The Comparison of the Landscape Architecture Arts of the Summer Palace and the Versailles Palace

1、AbstractThis article based on the similarities and differences between Versailles and the Summer Palace, and analyzes the influence of different social background and ideological trend and culture for the impact of the two royal garden architecture design concept. It analyzes the historical backgrou

2、nd and architectural summary of the architecture of Versailles and the Summer Palace, puts forward the commonness in the construction planning and the form of the two gardens reflected the royal gardens and palaces architecture, and compared the difference between Palace of Versailles and the Summer

3、 Palace in the art of garden building. This will help us to have a better understanding of the different artistic style of the causes, development and formation, and the garden is where they are the perfect combination of culture and art, showing all the local customs and practices, is the history o

4、f the priceless to the contemporary world, and it will also be better to stand on their own cultural basis point to objectively judge the two different styles of brilliant, objective excavation and reference to other countries the essence of art, and then draw lessons from the artistic expression of

5、 other countries garden to promote the further development of Chinese garden.Key Words: the Summer Palace; The Palace of Versailles; garden art style; different; history摘要本文从凡尔赛宫和颐和园的异同入手，对比了不同社会背景和思想潮流以及文化熏陶下对于两个皇家园林建筑设计理念所造成的影响，分析了凡尔赛宫和颐和园的建筑历史背景和建筑概括，提出两座园林上所反映出来的皇家园林和宫殿建筑在建筑规划和形式上的共性，并比较凡尔赛宫和颐和园

6、在园林建筑艺术上的差异。这将有利于我们更清晰的了解到不同艺术风格产生的原因、发展和形成，而园林是它们所在时代文化与艺术的完美结合，是各地风土人情的不同展示，是历史留给当代世界的无价之宝，也会更好地站在自己的文化基点上来客观的评判这两种风格迥异的辉煌，客观的发掘和引用其他国家的艺术精华，进而借鉴他国园林的艺术表现手法来推动我国园林的进一步发展。关键词:颐和园；凡尔赛宫；园林艺术设计；差异；历史Contents TOC o 1-3 h z uTOC o 1-3 h z uAbstract: 11. Introduction 21.1 The Historical Origin and the Ar

7、chitectural Summary of Palace of Versailles 21. 1.1 The Historical 0rigin of Palace of Versailles 21.1.2 The Architectural Summary of Palace of Versailles 31.2 The Historical Origin and the Architectural Summary of the Summer Palace 41. 2.1 The Historical Origin of the Summer Palace 41.2.2 The Archi

8、tectural Summary of the Summer Palace 52. Versailles and the Summer Palace Architectural Planning and Formal Commonality 62.1 Freedom of Choice 62.2 Enormous Construction Scale 72.3 Magnificent Buildings 82. 4 Absorb the Characteristics Around 82.5 Symbol of Royal Meaning 93.The Garden Art Style Dif

9、ferences of the Palace of Versailles and the Summer Palace 103.1 The Palace of Versailles Stresses the Rules, the Summer Palace Attaches Importance to Nature 113.1.1 The Palace of Versailles Pursuit Artificial Beauty, Requires Neat Symmetry 113.1.2 The Summer Palace Pursuit of Natural Beauty, Requir

10、es a Natural Twists and Turns 123.2 The Palace of Versailles Perform the Beauty Form of Free and Unrestrained, the Summer Palace Reflect the Poetic Mood of the Poetic Beauty 133.2.1 The Palace of Versailles Beauty Form of Free and Unrestrained 133.2.2 The Summer Palace - the Artistic Beauty of Poeti

11、c Painting 143.3 The Palace of Versailles is the City in the Garden, the Summer Palace is the Garden in the City 153.3.1 A park in the Paris City, a Twists and Turns of the City 153.3.2 Beijing-a City in the Park, a Square of the City 164. The Reasons for the Differences in the Style of the Garden 1

12、64.1 Natural Factors 174.2 Social Factors 184.2.1 The Impact of the Political System 184.2.2 The Impact of Social Traditional Culture 195. Conclusion 20The Comparison of the Landscape Architecture Arts of the Summer Palace and the Versailles Palace1. IntroductionIn the formation of many factors in t

