机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计（论文）外文翻译高速加工和现代模具制造

1、 淮 阴 工 学 院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学 院：机械工程专 业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓 名：学 号：外文出处：(用外文写)附 件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语： 年月日签名： 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。附件1：外文资料翻译译文高速加工和现代模具制造一、概述1 目前模具制造的发展现状和趋势模具作为重要的工艺装备，在消费品、电器电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业部门中，占有举足轻重的地位。工业产品零件粗加工的75%，精加工的50%及塑料零件的90%将由模具完成。目前中国模具市场需求已达500亿元之规模。汽车模具、特别是覆盖件模具年增长速度将超过20%；建材模具也迅速发展，

2、各种异型材模具、墙面和地面模具成为模具的新增长点，今后几年塑料门窗和塑料排水管增长将超过30%；家电模具年增长速度将超过10%；it业年均增长速度超过20%，对模具的需求占模具市场的20%。2004年中国机床工具工业产值将继续增长。我国模具制造市场潜力巨大。根据资料统计，近年来，我国模具的年总产值达到30亿美元，进口超过10亿美元，出口超过1亿美元。增长从1995年的25%增加到2005年的50%。国外专家预言：亚洲在全球模具制造中占据的份额，将从1995年的25%增加至2005年的50%。中国模具工业发展迅速，形成了华东和华南两人基地，并且逐渐扩大到其他省份。（山东，安徽，四川) 1996年

3、2002年，模具制造业产值年平均增长14%, 2003年增长25%。2003年我国模具产值为450亿人民币总产量位居世界第3，出口模具3.368亿美元，比上年增长33.5%。但是，我国技术含量低的模具已供过于求，精密、复杂的高档模具很大部分依靠进口。每年进口模具超过10亿美元。出口超过1亿美元，精密模具精度要求在23u m，大型模具需要满足8000kn合模力注塑机的要求；小型模具需满足直径1mm 塑料管的要求。目前，采用高速切削生产模具已经成为模具制造的大趋势，在国外一些模具生产厂家，高速机床大面积取代电火花机床，高速切削大大提高了模具生产效率。机床企业瞄准模具生产企业，有的加工中心生产厂机床

4、的60%以上卖给模具加工企业。高速切削逐渐取代电火花精加工模具在国外的模具制造企业已经普遍釆用，高速切削生产模具已经逐渐成为模具制造的大趋势，大大提高了模具生产效率和质量。釆用高速切削替代电火花生产模具，可以明显提高效率、提高模具精度、使用筹命长。2 高速加工在模具制造中的应用2.1 高速切削的优点：1）刀具的高转速和机床的高进给以及高速度，大大提高金属切除率；2）高速切削减小切削力；3）高速切削热大部分由切屑带走，工件发热少；4）高速切削减少振动，提高加工质量；2.2 高速加工应用于模具加工的效益1）快速粗加工和半精加工，提高加工效率；2）高速高精度精加工硬切削代替光整加工，表明质量高，形状

5、精度提高，比edm加工提高效率50%, 减少手工修磨；3）硬切削加工最后成型表面，提高表面质量、形状精度，（不仅是表面粗糙度低，而且表面光亮度高)， 用于复杂表面的加工更具优势；4）避免edm加工产生的表面损伤，提高模具寿命20%；3 釆用高速切削加工模具需要解决的问题在国内，由于资金、技术等方面的原因，应用高速切削生产模具还处于初期阶段。还存在机床、刀具、工艺以及其他方面的一些问题需要逐步解决。缺点是加工成本高，对刀具的使用有较高的要求，不能使用过大的刀具，要有复杂的计算机编程技术做支持，设备运行成本高。二、加工模具的高速加工机床模具精加工和硬切削加工需要数控高速机床，模板、模架加工需要精密

6、、高效数控机床等。许多机床企业瞄准模具生产，有的加工中心生产厂机床的60%以上卖给模具企业。模具行业今后几年年均有50亿元的固定资产投入，其中80%是购买模具加工设备，也就是说每年有40亿元人民币要购买金切机床。目前我国数控机床的平均利用率大约20%，高速机床的利用率35%。模具企业也有较多的单位购买高速机床，机床转速从600040000rmp的都有。1 高速机床的技术参数要求加工中心主轴大功率、高转速，满足粗精加工；精加工模具要用小直径刀具，机床一般要达到1500020000rmpa，通常主轴转速在loooorpm以下的机床可以进行粗加工和半精加工，达不到精加工的精度；无法达到400m/mi

