动词不定式小结

1、北京四中编 稿：向红丽责 编：姜小敏动词不定式小结一、动词不定式的基本形式肯定式：to +动词原形否定式：n ot to +动词原形（ to 是不定式符号、标志，无意义，可以不翻译。）二、动词不定式的特征动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 它没有人称和数的变化， 但有时态和语态的变化， 在句 子中不能作谓语，但可以作除谓语之外的其它任何句子成分（主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、 定语和状语）；动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，同时还保持动词的某些特点，即可 以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式和它的宾语和状语构成不定式短语。三、动词不定式的用法1. 不定式作宾语能跟不定式作宾语的动词（及物动词）

2、很多，构成vt.（及物动词）+ to do sth.结构。常见的有： want, like, wish, hate, hope, prefer, try, ask, start, begin, decide, learn, choose, agree, expect , remember, forget 等。eg. He wanted to borrow my CD players. 他想借我的 CD 播放机。His brother is learning to drive. 他弟弟正在学驾驶。I hope to speak English well. 我希望讲好英语。 动词不定式作宾语其后又

3、有补足语时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而把不定式后置。eg. I find it difficult to learn physics. 我发现学习物理很难。vt. sb.( not )to dowant sb.to do, ask sb.to do, tell sb.to2. 不定式作宾语补足语 动词不定式位于及物动词的宾语后，补充说明宾语，作补足语。构成 sth. 结构。常用带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词结构有do, order sb.to do, get sb.to do, wish sb.to do, allow sb.to do, invite sb.to do, teach

4、 sb.to do, encourage sb.to do, beg sb.to do 等。eg.The teacher told us to read the text. 老师要我们读课文。Who taught you to play the music? 谁教你演奏音乐的？He asked me not to tell you the news. 他要我不把这消息告诉你。His parents didnt allow him to play. 他父母不允许他玩。常用省去to的动词不定式作补足语的动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三让(make, let, h

5、ave)、四看(look at, see, watch, notice)”。eg. Please listen to me sing this song again. 请听我再唱一遍这首歌。I felt someone open my door. 我感到有人打开了门。The boss made the girl work ten hours a day. 老板让那姑娘每天工作 10 小时。You must watch me carefully do everything. 你必须仔细观察我们所做的一切。动词 help 之后的不定式即或省 to 也可不省 to.eg. He often help

6、s （ to） clean the room. 他常常帮忙打扫房间。Mr. Zhang always helps us （ to） learn English. 张老师经常帮我学习英语。跟省 to 的结构还有：Why not? Why dont you ？ Will you pleasehad better,would rather than, Shwill, would及其他情态动词。注意：感官动词后既可跟省 to 的不定式作宾补，也可跟现在分词作宾补，其区别是：跟现 在分词强调动作的情景（正在进行），跟不定式强调动作的全过程（表示动作已完成）。另外要 注意含有不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足

7、语的句子变成被动句。eg. I often heard her sing when I walked past her home. 当我经过她家时经常听见她唱歌。I heard her singing just now. 我刚才听见她在唱歌。When I looked out of the window, I saw the boys playing basketball. 我向窗外望时，看见那些 男孩在打篮球。On my way home, I saw the accident happen. 我在回家的路上目睹了这场事故。3. 不定式作状语 动词不定式位于不及物动词之后作状语，可作目的、结

8、果、原因状语。eg. She came here to borrow an English book. （目的）她来这里想借一本英语书。 Lets stop to have a rest. （目的）我们停下来休息一下。She is too young to go to school. （结果）她年龄太小还不能上学。He runs fast enough to catch a horse. （结果）他跑得够快能追上一匹马。Im sorry to make you wait here so long. （原因）很抱歉，让你在这儿久等了。We are surprised to see such be

9、autiful animals. （原因）看到这么漂亮的动物我们很吃惊。4. 不定式作主语eg. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。To know something about English is one thing; to know English is quite another. 了解一些英语是一回事，懂英语是另一回事。To learn English well is important. 学好英语很重要。口语中，常用 it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语（动词不定式）后置。如上面第三个句子可 以改写成：Its important to learn English w

10、ell. 学好英语很重要。5. 不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，作后置定语。eg. I want to get something to read during that holiday. 假期中我想找些东西看。 We have a lot of work to do. 我们有很多工作要做。She is the first person to think of the idea. 她是第一个想到这个主意的人。 Theres nothing for us to worry about. 我们没有什么好担心的。注意：记住下列常用句型：1) It takes sb.