13、he garden, the Summer Palace and Versailles because of its country, geographical differences, due to natural conditions, political background and social and cultural differences and presents a different garden landscape form. When comparing Versailles and the Summer Palace, first of all, the history

14、 of the two gardens and the basic building should have a more comprehensive understanding.1.1 The historical origin and the architectural summary of Palace of Versailles1. 1.1 The historical origin of Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles is located in the southwest of Paris on the outskirts of t

15、he provincial capital of France Evelyn town of Versailles, is one of the famous palaces in Paris, is one of the worlds five largest palaces (The Imperial Palace in Beijing, Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House, the Kremlin in Russia ). 1979 was listed as“World Cultural

16、Heritage List”.The area of Versailles was originally a forest and swamp wasteland. In 1624, King Louis XIII bought 117 acres of wasteland at a price of 10,000 livres, where a two-storey red brick building was built used as a hunting palace. On the second floor there are kings office, bedroom, audien

17、ce chamber, coat room, entourage bedroom and other rooms, a layer of furniture storage room and arsenal. At that time the palace has 26 rooms, now it has 2300 rooms, 67 staircases and 5210 pieces of furniture.Later, Louis XIV began in 1661 and lasted for 28 years, to make every effort, human resourc

18、es in its reign of 50 years, the Palace of Versailles eclectic design essence of many French artists and architects, and after the renovation and expansion, it become Europes most grand, the most magnificent palace. Then Louis XV and Louis XVI have added new content to the palace, re-decorated and i

19、ntegrated all the architectural styles, French classical, Rococo and even the neoclassical architectural style of everything that one expects to find. The final structure of the building is simply immense, with more than 700 rooms, covering an area of 51,000 square meters. Until October 6, 1789, Lou

20、is XVI has been forced to the French Revolution in the Paris people to the city of Paris was pushed to the guillotine decapitation. The palace of Versailles is the end of the history of the French court. After the subsequent revolution period of terror, the Versailles Palace was ransacked many times

21、 by the people, the palace furniture, murals, tapestries, chandeliers and furnishings were looted, the palace doors and windows have been smashed and demolished. In 1793, the remnants of art and furniture in the palace of Versailles were transferred to another art treasures in the city of Paris the

22、Louvre Museum and Versailles in ruins. In 1833, King Louis Philip of the Orleans dynasty ordered the restoration of the Palace of Versailles. Since then, the North Palace and the Imperial Palace from the bottom of Louis Philip changed to a history museum, collected a large number of precious portrai

23、ts, sculptures, huge historical paintings and other art treasures.Todays Versailles Palace is a world-famous tourist attraction, with a constant stream of visitors, with more than two million visitors each year after the Eiffel Tower in the heart of Paris. In addition to the tour, the French Preside

24、nt and other leaders often meet or invite national heads of state and diplomatic envoys.1.1.2 The architectural summary of Palace of VersaillesVersailles Palace is the palace of Versailles and gardens collectively, covering 1.1 million , from east to west, including three parts: training ground, the

25、 palace area and the garden.The palace area is a group of classical-style buildings, the central palace, surrounded by princes and the princes of the palace, and aristocratic residence and offices, churches, opera houses and other buildings. It with magnificent and solemn imposing manner, strict and

26、 coordinating layout, and interior decoration is also elegant, with luxurious and splendid furnishings.Palace area to the west is a large area of the garden. From the center of the palace to the west there is a length of 3 kilometers wide boulevard, constitute the central axis, the garden is roughly

27、 distributed on both sides of the central axis. The east-west boulevard divides the garden into many blocks with many straight crossed trees. Each garden is symmetrically distributed in different geometric shapes of different sizes of the pool, fountain, statue, water, theater, as well as the green

28、lawn and according to a variety of patterns arranged flower beds and woods. There are trunks of tranquil trees. Variety of statues or standing on the avenue, or bathed in a fountain. The western part of the garden, the central axis from the boulevard into a large artificial river, and in the middle