7、n以上的切削速度。2 五轴机床的应用增加趋势1）加工路线灵活，表面形状复杂；2）加工范围大，适合多种类型模具加工；3）切削条件好，减少刀具磨损，提高刀具寿命；3 购买cad/cam软件和高速机床配套据统计，每年有几十亿美元用于进口机床，大部分电加工机床和高速机床需要进口。三、高速切削模具的刀具技术高速切削加工还需配备适宜高速切削的刀具。高速加工刀具材料的进展促使了高速加工的发展。硬质合金涂层刀具、聚晶增强陶瓷刀具使得兼顾高硬度的刀刃部分和高韧性的基体成为可能。聚晶立方氮化硼 (pcbn)刀片，其硬度可达35004500hv。聚晶金刚石(pcd)其硬度可达600010000hv。近年来德国scs

8、、 日本三菱(神钢)及住友、瑞士山特维克、美国肯纳飞硕等国外著名刀具公司都先后推出了各自的高速切削刀具，不仅有高速切削普通结构钢的刀具，还有能直接高速切削淬硬钢的陶瓷刀具等超硬刀具，尤其是涂层刀具异军突起，在淬硬钢的半精加工和精加工中发挥着巨大作用。新刀具材料和刀具技术的出现已经使高速加工上的瓶颈问题不再会出现在刀具上。但是，进口刀具的昂贵价格也阻碍高速切削模具的重要因素。一般来说,刀具以及刀架振动的加速度达到3g以上，刀具的径向跳动要小于0.015mm，而刀的长度不能大于 4倍的刀具直径。根据sandvik公司的实际统计，在使用碳氮化钛(ticn)涂层的整体硬质合金立铣刀 (58hrc)进行

9、高速铣削时，粗加工刀具线速度约为100m/min，而精加工和超精加工时，其线速度超过了 280m/min.这样对刀具的材料(包括硬度、韧性、红硬性)、刀具的形状(包拈排屑性能、表面精度、动平衡性等)以及刀具寿命都有很高的要求。根据国内模具高速精加工的经验，釆用小直径球头铣刀进行模具精加工时，线速度超过了 400800m/min。选择足够高速度的机床硬切削模具精加工。 delcam采用0.8mm直径的刀具加工窄槽，转速40000rpm, 0.1mm深度，进给速度30m/min。1.选择刀具参数，如负前角刀具等。刀具要求比普通加工要求抗冲击韧性更高，还要求抗热冲击能力强；2.釆取多种方法提高刀具寿

10、命，降低刀具成本。3.釆用高速刀柄，目前应用最多的是hsk刀柄，热压装夹刀具。注意刀具装夹后的整体动平衡；4当前的刀具企业在解决高速切削刀具技术方面已经做了很多工作，面向加工的刀具服务会帮助解决很多问题，刀具生产厂家成为主体，参考刀具生产厂家提供的技术参数。四、提高高速切削模具效率的工艺技术1）刀具直径和长度的选择2）hsm和edm的选择3）干切削和润滑冷却4）进给选择：通常进给量 铣刀直径10%，进给宽度 铣刀直径40%。根据材料情况合理选择加工工艺参数国外高速铣削加工零件材料质量较好，材料质量标准相同，加工性能比较稳定；而国外公司生产的刀具也是以他们的材料标准做试验；推荐的加工参数一般比较

11、适合他们的标准，如果使用他们的刀具，与国内的零件材质有一定的区别，在高速铣削时,这种差别表现得较为明显，有些参数可以直接使用，但有些效果就比较差。而国内企业一般选用零件材质有一定的标准，所使用的零件材料，特别是能用高速加工的零件材质，一般会局限在某些零件材料范围内，这对我们应用高速加工技术也提供了有利的条件，会在较少的加工材料范围内应用。这里要强调的是，一定要在这些材料上选取优化出一套适合本企业的加工工艺参数，并且纳 入企业标准。选用国产刀具，很少有推荐高速铣削的技术参数的，有必要做试验，取得比较满意的参数，最好选用同一的刀具生产厂家，减少试验的次数，形成加工技术标准，这样可以提高设备有效利用

