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1、传播优秀Word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除!初一英语名词、数词、代词讲解及训练教学内容在英语中,学习中国的年文化 Chinese New Year on my fingertip #3指尖上的新年(三):腊月二十五 推磨做豆腐The 25th day of the 12th month in Lunar Calendar: The folk saying goes like 腊月二十五,推磨做豆腐.腊月二十五,俗语说“腊月二十五,推磨做豆腐”。Why make 豆腐 (dou fu, beancurd, or tofu )?但是为什么是做“豆腐”呢?As for the food i

2、tself, tofu is a very good substitution for meat. In the old days, poor people always looked forward to a feast of meat on New Year.However, they were often too poor to afford one. So they turned to tofu, which was in between meat and vegetables and they could make various dishes from it instead of

3、meat.就豆腐本身而言,是取代肉类不错的选择,在过去,穷苦的人们总是盼望着在新年吃上一顿好的。但是,肉类对于穷苦的人家来说并不是承担得起的,所以他们就会选择豆腐,豆腐是介于肉与蔬菜之间的食品,可以制作不同的菜式,而取代肉类。Of course, there is a symbolic reason. The Chinese word 腐 has a similar pronunciation with the word of 福 ( fu, happiness) and 富 ( fu, wealth). Making tofu also means welcoming happiness a

4、nd a good harvest in the new year.当然,“做豆腐”也有象征性的意义。中文“腐”与“福”有相似的发音,做豆腐也就意味着“在新年收获幸福以及福气”。Nowadays, people will not make their own tofu and they have many other choices of food. It is very common to see Chinese people pasting a paper cutting work of the Chinese character of 福 up side down on the wind

5、ow or door. By doing this, they actually express the same idea of welcoming happiness to their house.如今,人们并不会自己做豆腐,他们会有更多别的选择,非常常见的有,中国人常把剪好的“福”字倒着贴在窗户或者门上,这样,人们也表达了同样的意思,希望“幸福福气”来到他们的家。文化链接:更多关于“腊月二十五 推磨做豆腐”的故事民谚称:“腊月二十五,推磨做豆腐。”据考证,豆腐是西汉淮南王刘安发明的。南宋朱熹在其豆腐诗中写到:“种豆豆苗稀,力竭心已腐,早知淮南术,安坐获泉布。”有趣的是,一些地方还有在除夕

6、以前吃豆腐渣的风俗。究其因,是当地传说灶王上天汇报后,玉帝会下界查访,看各家各户是否如灶王所奏的那样,于是各家各户就吃豆腐渣以表示清苦,瞒过玉皇的惩罚。传说归传说,吃豆腐渣实则是古代生产力低下,没有那么多好吃的,同时也是先民勤俭节约美德的写照。模块重点梳理 英语的词通常分为十大类:1名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest

7、(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示多少和第几的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。5)动词(verb,缩写为v)表示动作和状态,如write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。6)副词(adverb,缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。7)冠词(article,缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如a,an(一个),the(这,那)。8)介词(preposition,缩写为pr

8、ep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系,如from(从),in(在内),between(在之间)。9)连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和),because(因为),if(假如)。10)感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(嘘)。注一属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义,叫做虚词(form word)。注二不少词可以属于几个词类,如work(工作;动词和名词),fas

9、t(快;形容词和副词),since(自从;连词和介词)等。中考对名词、代词和冠词的知识要求:对名词的考查主要集中在:1、正确识别可数名词和不可数名词;2、掌握可数名词复数形式的构成;3、正确判断某些常用名词在特定语境中的可数和不可数特征性;4、掌握名词所有格的基本形式及一般用法。对代词的考查主要集中在:1、掌握人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;2、掌握名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;3、掌握反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;4、掌握常见不定代词的一般用法;5、掌握指示代词的一般用法,并了解其在上下文中的指代用法;6、掌握疑问代词的基本用法。中考对冠词的考查主要集中在

10、:1、掌握定冠词、不定冠词及零冠词的基本使用规则和常见习惯用法:2、掌握a与an的基本用法。二、名词考察点分项说明:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等名称的词,叫做名词。关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数和名词的格。(一)名词的数1、可数名词1)可数名词的的复数形式英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。表示一个人或事物用单数,表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。该词形变化分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。名词特征 变化规则 发 音 例词 一般单词 词尾+s 清辅音后 发s cups, desks, gates, 元音与浊辅音后发z hens, bags, days 以s, sh, ch, x结尾 词尾+es 发iz