29、of the artificial river there is a horizontal artificial river, two artificial rivers constitutes a cross-shaped, a wild profusion of vegetation tall tree forest beside the river. In the intersection of the main axis of the garden and the vice axis, generally built a large fountain pool and various

30、gods of the statue from the Greek and Roman myths and legends. Versailles Palace is not only the appearance of a magnificent feeling, but also its interior furnishings and decorations even more artistic charm, interior decoration is extremely elegant and luxurious is also a major feature of Versaill

31、es Palace.The entire process used 3,000 construction workers, 6000 horses, and the construction workers to complete the stone works, horses to carry things. Even so, the construction continued totally 47 years, during which the planning and design of the non-stop changes, showing the supreme authori

32、ty of the French king and extremely luxurious life requirements. From the artistic perspective, the magnificent appearance of the Versailles Palace and the strict rules of the garden design under the culture of classical ideas in the French feudal autocratic rule of the heyday, become the representa

33、tive of the French classical garden. After that, hundreds of years European royal gardens almost all follow its design ideas, influenced the development of European gardens.1.2 The historical origin and the architectural summary of the Summer Palace1. 2.1 The historical origin of the Summer PalaceSu

34、mmer Palace is the royal gardens of the Qing Dynasty formerly known as Qingyi Garden. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, It used to celebrate the empresss 60 years old birthday and renovate the water system in the northwest suburbs of the city, in view of the two reasons mentioned above, in order

35、 to build it, costs 4.48 million silvers in the twenty-ninth year of Qian Long (1764). In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), it was burned by the British and French forces. The fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888), Empress Dowager Cixi was embezzled substantial naval military fees and other silver for

36、the reconstruction of Qingyi Garden, and renamed the Summer Palace, which located in the western suburbs of Beijing, 15 kilometers away from the city, covering about 290 hectares, adjacent to the Old Summer Palace. It was based on the Kunming Lake, Longevity Hill as the base, and the West Lake as a

37、blueprint, learn from the Jiangnan garden design techniques and built a large landscape garden, and is also the most complete preservation of a royal palace Royal Palace, known as the “Royal Garden Museum”, is also a national key tourist attractions.March 4, 1961, the Summer Palace was announced as

38、the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and also announced the Mountain Resort in Chengde, Humble Administrators Garden, Lingering Garden were known as the four famous gardens in China, in November 1998 was included “World Heritage List”. May 8, 2007, the Summer Palace offi

39、cially approved by the National Tourism Administration for the national 5A-class tourist attractions. In 2009, the Summer Palace was selected by China World Records Association as the worlds largest imperial garden in China.1.2.2 The architectural summary of the Summer PalaceThe height of the Summer

40、 Palace has a grand scale, covers an area of 2.97 square kilometers (293 hectares), the Summer Palace area is in the western suburbs of Beijing. Even though the Qingyi Garden in Old Summer Palace had burned, but it still based on the construction of the old one. Therefore, its architectural design s

41、tyle is on the basis of the former on another deepening. The Summer Palace is mainly composed of two parts: Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, and water accounted for three quarters (about 220 hectares). The park is surrounded by water and mountains, such as Longevity hill is green, Kunming Lake is ri

42、ppling and waves, the scenery is very beautiful, magnificent, bright and colorful, decorative gorgeous, reflecting the magnificent style of the royal garden.The Temple of Buddhist Incense is the center of the garden construction, the garden has more than 100 attractions buildings,the size of the cou

43、rtyard is more than 20, 3555 ancient buildings, a total area is more than 70,000 square meters, a total of pavilions, castle, floor, pavilion, gallery and other forms of buildings more than 3000. Including the Temple of Buddhist Incense, long gallery, Marble Boat, Suzhou Street, Seventeen-Arch Bridg

44、e, Garden of Harmonious Interest, the Big Stage have become widely known representative of the building. Summer Palace set the culmination of the traditional gardening art, Longevity Hill, Kunming Lake, constitute its basic framework, full of Chinese royal garden of the magnificent momentum, and the

