[研究生入学考试]1993-2003年考研英语真题 阅读题目汇总【自己总结的】

1、93】text 1is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? judging from the drastic experiment of frederick ii in the thirteenth century, it may be. hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tong

2、ue, he told the nurses to keep silent.all the infants died before the first year. but clearly there was more than lack of language here. what was missing was good mothering. without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.today no such seve

3、re lack exists as that ordered by frederick. nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. if these sensitive periods are neglected, the i

4、deal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. a bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant

5、age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high iq. at twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty

6、words. at three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. what is special about mans brain, compared with that of the m

7、onkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear.” and even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the

8、 parts of a language in new ways.but speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling (咿呀学语), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the i

9、nteraction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.31.the purpose of frederick iis experiment was _.a to prove that children are born with the ability to speakb to d

10、iscover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speechc to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak（b）d to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language32.the reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that _

11、.a they are incapable of learning language rapidlyb they are exposed to too much language at oncec their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak（c）d their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them33.what is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that _.a he is born with the

12、capacity to speakb he has a brain more complex than an animalsc he can produce his own sentences（c）d he owes his speech ability to good nursing34.which of the following can not be inferred from the passage?a the faculty of speech is inborn in man.b encouragement is anything but essential to a child

13、in language learning.c the childs brain is highly selective.（b）d most children learn their language in definite stages.35.if a child starts to speak later than others, he will _.a have a high iqb be less intelligentc be insensitive to verbal signals（d）d not necessarily be backwardtext 2in general, o

14、ur society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. the oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all th

15、is oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. in fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

16、the worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotiona

17、lly and intellectually independent and productive human beings.those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. they are even more insecure in some respects. they are in a highly competitive race. to be promoted or to fall behi

18、nd is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. when they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. from that moment on they are tested again and again - by the psychologists, for whom testing

19、 is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.am i suggesting that

20、 we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? certainly not. problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. i suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in

21、which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements. production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should

22、 be prevented from ruling man.36.by “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is _.a a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleb working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyc an unimportant part in comparison wi

23、th the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly（c）d a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly37.the real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that _.a they are likely to lose their jobsb they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifec they are

24、 faced with the fundamental realities of human existence（d）d they are deprived of their individuality and independence38.from the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those _.a who are at the bottom of the societyb who are higher up in their social statusc who prove better tha

25、n their fellow-competitors（d）d who could keep far away from this competitive world39.to solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should _.a resort to the production mode of our ancestorsb offer higher wages to the workers and employeesc enable man to fully develop his potentiali

26、ties（c）d take the fundamental realities for granted40.the authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of _.a approvalb dissatisfactionc suspicion（b）d tolerancetext 3when an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the in

27、vention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.a granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period ter

28、minates.only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.the longest extension ever granted was to georges valensi; his 1939 patent for color tv receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal lif

29、e there was no colour tv to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older

30、than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent.likewise, because publication o

31、f an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that mo

32、st “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. it is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. the basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. many of the orig

33、inal ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. even the volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.41.the passage is mainly about _.a an approach to patentsb the application for patentsc the use of patents（d）d

34、the access to patents42.which of the following is true according to the passage?a when a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.b it is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.c a patent holder must publicize the deta

35、ils of his invention when its legal period is over.（c）d one can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.43.george valensis patent lasted until 1971 because _.a nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that timeb his patent could not be pu

36、t to use for an unusually long timec there were not enough tv stations to provide colour programmes（b）d the colour tv receiver was not available until that time44.the word “plagiarize” (line 8, para. 5) most probably means “_.”a steal and useb give reward toc make public（a）d take and change45.from t

37、he passage we learn that _.a an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practiceb products are actually inventions which were made a long time agoc it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one（a）d patent experts often recommend patents to others by conduc

38、ting a search through dead patents94】text 1the american economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

39、 private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. thus, in the american economic system it is the demand o

40、f individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.an important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by whi

41、ch consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. in the american economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. if the product is in short supply

42、relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. if, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit

43、more consumers to buy the product. thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the american economic system.the important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natu

44、ral resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. in the american economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with anothe

45、r private individual.51.in line 11, paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means _.a americans are never satisfied with their incomesb americans tend to overstate their incomesc americans want to have their incomes increased（d）d americans want to increase the purchasing p

46、ower of their incomes52.the first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _.a producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionb consumers can express their demands through producersc producers decide the prices of products（d）d supply and demand regulate prices53.according to t

47、he passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by _.a private property and rights concernedb manpower and natural resources controlc ownership of productive resources（a）d free contracts and prices54.the passage is mainly about _.a how american goods are producedb how american consumers bu

48、y their goodsc how american economic system works（c）d how american businessmen make their profitstext 2one hundred and thirteen million americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. they give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and ev

49、en abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. more and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. for many of us the “cashless society” is not on the h

50、orizon - its already here.while computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. they can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. this information allows

51、 businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. at the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowi

52、ng personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. and they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop f

53、or the future, and which to drop. computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficie

54、nt services to consumers through the use of computers.55.according to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to _.a withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesb obtain more convenient services than other people doc enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper（b）d cash money wherever he wis

55、hes to56.from the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that _.a in the future all the americans will use credit cardsb credit cards are mainly used in the united states todayc nowadays many americans do not pay in cash（c）d it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57.the phra

56、se “ring up sales” (line 3, para. 2) most probably means “_”.a make an order of goodsb record sales on a cash registerc call the sales manager（b）d keep track of the goods in stock58.what is this passage mainly about?a approaches to the commercial use of computers.b conveniences brought about by comp

57、uters in business.c significance of automation in commercial enterprises.（b）d advantages of credit cards in business.text 3exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. while the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the