11、 classes, watches, boxes 以o结尾 词尾+es 发z tomatoes, heroes, potatoes 出现较晚的事物,词尾+s photos, radios, zoos, pianos 以辅音+y结尾 变y为i 加es 发iz stories, babies, cities 以元音+y结尾 词尾+s 发z boys, keys, days 以f或fe结尾 变f或fe为v加es 发vz leaves, knives, lives 例外:roofs, proofs, handkerchiefs 2)、有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,如: 变化 例词 元音发生变化 man

12、men, womanwomen, footfeettoothteeth, mousemice 词尾发生变化 childchildren 单、复数同形 sheepsheep, deerdeer, fishfish, ChineseChinese, Japanese-Japanese 复合词中主要词变为复数 looker-onlookers-on, new-comernew-comers, grand-childgrand-children 复合词中无主体词在最后,加s grown-upgrown-ups,stand-bystand-bys 由man 或woman 构成的复合词前后两词皆变为复数

13、woman-teacherwomen-teachers, man-doctormen-doctors 以 is结尾的外来词,变is为es basis-bases, crisis-crises, emphasis-emphases, 3)、常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。4)、有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths (数学),physics(物理)2、不可数名词不可数名词通常是物质名词和

14、集合名词。物质名词无法分为个体的事物,通常不能与不定冠词连用,自身不能表示具体的数量,如water, coffee, time, money, bread, work,等;抽象名词表示的是可感觉却触摸不到的性质、动作、状态、感情等抽象的概念,如kindness。1)、不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。2)、常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词。3)、有些名词既能用作可数名词,又可作不可数名词,但意义不同单 词 意 义 不可数名词 可数名词 dress 女服(统称) a dress 一件女服 fish

15、 鱼肉 a fish 一条鱼 glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 tin 锡 a tin 一听罐头 paper 纸 a paper 一张报纸 一)选择填空1. Does Mr. Brown like Chinese . A. food B. foods C. any food D. some food2. There a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk. A. is B. are C. has D. have3. The old man has two . A. son-in-law B. sons-in-law C. son-in-

16、laws D. sons-in-laws4. We should keep clean. A. toothes B. tooths C. our tooths D. our teeth5. Lucy has been to many times this year. A. his uncle B. his uncles C. uncles D. her uncles6. didnt visit the farm. A. One of the boy B. One of the boys C. One of boy D. One of boys7. No news good news. A. i

17、s B. seems C. are D. has8. This is table. A. his teachers MarysB. his teacher, Marys C. his teachers Mary D. his teacher, Mary9. After climbing 2 hours, we had rest. A. a few minutes B. few minutes C. a few minutes D. few minutes10. These are my _ . A. box B. a box C. boxes D. the boxes(二)名词的所有格名词的所

18、有格表示名词的所有关系,意思为“的”。名词所有格的构成方法是:1、在名词后加“ s”。如:Lilys, Marys等。2、以-s或-es 结尾的复数名词只加“”, 如:Teachers Day , two weeks holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加s 。如:Childrens Day。3、表示一件东西为多人共有,只需在最后一个人的名字后加“s”。若表示各自所有,则需在每个名字后都加“s”,如:Lily and Lucys computer. 莉莉和露茜的电脑。(两人共有),lilys and Lucys computers. 莉莉和露茜的电脑。(并不共有),4)、名

19、词所有格可以用来表示地点。 如:my uncles 我叔叔家。5)、表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般以“of +名词”的结构来表示。如:如:the end of the year 岁末,the colour of the flower 花的颜色冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种,一般无句子重音。1)不定冠词a,ana) a和an均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物中的一个,相当于汉语的一,但不强调数目观念。b) a用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前。如:a notebook一个笔记本,a cigarette一支香烟,an old

20、 man一位老人,an English class一堂英语课。字母u读作ju:时,由于第一个音j是辅音,故前面用a,不用an。如:a useful book一本有用的书,a university一所大学。字母h如不发音,第一个音又是元音,前面用an而不用a,如an hour一小时,an honest person一个诚实的人。c) a和an在句中分别弱读作E和En。2)定冠词thea)表示某一类人或事物中的某一个或某一些,相当于汉语的这或那。b)不论单数名词或复数名词,也不论可数名词或不可数名词,前面都可以用the。c)在元音前读Ti,辅音前读TE。如the evening (傍晚),the

21、car (汽车);在元音字母u发ju:和半元音字母。如the unit (单位),the yard (院子)。1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。如:Xiao Xus father is a miner.小徐的父亲是矿工。(而不是其他工种)Give me a ballpen , please.请给我一支圆珠笔。(而不是钢笔或其他种类)2)指任何一个人、动物或一件事物。如:A steel worker makes steel.钢铁工人炼钢。(意即任何一个钢铁工人都炼钢)A triangle has three angles.三角形有三个角。(意即任何一个三角形都有三个角)3)指某人或某物,但

22、不具体说明何人或何物。如:He comes from a firm in Beijing.他来自北京某一家公司。A young man wants to see you.有个青年人要见你。A car stopped in front of the gate.一辆汽车停在大门前。4)不定冠词还可指事物的单位,如每日、每斤等。如:Butter is 4 yuan a kilo.黄油四元钱一公斤。He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.他行车速度为每小时十八英里。The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guang

23、zhou twice a year.中国出口商品交易会每年在广州举行两次。The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day. 医生叫他一天吃三次药。I. 不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.