45、 gardening criterion is filled with natural interest, highly embodies.2. Versailles and the Summer Palace architectural planning and formal commonalityVersailles and the Summer Palace are almost exactly the same in their characteristics, such as parks choice of freedom, the scale of the building, ar

46、chitectural magnificent, all-encompassing and royal meaning and so on. And this is also a lot of royal gardens and palace architecture in the architectural planning and the existence of a common form.2.1 Freedom of ChoiceThe supreme ruler of a country or a dynasty is the owner of all wealth. They ha

47、ve their own choice of space and freedom than the ordinary nobility in the choice of their own gardens. They can arbitrarily select the address to build the garden, or even free to arbitrarily circle the huge area of land to build an unprecedented scale of the huge garden.Chinas royal garden can not

48、 only cover the original mountain and the real lake, such as the Qing Dynasty summer resort, the northwest of the mountain is a natural mountain, the southeast of the lake was transformed from a natural lake, but also overlapped cut, like a natural mountain and lake, Such as the Song Dynastys Gen Yu

49、e, the Qing Dynasty Qingyi Garden (North Mountain scenery from the artificial stack). The French garden belongs to the graphic design garden and it not only has a sense of spread of the plane, also the location is more flexible. French garden has a lot of successful works for the swamp and other adv

50、erse terrain, transformed into a beautiful landscape. In short, places can be constructed as a royal garden when the area was selected by royal.2.2 Enormous Construction ScaleThe ancient emperors were able to make full use of their political privileges and economic resources to occupy a large area o

51、f land to build a garden for their own enjoyment, and it also has an enormous construction scale than any of the private garden. Such as Chinas earliest royal gardenspirit park, within a radius of 35 kilometers; ShangLinyuan in the Qin and Han Dynasties is more than 150 kilometers wide; During the T

52、ang Dynasty, in the north of Changan Palace is the Forbidden Garden, the length of 13.5 kilometers and 16.5 kilometers wide; Old Summer Palace covers an area of more than 200 hectares, about 150 hectares of Changchun and Wanchun Park; the Summer Palace, covers an area of about 287 hectares and so on

53、. Obviously, the size of the royal garden is beyond the reach of the temple gardens and private gardens. To a certain extent, the number of royal gardens and the size of the scale reflected the rise and fall of a dynasty.French classical garden, focusing on the performance of the order under the rul

54、e of Louis XIV, is the solemn and aristocratic momentum, and is full of artificial characteristics. The vast expanse of the garden is undoubtedly reflected in the scale and space, the pursuit of the infinite space, which has the characteristics of extroversion. Although there are many ornaments, sta

55、tues, fountains and so on, it has a simple and neat, solemn and elegant effect. The French style garden was built as “open-air living room” in the mansion. Therefore, the need for large venues, and requires a terrain flat or slightly undulating. Flat terrain is conducive to the formation of symmetri

56、cal effects on both sides of the axis.2.3 Magnificent buildingsSince ancient times, the emperor built the palace area, “five steps appears a floor, ten step arise a attic”; until the Qing Dynasty by virtue of the strong financial resources increased the number and type of building, highlighting the

57、beauty of form factors, as one of the most important manifestation of royal style, which will push the aesthetic value of garden architecture overturned unparalleled height. The style is elegant and magnificent and color is resplendent, fully embodies the rich and luxurious noble palace color. It is

58、 not only magnificent also natural charm of the royal garden is to show the whole world has demonstrated broad and profound infinite wisdom of working people in China and Chinese garden profound architecture. The same as the French classical gardens of the Palace of Versailless decoration was magnif

59、icent; colorful marble walls are dazzling; giant crystal lamps likes waterfall pouring down. All of this highlight the opulent interior furnishings, decorate the artistic charm.2. 4 Absorb the Characteristics AroundThe Palace of Versailles combines the marble courtyard, the main building, the church and the war galleries, gardens, petit Trianon Palace and other regional characteristics, The Summer Palace as a royal g