短文改错技巧分析与训练

1、高考短文改错技巧湖北省谷城一中 袁资有第一部分 高考英语短文改错一、 大纲及新课标的要求1内容及时间安排2近几年高考短文改错回顾3高考短文改错题的特点二、 高考短文改错题型分析三、 短文改错题型解题技巧四、提高短文改错技能和加强短文改错应试方法五、双向检测测试题第二部分 高考英语书面表达一、 大纲及新课标的要求二、 高考英语书面表达题型分析三、 高考英语书面表达解题技巧1 审题2 遣词3 造句四、 英语书面表达高分技巧 五、典型错误分析六、高考各种书面表达题型的写作1 应用文2 图画作文3 图表作文4 提示作文5 情景作文6 命题作文7 改写、缩写和摘要七 日常英语写作训练1. 单句翻译2.看

2、图说话3.阅读分析文字4.复述、改写课文5.背诵佳句名篇6.仿写7.自由写作八、双向检测试题第一部分 高考英语短文改错一、大纲及新课标的要求1内容及时间安排 短文改错(Proof reading)是全国统一高考NMET第二卷中的一种试题。它的宗旨是在于测试考生发现、判断、纠正文章中的错误的能力，以考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性，同时也考查词法、句法及文章结构等方面的知识。文章多采用记叙文，偶尔也用说明文。词汇量为100字左右。高考试题中，短文改错试题共分10个小题，每题为1.5分，共15分；从2000年以来，每题为1分，共10分。新的课程标准中，要求“特别注重提高学生用英语进行思维和表达

3、的能力，鼓励学生通过积极尝试、自我探究、自我发现和主动实践学习方式，最终形成富有特色的学习方法。”从内容上看，多年的高考短文改错的选文大都出自于中国学生自己的习作，短文中的错误也都是学生最易犯的，考题中要求考生自己改正自己所犯的错误，当然要求考生具有自我探究的能力。 短文改错题量虽小，但分值高，容易拉开得分距离，对考生成绩影响较大，按高考说明中的安排，考试中考生应大概使用10分钟左右完成此题。2近几年高考短文改错回顾【解题步骤说明】根据短文改错的内容要求，为了解答好这类题，要以采取以下几个步骤：1）通读全文，了解文章内容。首先要把全文浏览一遍，了解全文大意，留心短文中关键的词语，为下一步判断和

4、改错奠定基础。2）仔细阅读，逐句检查。在掌握了全文大意以后，即可根据上下文对短文中的句子进行逐句分析，在逐句分析过程中，有些错误可很快被发现，对这类明显的错误可立即改正。有些错误一时看不出来，就必须对句子进行仔细推敲，看看句子结构是否有主谓一致、名词数格一致问题，动词时态、语态、非谓语形式是否合适，行文是否符合英语习惯，关联词是否合乎逻辑，指代关系及形式是否遗漏、是否一致，词组搭配是否完整。3）复读全文，验证答案。考生应将各行怕改答案放入文中通读一遍，依靠语法知识和综合运用语言的能力，凭语感来核实答案是否正确；如发现有语句不畅，不合逻辑，则应重新修改。4）写清写准符号。严格按照题目要求写清改错

5、符号，不要粗心以至在右边题号横线上作了修改，而忘记在文中相应位置上作出准确的纠错标记，克服落笔不到位的毛病。5）在右边横线上正确拼写修正后的单词，书写工整。【典型例题分析】下面是19982004年高考的短文改错题。完成这些试题，就可以体会出高考短文改错的某些特点和命题思路。NMET98My Favourite Sport My favourite sport is football. I was a member of86. _our school football team. We practise for three times 87. _every week and often watc

6、h football match on TV88. _together.Play football not only makes us grow up89. _tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and90. _team spirit. We must keep inmind that we play91. _for the team instead ourselves. Also, the sport92. _teaches us the important of obedience(服从). Each93. _ pla