24、5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever

25、 a girl as you can wish to meet.1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。(以别于其他房子)The book on the desk is an English dictionary.书桌上的那本书是一本英语词典。(特指桌上的那本书。注意名词book被 on the desk短语所限定。)Cairo is the capital of Egypt.开罗是埃及的首都。We plan to cut the wheat in these fields in thre

26、e days time.我们计划三天后割这些地的小麦。(特指这些地里的小麦)2)指说话人与听话人彼此所熟悉的人或事物。如:Open the door, please.请开门。(双方都知道指的是哪一个门)The Manager is in his office.经理在他的办公室里。(双方都知道指的是哪个经理)Lets meet at the railway station.我们在火车站碰头吧。(双方都知道指的是哪一个火车站)3)复述上文提过的人或事物。如:Last week I read a story and a play. The story is about the Second Worl

27、d War and the play about the life of university students.上周我读了一篇故事和一个剧本。那篇故事是关于第二次世界大战的,剧本是关于大学生生活的。4)表示在世界上独一无二的事物,如 the sun太阳,the moon月亮,the earth地球,the sky天空,the world世界。5)定冠词the用于单数可数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物。如:The Chinese student of English is apt to make such mistakes.中国学英语的学生容易犯这样的错误。.The favourite fast

28、 food in the United States is the hamburger.美国最为人所爱吃的快餐是汉堡包。The compass was invented in ancient China.古代中国发明了指南针。演奏乐器时,乐器的名称前也常用定冠词the。如:At the Childrens Palace,some children learn to play the piano,others learn to play the violin.在少年宫里,有的小孩学弹钢琴,有的学拉小提琴。注一语法书中的the verb(动词)和动植物学书中的the elephant(象)和the

29、 rose(玫瑰)等,都属于这一类。注二马是有用的动物有下面三种说法,如:A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.6)表示阶级、党派的名词前必须用the。如the Chinese Communist Party中国共产党,the working class工人阶级,the bourgeoisie资产阶级,the Labour Party(英国)工党7)定冠词还可与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人或物。如the poor穷人,the rich富人,the wou

30、nded伤员,the sick病号,the beautiful美丽的事物。8)在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前,常用定冠词the。如:Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。January is the first month of the year.元月是一年中的第一个月份。The sun rises in the east.日出东方。9)下面一些说法中习惯上须用定冠词the。如:in the morning在早上或上午in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上to go to the theat

31、re(cinema)到剧院(电影院)去看戏(电影)专有名词前冠词的用法专有名词前一般不用冠词,如Shanghai上海,Britain英国,Edgar Snow埃德加斯诺。但在下列几种场合中,却经常要用定冠词。1)在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前。如:the Yellow River黄河,the Baltic(Sea)波罗的海,the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋,the Atlantic(Ocean)大西洋,the Xisha islands西沙群岛,the Tianshan Mountains天山,the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山。2)在含有普通名词的专有名词前。如:a)某些国

32、名前:the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国,the United States of America美国(有些国名并不含有普通名词,但也用定冠词,如:the Philippines菲律宾,the Sudan苏丹。)b)某些机关团体等组织名称前:the National Peoples Congress全国人民代表大会,the State Council国务院,the United Nations联合国c)朝代、时代的名称前:the Tang dynasty唐朝,the Warring States period战国时代。3)在某些建筑物的名称前。如:the

33、National Art Gallery国家美术馆,the Great Wall长城,the Peking Zoo北京动物园,the British Museum大英博物馆。4)在报纸、杂志、旅馆等名称前。如:the Peoples Daily人民日报,the Readers Digest读者文摘,the Being Hotel北京饭店。5)在姓名复数形式前,指一家人。如:The Lius have moved to Tianjin.刘家已经搬到天津去了,The Greens came to China for a visit last year.格林一家去年来中国访问过。抽象名词和物质名词前

34、冠词的用法1)抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,则须用定冠词。试比较:War is the continuation of politics.战争是政治的继续。Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti - Japanese War.我们这个营在抗日战争时期转战南北。He is fond of music.他喜欢音乐。Did you like the music of the film?你喜欢这个影片的音乐吗?Science is making rapid progress in China.中国科学正在

