that? 这怎么能与那相比。l The output of the factory has increased by 20 percent as compared with last year.幻灯片37Contrast 例句l Blue and yellow contrast prettily in a design. l In contrast to the mechanisms of conduction and convection, radiation may take place in a pe

25、rfect vacuum. 图样中，蓝色和黄色形成对照，显得很好看与传导和对流的原理不同，辐射可以在完全真空中进行。幻灯片38Contrast 例句l The cold weather contrasts with last weeks heat. l l How does living in a shed contrast with living in an apartment? 本周的寒冷天气同上周的暖和天气形成对比。住在窝棚里怎么能跟住在公寓里相比呢？幻灯片39表示“相反”的表达式l Converselyl ratherl Insteadl But l Howeverl Stilll Y

26、etl In factl neverthelessl Whilel Whilstl Whereasl On the one handl On the other handl In contrastl By contrastl On the contrary幻灯片40与一致l Agree with l Accord withl Coincide with l Be in agreement with l Be in accord with l Be in conformity with l Be consistent with 幻灯片41对比句型l 当两个式是需要对比时，常用表示对比l 的词或句

27、型l Insufficient air will prevent complete combustion while/whereas too much air will reduce the temperature.While/Whereas the traffic density on the road is very high during the peak hours, it is very low at midday and during the night.幻灯片42对比句l A skilled craftsman can earn high wages. On the other

28、hand an unskilled worker earns very little.l If you were to say that the insides of the gasoline engine we have just been describing are complicated, you would be right. It has pistons(活塞), connecting rods(连杆), valves(气阀), valve lifters(阀杆), and numerous other parts. In contrast, the turbine engine

29、is rather simple.幻灯片43对比句l A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. A old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. 停了的表，上了发条以后能继续使用。对比起来，一只旧表磨损的非常厉害，变得非常不可靠，最后连修也不值得了。幻灯片442.4 举例子的表达方法l 2.4.1“实例”的表达方法l 义：l 事例l 实例l 样例 例证l 词：l example, il

30、lustration, instance, case, sample, specimen幻灯片45Examplel 标本，范例，例子，可指人或物l I could give a large number of examples within my own experience to prove to the full truth of my contention.l The most common example of a machine element is a gear.This building is an example of early Chinese architecture.幻灯

31、片46Instancel 事例，实例，样品，场合等l For instance l For example l There are many instance about friction.In many instances, they provide answers previously unobtainable or economically unfeasible. 在许多场合，他们提供的答案都是以前得不到的或是经济上不可行的。举实例以说明从许多事物中举出一个事物为例幻灯片47Case事例，案例，情形，所遇到的事实，病例，强调的主要是事实，有时可与instance 互换，如in your

32、casein your instance.在你这种情形下l In cases like the following，l This is a civil case. 民事案件l Recently, there have been four cases of fire. 四场火灾l A case in point 恰当的例子幻灯片48Illustrationl 通过事例说明某一理论或原理，也有插图、图例、例证、说明l He gave an illustration of what he meant.l This illustration gave an adequate picture of th

33、e importance of friction.幻灯片49Sample、specimen、patternl Sample 特指足以表示物体性质的“样品”、“样例”l Specimen “样品”、“标本”、“抽样”、“试样”l Pattern “样块”、图样”、“式样”、“花样”l To detect gases, a sample of air can be analyzed chemically. l He collected specimens of all kinds of rocks and minerals. 幻灯片50Sample、specimen、patternl All th

34、e sample welds proved to be stronger than the parent metal.l Determine the volume of your specimen by measuring the appropriate dimensions.l The new method offers a potentially simpler means of producing the small metal patterns.幻灯片512.4.2 举例方法引出例子的词或词组：l as, like, for example, for instance, such as

35、, such asl Languages coming from Latin, such as French, Italian, and Spanish have some characters in common.l 或Such languages coming from Latin as French, Italian, and Spanish have some characters in common.幻灯片52举例子l Acupuncture(针灸) is one way of curing disease such as used in curing mental disease.