7、yer must obey captain, who is the leader of94. _the team. And they must not break the rules too95. _often if we want to win the game.86. was改为am。本文是说明作者对自己爱好的“football”的看法，属说明性质的体裁，所以全文应用“一般现在时”。 87. 去for。“three times”表示时间的名词本身就可以作定词，不需要“for”这个介词， “for”一般用来引导“一段时间”。88. match改为matches。在电视上“经常(often)”

8、看的足球赛（match）当然不止一次，故match用复数形式。89. play改为playing。分析句子成分就可以看出， “Play football”作主语，故改为动名词。90. give改为gives。此句中的 “not onlybut also”并列两个谓语（makes及give），所以give也应用gives形式。91. 正确 92. instead后加of。 “instead of”是固定搭配。93. important改为importance。定冠词（the）后多用动词。 94. obey后加the。特指球队的队长，且captain有who定语从句修饰，所以应加the。95. t

9、hey改为we。全文都是用的第一人称。 NMET99Now I cant watch much television but a few years ago 86. _I was used to watch it every night. I was often 87. _a little tired after a days work and watch TV 88. _demands very little effort. Unfortunate. there are 89. _too many people among my family. Some wanted 90. _to see

10、 the programme while others preferred91. _another. I am happy with any programme but 92. _the others spent a lot time arguing and there 93. _was no way of settling the matter except by 94. _selling the set. Now someone at home reads instead.95. _86.去much。 “watch TV(television)”是习惯固定搭配。87.去was。“was u

11、sed to do sth”是“被用来做”的意思，不全句意，所以用“used to do sth”。88.watch改为watching。分析句子成分可知，“watch TV”是作主语。所以改用动名词。89. Unfortunate改为Unfortunately。这里“Unfortunately”是副词作独立成分。90.among改为in。这里要表达“在家里”，所以用in the family.91. the改为one。要用one，与下一行的another相搭配，构成oneanother。92.am改为was。全文叙述的是过去发生的事。93. lot后加of。a lot of是固定词组。94.

12、 正确 95.someone改为everyone/everybody。按上下文，应表达“全家每个人”。NMET2000The day before the speech contest (比赛) English teacher86. _talked to me. She said that she and my schoolmate all87. _wished me success, but it didnt matter that I would88. _win or not. When I was on the stage the next day, I felt so89. _nerv

13、ous as I shook like a leaf. There were so many people90. _present! Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in91. _the crowd. She was smiling but nodding at me. I remembered92. _her words and calm down. I did a good job and won the first93. _prize. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in

14、the library.94. _Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher.95. _86. contest后加my。teacher是可数名词，应该有修饰语，从全文看，是谈论“我的教师”。87. schoolmate改为schoolmates。“同班同学”不止一个，故用复数形式。 88.that改为whether。didnt matter=didnt make any difference,所以后面用whether，表达“我能赢与否没有关系”。89.正确90.as改为that。sothat是常见结构，表示“如此以致

15、于”91. 去a。catch sight of=see, 是一个固定搭配。 92.but改为and。这里and连接smiling和nodding,属并列关系。93.calm改为calmed。全文叙述的是过去发生的事，故calm down要用过去时。94. is改为are。这里my picture和the prize是两种不同的事物，所以要用are。95. 去often。此行在意思上不能加上often。NMET2001Like most of my schoolmates, I have neither brothers nor76. _sisters in any other words, I

16、 am an only child. My parents77. _love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure78. _that I get a good education. They did not want me to do79. _any work at family; they want me to devote all my time to80. _my studies so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. We81. _may be one famil

17、y and live under a same roof, but we do82. _not seem to get much time to talk about together. It looks83. _as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. Do they84. _really understand their own daughter? What things are in85. _other homes, I wonder.76正确 77.去any。“in other words”(换句话说)是固定词组。78. c