35、飞速发展。Physics is the science of matter and energy.物理学是研究物质和能量的科学。China is rich in oil. 中国石油丰富。The oil produced in Dagang is of first-rate quality.大港油田生产的石油质量是头等的。2)抽象名词和物质名词如果具体化,表示一个具体情况或动作或某一类物质时,前面可用不定冠词。如:It is a great joy to live in New China.生活在新中国真幸福。Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people

36、 and a deep hatred for the enemy.刘胡兰热爱人民,痛恨敌人。Mao-tai is a famous Chinese liquor.茅台是一种中国的名酒。She built a fire.她生了个火。-Have a smoke?-No,thanks. I gave Up smoking long ago.-抽支烟吧?-谢谢,我早戒烟了。II. 定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的

37、或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Fre

38、nch9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.1)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前,一般不用冠词。如:Canada加拿大,Japanese日语,love爱,hatred恨,glass玻璃,water水。2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,

39、no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词。如:That is my cap.那是我的帽子。I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至终都玩得痛快。I want this book, not that one.我要这本书,不要那本书。3)季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。如:Spring has come.春天来了。Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。Her little daughter was born in April 1987.她的小女儿于1987年4月出生。We have mathematic

40、s on Monday.我们星期一有数学课。注季节前有时也用冠词。如in the spring在春季。当然也可以说in spring。4)复数名词表示某一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:I dont approve of cousins marrying.我不赞成表兄妹结婚。Books are my best friends.书是我最好的朋友。5)称呼语前面不用冠词,表示头衔和职务(这种职务一般只由一人担任)的名词的前面也常不用冠词。如:What does this word mean, Father?这个词是什么意思,爸爸?Mrs. Johnson is director of the offi

41、ce.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。6)在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。如:by air乘飞机,at night夜间,in fact事实上,in danger在危险中,after school放学后,at home在家中,in town在城里,to go to school上学去,to go to bed去睡觉,to go to class去上课,from door to door挨门挨户,from morning till night从早到晚。7)三餐饭的名称前,常不用冠词。如:Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?After lunch we usually hav

42、e a nap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。What did you have for supper?你晚饭吃什么了?注但指一特定的餐食时则须用定冠词,如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快来,要不饭就凉了)。8)球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。如:My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜欢打乒乓球。Lets go and watch them play chess.让我们去看他们下棋去。9)节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。如:New Years Day元旦 National Da

43、y国庆节May Day五一劳动节 Childrens Day儿童节Christmas Day圣诞节10)报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词。如:Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 北京来信:首都棉纺厂的妇女(文章标题,letter之前省去了不定冠词a。)Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板们使要求增加工资的谈判陷于僵局。(报纸标题,bosses前省去the,deadlock前省去a, pay increase talks前省去the。)III. 零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽

44、象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing footbal

45、l/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.填空1.There is _picture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _hour 3 _elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _doctor told hi

46、m to take _ medicine three times _day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6Its too hotOpen _ door,please 7There is _ woman over there _woman is Meimeis mother 8 _sun rises in _ east 9 _Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10Are you going to do it _ second time? 11Washington is _ capital of _ USA 12 _T

47、urners are living at the end of _Turner Street 13He joined the army in _ spring of _1995 14 _old man is _teacherHe likes playing _basketball after _ supper 15After I had _ quick breakfast,I hurried to school 16Are _ sheep kept by _ farmers for producing _ wool and _meat? 17They went to _ Peoples Par

48、k,but we both went to _Peoples Cinema yesterday 18I often watch _ TV in _ evening 19 _day of _ December 20,1999 is Monday 20Tomorrow is _ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _Christmas tree today 21I think _ maths is more important than any other subject 22He often goes to _ school by _

49、 bike 23What does this _ word mean, _Father? 24What _ important news! 选择填空 1Does Jim have _ruler? Yes,he has _ Aan;some Ba;one Ca; Dany;one 2There is _ old bike _old bike is Mr Zhaos Aan ;The Bthe;An Ca;The Dthe;The 3 _apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay AThe BA CAn DTwo 4How many books do you have?

50、 I have _ bookThats _ English book Aa;an Ba;one Cone;an Done;one 5At that time Tom was _one-year-old baby Aa Ban Cthe D 6 _tiger is _ China AThe;a BA;the CThe;from DThe;the 7We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe;the Bthe; Ca; D; 8 _useful book it is! AWhat an BHow a CWhat a DWhat 9One afternoon he found _handbagThere was _“s”on the corner of _ handbag Aa;an;the Ba;a;the Can;an;an Dthe;a;a 10 _old lady with white hair spoke _ English well at _meeting AAn;an;a BThe;an CThe;a DThe;the 11 _Great Wall is _ longest wall in the world

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