12、率，降低生产成本，可以取得较好的经济效益。五、高速切削加工刀具路径和编程1）平面进给路径选择2）轮廓加工路径选择3）保持切削载荷平稳4）保持相对平稳的进给量和进给速度5）在平面切削中保持圆拐角6）合理选择精加工余量hsc精加工对cam的编程要求：1)尽量避免拐角的铣削运动；2)尽量避免工件外的进刀与退刀运动，直接从轮廓进入下一个深度。或者采用螺旋线或斜向进给切入；3) 恒定每刃进给，提高质量，延长刀具寿命；4)轮廓加工保持在水平面上等。高速切削cam软件： delcam公司几年前就幵始了高速切削加工编程技术的研究，开发了高速切削自动编程软件模块；最近，mastercam公司也开发了高速切削自动

13、编程软件模块；国内北航海尔也在开发高速切削自动编程软件模块；六、高速机床数控系统的特点1）高速数据处理2）拐角预测处理3）nurbs非有理样条插补曲线加工七、高速切削模具的安全问题1）刀具磨损和破坏的监测；2）刀片连接的强度；3）和普通机床加工不同，安全防护和开机前对机床和刀具的严格检查非常重要。八、目前我国在采用高速加工模具技术中存在的问题1.机床1）国产高速机床整体性能尚有差距，功能部件性能还不能满足要求。包括电机主轴的功率和转速，进口机床价格高；2）机床的高速下动态特性研究还不够，因而影响整机的性能；3）五轴机床还不够成熟，进口机床价格太高；4）配套技术和设备还不完全。2刀具1）国产刀具

14、还不能够适应高速切削的应用，特别是高速硬切削光整加工。进口刀具价格高。刀具技术是影响高速切削加工模具的一个重要因素。2）配套技术还不够，包括刀柄、成套在线动平衡等。3.高速模具加工工艺技术及实验1）由于高速加工模具的历史比较短，缺乏应用经验积累；2）对高速切削工艺研究比较少，投入不够，立项比较困难；3）缺少高速切削数据库或手册，目前还是空白；4）模具生产厂家对高速切削的认识不够，缺乏长期效益的分析对比；4.缺乏高速切削自动编程软件5.缺乏五轴联动高速切削自动编程cam软件。结束语模具市场对高速加工有强烈要求，但是技术跟不上。起步晚，基础较差，整体技术水平不高，发展缓慢。需要各个方面协调发展，产

15、学研结合，加大投入，综合利用各个方面力量推动高速切削在模具制造中的应用。我们希望，通过各方面的努力，在市场需求的推动下，通过技术进步，像汽车、机床、家电一样, 在不远的将来，我国不但要成为模具生产大国，而且要成为模具生产强国。附件2：外文原文（复印件）treating and the modern mould make high speedone, summarizes1 the present situation that the mould makes at present and trendthe mould is important handicraft equipment，occup

16、ies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods，electrical equipment electron，automobile , aircraft fabrication. the mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods，electrical equipment electron，automobile , a

17、ircraft fabrication. industrial product part rough process 75%, the finish machining 50% and plastic part 90% will be completed from the mould. the chinese mould market demand already reaches scale of 500 hundred million yuan at present. the automobile mould , the annual growth rate covering piece o

18、f mould especially will exceed 20 %; also prompt building material mould development，various heterotype material the mould，wall surface and floor mould become new mould growth point, plastic doors and windows and plastic drain-pipe increase to exceeding 30 by in the upcoming several years %; the hom

19、e appliance mould annual growth rate will exceed 10 %; the it industry year increases % speed equally exceeding 20，the need to the mould accounts for 20 of mould marketplace %.2004 annual chinese machine tools implements industry output value.will continue to increase. our country mould fabrication

20、market potential is enormous. the basis data counts， in recent years，our country mould year gross output value reaches 3 billion u. s. dollar，entrance exceeds 1 billion u. s. dollar，exceed 100 million u. s. dollar outlet. increase by from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995. the expert foretells tha

21、t abroad: asia portion being occupied by in mould fabrication in the whole world, will from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995.chinese mould industry has been expanding by leaps and bounds，has formed east china and two big south china bases, and has expanded gradually arriving at other province. in

22、 2002 (shandong，anhui，sichuan) in 1996，mould manufacturing industry output value annual average growth 14% , grows by 25% in 2003. in 2003 our country mould output value is 45 billion rmb. the gross product place occupies the world the 3rd，exports a mould increases 33.5% compared to last year 336,80

23、0,000 u. s. dollar. but, contents low our country technology moulds already pile up in excess of requirement，very most support of accurate，complicated top grade mould imports. every year the entrance mould exceeds 1 billion u. s. dollar. exceed 100 million u. s. dollar outlet.precise mould accuracy