18、an后加to。这里的“(that)they can”是定语从句，修饰all，而“make sure”应该用动词不定式作目的状语。故加to79.did改为do。全文叙述的是现在的事。80.family改为home。“family”多指“家人”，而“home”才指“家”，且at home是固定词组。81. subject改为subjects。从all这个修饰语，可看出subject该用复数。82.a改为the。习惯上“same”前，总是用the。83.去about。没有“谈论”的对象，只用talk。而“talk about”后必须有宾语。84.and改为or。按句意，要表达“或者”的意义。85.W

19、hat改为How。表示“情况怎样？”应说“How are things?” NMET2002Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows, its famous76. _mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot 78. _of the mountain. The thr

20、ee of them were very excited. As we 79. _climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples 80. _and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81. _since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _of th

21、e mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _head touched the pillow.76. its后加a。下行的“mountain”是单数，且依句意，要表达“一座著名的山”。 77.正确 78.we后加when。句子结构混乱，加上when后，“when we arrived”是时间状语从句。 79.them改为us。本文是以第一人称叙述的。80.visiting改为visited。此题考查

22、平行结构，fed, visited, told应该时态形式一致。81.picture改为pictures。所拍的照片(picture)一定有许多张，故用复数。82.passes改为passed。全文叙述的是过去的发生事。83.去down。“夜暮降临”(evening came),不能受汉语的影响。84.and改为but。按上下文，这里应该是转折关系。85.去at。“the moment”是一个固定用法，是连词，意为“刚一就”。 NMET2003When I first learned to write in English, I ran into many76. _difficulties.

23、The main problem was in that I always thought77. _in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English.78. _My teacher advised me to keep my diary. I followed her79. _advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.80. _Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was81. _learning to ex

24、press me in simple English. One day I wrote82. _a little story and showed to my teacher. She liked it83. _very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was84. _a good one. Their word were a great encouragement to me.85. _76.正确 77.去in。此行was后是表语从句，而不是定语从句，所以不能把that改为which，而应去掉in。78.anything改

25、为everything。此句为肯定句，意为“总是把一切东西都译成英语”。79.my改为a。keep a diary是一个习惯用法。80.去should。该句中的“and”连接两个并列谓语，其时态就一致，即用一般过去时。故将should删去。81.talk改为talking。“enjoy”后的习惯用法为“enjoy doing sth.”. 82.me改为myself。此题考查学生对习惯用语的掌握。英语中“表达自己的想法”应当用“express oneself”,而不是“express me”。83.showed后加it。“show sth to sb”才是show的完整表达。 84. read

26、s改为read。“and”连接两个谓语动词，其时态形式应一致。85.word改为words。全班同学(their)的话不可能只有一句，故用复数。NMET2004（全国卷）On Thursday I will have to decide what I want myself to76. _do over a weekend. I am thinking of making a trip77. _to London, and visit the British Museums and some78. _parks. But I have spent most my money, so I can

27、not79. _even go out of town. I may go to a film, or a concert80. _Yes, a concert can be very excited. You can watch your81. _stars while enjoying your favorite music. So then, a82. _concert cost so much. I may just listen to music. I have83. _some records giving to me as birthday gifts. If I listen8

28、4. _to my own records, there are no need to spend money.85. _All right, Thats what Im going to do.76. 去掉myself，这里有点汉语式的英语，表示“要做”直接说want to do 。77a改为the，这里的“在周末”指的就是当前周的“周末”，是特指。78visit改这visiting，根据and的平行结构的原则，其前后并列的词形应该一致。79most后加of，most是不定代词，my是物主代词,他们都是前位限定词，不能同时使用。应该说most money或most of my/the mon

29、ey，这里要说明自己的“钱”，故用后者。80正确。81excited改为exciting，excited是“兴奋的”的意思，则exciting是“令人兴奋的”，多指事、物。82And改为But，这里需要表示转折关系，另外，but then是固定短语，意为“另一方面”。83cost改为costs，短文的叙述性质的，前后都用现在时，这句话的是单数。84giving改为given，此处明显是作后置定语，concert与give是动宾关系，所以用过去分词。85are改为is，这句话的主语need是单数。NMET2004(湖北卷) I often dream of a teacher. I dream