36、 幻灯片532.5 分类的表达方法classifieddividedgroupedcategorizedarrangedputplacedclassescategoriesgroupstypeskindsvarietiesspeciescan bemay beis arexintoaccording to depending upon/on on the basis of 幻灯片54对事物进行分类常用的句型The classification is based upon/ontypeskindssortsclassesvarietiesgroupscategoriesThere are sev

37、eralOf Ns. X be of several kinds.幻灯片55分类的例句l The most common classification used for purpose of discussion of design procedures is based upon the materials comprising the structure.l Metals fall into two main categories, ferrous (based on iron) and non-ferrous.l Bloods cells are of two types/kinds/

38、sorts, white blood cell(WBC) and red blood cell(RBC).幻灯片56分类的例句l Engines are of two kinds/sorts, internal combustion engine and external combustion engine.l There are many/several types of engines.l We can classify bearings according to their position on the shaft.l Books can be classified according

39、 to their contents.l Books can be divided into several classes.幻灯片57分类l 注许多表示分类的句子可用主动语态也可用被动语态：l Bearings can be divided into several categories according to their position on the shaft.l We can divide books into several groups according to their contents.幻灯片58 A Classification of DrinksDrinksalcoh

40、olicnon-alcoholice.g. sprits, wine, beercoldhotAerated (充气的)e.g. tea, coffee, cocoaNon-aeratedMilk, fruit juices, Soda water, coca-cola幻灯片59小结l Everything in nature is constantly changing. These changes are of two kinds: physical changes and chemical changes. A physical change occurs when a substanc

41、e changes in form or state; a chemical change occurs when a substance undergoes chemical transformations.分类定义对比幻灯片60 There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains other elements as well, such as nickel, chro

42、mium(铬), tungsten(钨), etc. The properties of carbon steels, notably strength and hardness, depend on the amount of carbon they contain. Low carbon steel is relatively soft and weak; medium carbon steel is both harder and stronger than low carbon steel, while high carbon steel is the hardest and stro

43、ngest. The additional element of alloy steel make it not only stronger and harder than carbon steel, but resistant to rust as well. For the latter reason, alloy steel is also called stainless steel.分类定义对比说明 进一步分类并对比说明对比幻灯片61l In the solid state a body has a definite volume and is almost incompressib

44、le. It also has a shape independent of the space in which it is placed. In the liquid state matter also possesses a definite volume and has little compressibility, but it has no definite shape and automatically takes the shape of any vessel into which it is placed. In the gaseous state matter has ne

45、ither fixed volume nor fixed shape. A quantity of gas introduced into any closed space immediately spreads out to fill that space. 类1类2类3幻灯片622.6 有关度量、测量的表达方法2.6.1 度量2.6.2 仪表，计，仪，器2.6.3 测量，确定，估计，推断2.6.4 值 ，读数幻灯片632.6.1 度量长度 longin lengthMillimeter = mmCentimeter = cmKilometer = km宽度widein width高度hig

46、hin height厚度thickthickness深度deep depth角度angle面积area (square)幻灯片64度量Milliliter = mlKiloliter = kl体积volume (cubic)容量capacity hold重量weight weighKilogram = KgKiloton = Kt速度speed电流currentMilliampere = mA电压voltageKilowatt = kwKilowatt-hour =KWH千瓦时power功率frequency频率Kilohertz = khz幻灯片65例这根线有两米长。The wire is

47、two meters long.The wire is two meters in length.The wire has a length of two meters.这根带子15毫米宽。l The belt is 15 mm wide.l The belt is 15 mm in width.l Building has a height of 150 m.The steel plate is 5 mm thick.幻灯片66l 这条河有三米深。The depth of the river is three meters.l 这块钢板面积为6平方米。The steel plate is 6

48、 square meters in area.l 这块钢板是3米2米的。The steel plate measures 3 by 2 meters.l 这块铁的体积是12 立方厘米。The volume of the iron block is 12 cubic centimeters.l 这个油箱的容量是12加仑。The oil tank is ten gallons in capacity.The oil tank has a capacity of ten gallons.The oil tank has a capacity of holding ten gallons.幻灯片67例

49、l 这个电机重1000kg。The engine weighs 1000kg.l 直线AB和BC的夹角是30度。The angle contained by lines AB and BC is 30。.l 绳A和绳B成直角。Rope A makes a right angle with rope B.l 这种高速飞机的速度能达到700米/秒。Such high-speed aircrafts travel at a speed of 700 m.p.s. .幻灯片68公制表The metric system衡制表Table of weights度量表(英 美)Table of measure

50、Micron 微米Millimeter 毫米Centimeter 厘米Decimeter 分米Tonne 吨Liter 升TonLong ton =1016.05kgShort ton =907.20kgPound=0.454kgOunce =28.3495gPound (金衡、药衡)=373.24gMile=1.6093kmYard=0.9144mFoot=30.48mmInch=2.54mmNautical mile =1.852km海里Acre=40.47公亩Gallon=4.546升幻灯片692.6.2 仪表，计，仪，器仪表，计：meter, gauge (gage)仪器，装置：instrument, device, equipment机，机器：machine, plant, equipment安培表：ampere-meter伏特计：volt-meter水表