24、requires that 3 mu ms，large-scale moulds require that 8000 satisfied kn agree well with model force injection machine request in 2 ；the minitype mould needs the request satisfying the diameter 1 mm silent stock tube. at present, adopt quick-cutting to produce a mould already becoming the general tre

25、nd that the mould makes, a few moulds have produced a manufacturer in abroad，high-speed machine tool large area has substituted the electric spark machine tool，quick-cutting has improved the mould efficacy greatly. machine tool enterprise aims at mould manufacturing enterprises，some treating centres

26、 60% all above of the machine tool producing a factory sells treating enterprise to a mould. the mould fabrication enterprise substituting the electric spark finish machining mould gradually in abroad has adopt quick-cutting already commonly , quick-cutting has produced a mould already becoming the

27、general trend that the mould makes gradually，has improved the mould efficacy and mass greatly. adopt quick-cutting to replace electric spark producing a mould , can get on the stick obviously , improves mould accuracy，life time growing.2 high speed processes application in making in the mould2.1 qui

28、ck-cutting merit:1) cutter high rotation rate and the machine tool height enter be given to and high acceleration，improve metal excision rate greatly;2) quick-cutting diminutions cut a force;3)quick-cutting heat major part generate heat from the cuttings entrainment，workpiece being short;4)quick-cut

29、ting cut down vibration，improve treating mass;2.2 high speed treating apply to the beneficial result that the mould processes1) fleetness rough process and half finish machining, improve treating efficiency;2) high speed high-accuracy finish machining replace only entire the height processing，indica

30、ting mass，form accuracy rise，50%, cuts down repair a mill by hand than edm processes a potentiation;4) cuts the surface processing final molding stiffly，improve surface mass , form accuracy, the treating (not only being that surface harshness is low, and the surface radiance is high)，being used for

31、complicated surface has more advantage;5) the surface loss that edm treating produces，improve mould life-span 20%;processes an electrode rapidly combining with the cad/cam technology , especially, the form is complicated , thin-wall is similar to an electrode.3 adopt quick-cutting to process a mould

32、 needing the problem solvingin in the homeland, since the aspect cause such as fund，technology，the quick-cutting applying produce a mould be in the initial stage stage. return the machine tool，cutter，handicraft back to existence as well as some problem of aspect needs to proceed orderly other solve.

33、the shortcoming is that finished cost is high, correct cutter sigmatism have comparatively high demand, can not have used big cutters，need to have the complicated computer programming technology to be used for support, equipment running cost height.two, the high speed processing a moulds processes a

34、 machine toolmould finish machining and hard cutting treating require that the numerical control high-speed machine tool， form board，model put up the precision processing need，high-effect numerical control machine tool etc.the mould aiming at produces a lot of machine tool enterprise，some treating c

35、entres 60% all above of the machine tool producing a factory sells enterprise to a mould.the fixed assets having 5 billion yuan without exception in the upcoming several years throws into mould industry，80% is the machine tool buying a mould process equipment，just saying every year having 4 billion

36、yuan of rmb to buy jinqie among them.at present average our country numerical control machine tool utilization ratio approximately 20%, the high-speed machine tool utilization ratio 35%. also, mould enterprise has the unit suitable to buy a high-speed machine tool，complies with 6000 40000 rmps to ha

37、ve.1 high-speed machine tool technology parameter demandsprocess centre chief axis high-power , high rotation rate，satisfied rude finish machining; the finish machining mould wants to need to reach 15000 20000 rmp like the cutter，the machine tool with minor diameter. generally, the chief axis rotati

38、on rate machine tool under 10000 rpm can carry out rough process and half finish machining，cannot reach the finish machining accuracy;have no way to reach 400 the above m/min cutting speed.2 five scrolls of machine tools application increases a trend1) treating route is nimble，the surface form is co

39、mplicated;2) treating range is big , the various type mould suitable processes;3) cuts life-span of condition easy to cut down cutter wear，to raise a cutter,;3 the softwares buying cad/cam and high-speed machine tools assorton the grounds of the machine tool，major part counting，having several billio

40、ns u. s. dollar to be used to enter port every year, the electromachining machine tool and the high-speed machine tool need to import.three,quick-cutting mould cutter technologyquick-cutting processes the cutter needing allocating proper quick-cutting. progressing processing cutter materials in high

41、 speed has urged development of high speed treating. the cutter，knife edge headquarter and high tenacity base gathering crystal strengthening the ceramics cutter being able to be used giving consideration to high hardness experience and observe carbide alloy coating becoming possibility. gather the