30、of standing on the76. _platform in the classroom and give lessons to lovely boys77. _and girls. I teach them, play with them, but watch them78. _growing up. I am always young when I was staying79. _with them. I know there is not easy to be a teacher. You80. _have to learn in order to teach. Without

31、enough knowledges,81. _you can never learn well. What is more, you have to82. _be friends with your pupils and take good care of him.83. _Only in this way can you be a good teacher and win84. _respect from them. Though I am a student now, I willwork as very hard to make my dream come true.85. _76. o

32、f后加being/becoming，这里要表达“梦想作老师”，用dream of being/becoming。77give改为giving，此处的and并列的是give与stand，所以形式要一致，都作of的宾语。78but改为and，根据上下文，teach, play, watch是并列关系。79was改为am，本文是属于叙述性质的，全文都用的一般现在时。80there改为it，这里不there be结构，因为easy是形容词，不可作主语。It is +adj to do sth.是常见句型，it是形式主语。81knowledges改为knowledge/learning，因为这里的“知识

33、”是不可数名词。82learn改为teach，按上下文的意义，主要谈论是“教(teach)”,而不是“学(learn)”。83him改为them，这里指代有误。84正确。85去掉as，work as意为“担任”，这里要表达“努力学习”，直接说work very hard。3高考短文改错题的特点从NMET19962004短文改错试题可以看出，该题选材主要以说明文和故事为主，难易适中；错误形式包括词法，句法、语篇结构、行文逻辑；错误之处涉及名词、冠词、连词、介词、形容词、副词、代词、动词时态、非谓语动词等（见下表），因此短文改错与完形填空、阅读理解一样注重强调整体理解，从宏观上把握。 测试年份 点

34、动词时态、词组非谓语动词名词关系代词形容词副词代词介词冠词正确连词1996212121119973211211998211112111999211321200021111132001112211112002311111220032113111200423111112004*221211带*为2004年全国高考湖北卷近几年来，NMET短文改错题的设疑方式稳定，其中无错项1个，多一词和缺一词项1-2个，错词项5-6个，错、添、删词的比例为6：1：2或6：2：1(见下表)年份缺一词多一词错一词正确1996126119972161199821611999126120001261200112612002

35、225120031261200411712004*1171带*为2004年全国高考湖北卷除了以上的题设特点外，短文改错还有以下语言特征：1NMET短文改错题大多是一篇有关中学生生活的记叙文、说明文及日记等。2短文的语言材料取自学生自己的作品，短文中的错误就是中学生平时用英语写作时常犯的各种典型错误。3短文语言明白易懂，题材轻松，篇章结构的难易程度符合中学生的实际水平。4短文没有涉及生僻的语言现象，也没有拗口的语句。5前几年NMET的短文改错题中的短文大多由简单句和并列句构成。2003年NMET的短文中复合句占了50%；二、高考短文改错题型分析高考短文改错一般有且只有一个正确答案，有3个左右的小

36、题是句子残缺或者多余，需要添加或者去掉某些成分；有6个左右的小题存在错误，需要改正。在改错测试题中，冠词、名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、连词和介词等都会涉及到。我个人认为，相关性错误是短文改错考查的核心，考生一定要明确每个小题考查的知识点、命题者的命题意图是什么。 冠词考查分两个方面，一是冠词的残缺或多余，考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的区别，如：in charge of与in the charge of，out of question与out of the question的区别。二是冠词the，a，an(不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。 名词主要考查单数名

37、词变复数名词，这主要是受东西方文化差异的影响，英语中除了不可数名词和单数名词用单数外，可数名词要用复数形式。 代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、关系代词、反身代词、疑问代词、复合疑问代词、指示代词，要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用，关系代词which，that，as之间的误用，关系代词that与疑问代词what之间的误用，关系代词which与关系副词when，where，以及what与how的误用等。 动词是短文改错的重点和难点，因为它涉及到动词的时态(主要是一般现在时变成一般过去时)和语态误用(主要是缺少助动词be)，非谓语动词的误用(主要是现在分词与过去分词之间的误用，动词不定式符号t

38、o的添加，动词原形变成动名词或现在分词的形式等)，动词的动作、结果与状态之间的误用(例如：listen与hear，look与see，watch与notice等)，以及动词的错用(came与went的错用，此处涉及行文逻辑问题)。 形容词与副词主要涉及它们之间的相互误用，另外考生应该注意形容词与名词或代词的位置关系，副词与动词的位置关系，以及形容词与副词的位置关系。 连词主要有两类，即并列连词和从属连词，考查点主要是并列连词(分递进式、转折式、选择式和因果式四种)之间的误用(主要是but与so/and之间的误用)，从属连词之间的误用以及并列连词与从属连词之间的误用等。 介词主要涉及到相关介词的误

39、用，还有由介词构成的固定用法。例如：John went to school through (throughacross) a bridge three times a day.该题要求考生在不同程度上借助语境进行判断，以此考查考生对语篇的语言评价能力。命题直接对准了学生的薄弱环节，所以考生作答此题的问题是两级分化严重。然而，经过几年的实践，考生在语言评价和语言校正能力方面已有了明显的提高。NMET试题“短文改错”的区分度始终很好，难度较高。三、短文改错题型解题技巧此种题型旨在测试学生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力，进而考查学生用词、词的搭配、词法、句法及语篇中行文逻辑等各方面的水平。做这种

40、题，也要讲究技巧，这里提供以下作题建议，即：“四要”、“四看”： “四要”：一是要浏览全文，把握大意；二是要找出短文中的句号，把短文拆分成若干个句子，短文改错不应按行去分析改错，而应以句子为单位进行断句改错，单句改错要易于按行改错；如：NMET2003高考短文改错题，我们就可以分成九个句子，把每个句子读一遍，就很容易找出错误。When I first learned to write in English, I ran into many difficulties.（无错） The main problem was in that I always thought in Chinese and

41、 tried to translate anything into English.（去掉in, that引导表语从句），（anything改成everything，意义才流畅完整）My teacher advised me to keep my diary. （keep a diary是词组）I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.（不应有should）Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express

42、 me in simple English. (talktalking, memyself)One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (showedshowed it)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. (readsread)All said the story was a good one. (无错)Their word were a great encouragement to me.（wordwords）三是要分析句子结构，设想有几个可能改正的答案，从中

43、挑出最佳答案，再从“多、缺、错、对”四个方面入手，进行改错。四是要重新通读自己改正过的文章，同时检查是否符合6：2：1：1的规律。 “四看”： 1）看每行或每句有无“一致性”错误。主谓是否一致、指代是否一致、修饰与被修饰是否一致、前后时态是否一致、单复数是否一致、并列连词and, or, but等前后的形式是否一致。 2）看每行或每句有无“搭配”错误。动宾搭配、动词与介词搭配、介宾搭配、固定词组等。 3）看每行或每句有无“词法、语法”错误。冠词the, an, a误用、非谓语动词的误用、引导词误用、adj与adv的词性转换、 时态语态使用不当、并列连词误用（and, but, or, so）等

44、。名词单复数转换等 4）看每行或每句有无“逻辑意义”错误。如：按上下文，本该用push的地方，不可用pull，否则就有错四、提高短文改错技能和加强短文改错应试方法 短文改错题中考查的都是考生常犯的错误，考生能分配在该题上面的时间又很少，因而得分率最低。但考生们看到答案后感到非常容易。如何提高考试成绩呢？通过研究并在实践中证明，以下方法十分实用：1加强基础知识训练平时要注意单词、短语的构成、词性、用法，特别是多义词和具有特殊用法的词以及易错的词。尤其要注意一些特殊的句型和中英文习惯不同的表达方式。(1)单词动词：主要考查主谓是否一致，时态是否呼应，是及物动词还是不及物动词，是延续性动词还是非延续