42、crystal cube nitriding boron (pcbn) bit, whose hardness may amount to 3500 4500 hv. gather crystal miamond (pcd) its hardness but amount to 6000 10000 hv. germany scs,japan mitsubishi (magical steel) and sumitomo,switzerland shanteweike，usa kenna are in recent years swiftly large wait for the famous

43、 abroad cutter company to successively have debuted the respective quick-cutting cutter, not only cutter having average structural steel of quick-cutting, the ceramics cutter still having direct quick-cutting of energy quenching hard steel is waiting for an effect to surpass the hard cutter，especial

44、ly the coating cutter appears all of a sudden，bringing into play in quenching half finish machining and finish machining of hard steel. new cutter material and cutter technology appearing already make the bottleneck problem that high speed has processed no longer be able to appear on the cutter.but，

45、expensive entrance cutter price also blocks quick-cutting mould key factor.above to come to saying the cutter and the cutter holder acceleration reach 3 gs the sort, the cutter circular runout needs to be smaller than 0.015 mm，but the knife length is unable greater than 4 times cutters diameter. the

46、 reality according to sandvik company has counted，the carbide alloy has stood on in the entirety using carbon nitriding titanium (ticn) coating when milling cutters (58 hrc) carry out high speed bright metal chopping， rough process cutter linear speed has been 100 m/m in about，whose linear speed has

47、 exceeded but 280 m/min when finish machining and microstoning. such demands to cutter material (include the hardness，tenacity，red hardness keep the form (include row of crumbs function , surface accuracy，dynamic balance sex etc. (cutting the function)， the cutter under high temperature state) as we

48、ll as cutter life-span all has very highly.experience according to in the homeland mould high speed finish machining, linear speed has exceeded 400800 m/min when adopt the young diameter ball head milling cutter to carry out mould finish machining. the machine tool choosing sufficient high-speeds cu

49、ts mould finish machining stiffly.delcam adopt 0.8 mm diameter cutter to process the narrow slot，rotation rate 40000 rpm , 0.1 mm depth，feed speed 30 m/min.1 chooses the cutter parameter，the cutter waits if shouldering an anterior angle. the cutter requires that the ability processing request shock

50、resistance tenacity more highly，requiring that heat resistance pounds than average is strong;2 adopts various method improving cutter life-span，reduces cutter cost.3 adopt the high speed hilt，hsk hilt，heat pressing applying the most being at present to pretend to grip a cutter. pay attention to a cu

51、tter pretend to grip overall in the day afer tomorrow dynamic balance;4 current cutter enterprise has already done many jobs in the field of the technology resolving the quick-cutting cutter，serving facing the cutter processing may help to solve much problem，the cutter has produced a manufacturer be

52、coming the main body，the reference cutter has produced the technology parameter that the manufacturer provides.four, improve quick-cutting mould efficiency technology1 cutter diameter and the length choice2 hsm and the edm choice3 does cutting and the lubricating cooling4 feeds choice: move forward

53、generally giving amountsmilling cutter diameters 10%，move forward giving a widthmilling cutter diameter 40%. according to material, condition chooses the parameter processing handicraft rationallyhigh speed bright metal cuts the mass processing part material abroad fairly good, material quality leve

54、l isidentical , the treating function comparison is stable; but, the cutter that the company produces abroad is also that the standard makes an experiment with their material; the treating being recommended by is suitable to their standard comparatively like the parameter，material quality has the ce

55、rtain difference with domestic part，this difference shows comparatively obviously，some parameters can apply directly，but some effect dispatches right away comparatively during the period of high speed bright metal chops if using their cutter. but select and use part material quality in the homeland

56、like enterprise having the certain standard, what be put into use part material, can use the part material quality that high speed processes especially，the general meeting is limited in some part material range inner, that this applies the high speed processing technology to us has also provided adv

57、antageous condition，has been able to apply to less treating material within range. being needing to emphasize that here, must choose the treating technological parameter optimizing out a set of capital suitable enterprise on these material，is brought into company standard and.the technology selectin

58、g and using the domestic cutter，seldom having the bright metal recommending high speed to chop parametric，is necessary making an experiment, get the comparatively satisfied parameter，produce a manufacturer had better to select and use the fixed cutter，cut down the number of times testing that，the standard forming a processing technology, such can improve effective utilization ratio of equipment，lowers production costs，can get the fai