45、性动词，是实义动词还是系动词、情态动词或助动词，是用主动形式还是用被动形式。名词：主要考查是可数名词还是不可数名词，是用单数形式还是复数形式，是物质名词还是抽象名词，量否存在抽象名词具体化的情况等。非谓语动词：主要考查哪些动词后面只能接不定式或动名词，哪些动词后面既可接不定式又可接动名词，它们在什么情况下意义相近或截然不同，什么情况下用现在分词、过去分词或不定式，它们什么区别和联系。形容词和副词：要联想到是用原级、比较级还是最高级，它们是规则变化还是不规则变化，是否要用more或most来构成它们的比较级和最高级。还要联想到它们的同义词和近义词。它们之间在程度、意义、范围等方面存在着哪些区别。

46、有些词既可作形容词又可作副词，这时要注意它们是副词，特别是有些词本身可以作副词，但它们又有ly结尾的副词形式。介词：有简单介词、合成介词、短语介词、二重介词、分词介词等。要注意它们和某些名词、动词和形容词是否存在固定搭配等。冠词：要联想到它们的特指还是泛指，在某些短语中是用a, an,还是the。总之，特别要留意含有冠词的短语。数词：是用基数词还是序数词，是用单数形式还是用复数形式等。(2)短语要联想到是不是固定短语，其中的名词、动词、形容词、代词、冠词等是不是可以被其他词替换。如果其中的某些部分可以被替换，则必须联想到替换后意义有什么变化，怎样才能使它们符合全句、全文的意思。(3)句子首先，

47、要分析句子成分，弄清是简单句、并列句还是复合句。其次，要认真分析句子的含义是否与文章的窟窿一致，要联想到其中某个成分可能与文章内容相悖，注意陈述句是否要改成否定句。2要从整份试卷的高度看待知识的考查一般来说，十道试题的答案就当各不相同。同样的语言点如在其他的项目中考过，在改错题中一般就不应当再出现。各知识点的考查频率参照历年高考试题，再加以灵活 运用。3平时要多做限时训练，熟能生巧。四、 双向检测测试1 Most people want to work, but it has become more and more difficulty 1. _ in todays world to fin

48、d work for everybody. The economies of the 2. _ world need to grow to 4% each year just to keep the old number of 3._ work for people. Often this is not possible, and so more people 4. _ are without work. Some people have jobs now because new machines 5. _ can do the work of many people in short tim

49、e. Also, machines do not 6. _ ask about more money and longer holidays. In all the countries in 7. _ the world, machines are taken work from people, not only in factories 8._ but also on the farms. About 75,000 people are moving to the cities a 9. _ day to look for jobs, but only 70% of them can fin

50、d the jobs. 10. _1把difficulty改为difficult,因在这里作become的表语。2将todays改为todays3grow to-grow by.4workjobs, job在这指具体工作.5have jobshave no jobs或者将have 改为havent.6short-shorter,这里含有和过去比的意思。7ask about -ask for.8takentaking9正确10把jobs之前the 去掉，jobs泛指一些工作。 2 The number of people smoke because they think that smoking

51、 is 1. _ enjoyment, specially after meals. They also believe that when one 2. _ feels tired or sleepy during work, this is refreshing to 3._ have a smoke. As a matter of facts, smoking is a very bad habit. First, 4._ doctors and scientists have discovered that its harmful to the 5._ smokers health. It must cause some serious diseases, such as heart 6. _ trouble or cancer. Smoke will pollute the air or is also harmful 7. _ to others health. Second, many big fires have caused by careless 8. _ smokers. These have resulted