11、some time to do sth. eg. It took me two hours to write the letter. 写这封信花了我两小时。 ( 2) It is adj. ( for/of sb. ) to do sth.for 引起的短语，即不定式的如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，则在不定式前加一个 逻辑主语。eg.It is difficult for him to finish the work on time.对他来说，按时完成这项工作真是太难了。在以某些表示人的品质、特征等的形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wrong, clever, right

12、 等)作表 语时，不定式之前常加一个形容词引起的短语，说明不定式指的是谁的情况。eg. Its kind of you to help me. 他帮我真太好了。Its not polite of him to speak to old people like that. 对老人那样说话，他很不礼貌。(3) 主语+ find/think + it +形容词+ to do sth.eg. We find it important to learn English. 我们认为学习英语很重要。(4) too + 形容词 /副词+ to do sth.eg. The man is too old to

13、walk. 这个人年纪太大，走不动了。6. “疑问词不定式 ”结构疑问词 who, what, which, where, when, how 加 to do 可构成不定式短语，在句中可用作主语、 宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。eg. When to start has not been decided. 何时动身还没决定。I dont know what to do. 我不知道做什么。He can tell you where to get the book. 他会告诉你在哪儿能得到这本书。The question is who(m) to ask. 问题是该问谁。7.当动词不定式省略时，常保留

14、动词不定式符号to，表示省略了一个不定式。eg. Will you take a walk? Ill be glad to. 你想散散步吗?我乐意。Do you want to give a report? I prefer not to. 你想做报告吗?我不愿。8.宾语从句的简化( 1)当主句的谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, agree 等时，其后接宾语从句，并且从句主语与主句主语一致时，可以简化成动词不定式结构。eg.Wei Hua hopes that she will be back soon.f Wei Hua hopes to be back soo n.魏华希望

15、尽快回家。( 2)当 know, learn, remember, forget 等动词后接宾语从句，并且从句主语与主句主语一致 时，可以简化成 “疑问词不定式 ”结构。eg.I dont know what I should say.fI dont know what to say. 我不知道该说些什么。(3)当 tell, learn, show, teach 等动词后接宾语从句，并且从句主语与主句的间接宾语一致 时，可以简化成 “疑问词不定式 ”结构。eg. Could you tell me how I can get there ?(句子中的 me 和 I 指的是同一个人) fCou

16、ld you tell me how to get there? 你能告诉我怎样去那儿吗？典型例题：too much TV. Its bad for your eyes.A. watch B. watched C. watching D. to watch 答案： A解析：本句是祈使句，祈使句中的动词应用原形。故选1.DontA。another bag for her.A. get B. got C. to get D. getting 答案： C 解析：考查常见动词的基本用法。2. Alice asked meask sb. to do sth. ，故选 C。3.This photo oft

17、en makes meof my teachers in the primary school.A. think B. to think C. thinks D. thinking 答案： A解析：考查常见动词的基本用法。 照片常常使我想起我的小学老师。make sb. do sth.，使某人做某事。故选A。句意为：这张4.The menu has so many good things! I cant decide A. what to eat B. how to eatC. where to eat D. when to eat 答案： A解析：考查“疑问词动词不定式 ”结构。句意“菜单上

18、有那么多的好东西，我都没法决定吃 什么了。”前句的提示很重要。根据句意，选A。5. So hot in the classroom.Would you mind OK. Ill do it right now.the windows?A. not closing B. not openingC. closingD. opening答案： D 解析：考查常见动词的基本用法。mind v. -ing 是常见结构，因为教室太热，应该是把窗户打开，故选D。句意为 教室太热了。请您打开窗户，好吗？”好的。我马上就开。”6. What should I do, doctor?healthy, you sh

19、ould take more exercise.A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. Having kept 答案： C 解析：考查动词不定式的基本用法。从句意分析， 不定式作目的状语，表示目的。选C。7. My dad bought me a new MP4, but I don t know Let s read the instructions.A. what to useB. which one to use要保持健康，你就必须多做运动。 ”动词C. how to use it D. when to use it答案： C解析：考查 疑问词+动词不定式”的结

20、构，关键是看清句意，掌握疑问副词的意思既可。从Let s read the instructions. （我们看看说明书吧）的提示推测，上句中的MP4，选 Co我”是不知道如何使用8. Linda, I am very thirsty. Let s go to the nearest supermarketsome drinks, OK?A. buy B. bought C. to buy D. buying 答案： C解析：考查动词不定式。本句中的动词不定式作目的状语。 吗？”选 Co我们去最近的超市买些饮料好9. Why notIm sorry. I cant sing or dance.

21、the music club?A. to join B. join C. joining D. to join in答案： B解析：Why not +不带to的动词不定式+？（为什么不建议。选B。句意为 你为什么不加入音乐俱乐部？”入某组织，join in参加某活动。？）是个常见结构，表示提出“歉，我不会唱歌又不会跳舞。” join是加10. There goes the bell. Its time for class. Lets stopD. not talkstop 后既可接stop to do sth.A. talk B. to talk C. talking答案： C解析：考查常见动

22、词的基本用法。不同： stop doing sth. 表示停止做某事；v.-ing 形式，又可接动词不定式，但意义 表示停下来做某事。从上下文意思看，选Co句意为 铃响了。”到上课时间了。我们停止交谈吧。 语法专练：I .不定式的形式练习。判断下列各句的正误，如有错误，予以改正。1. His homework today is to read and copy the text. （）2. I watched my mother put some butter between two pieces of bread. （ ）3. The teacher asked him don be lat

23、e again. （）4. We were shown to use the computer. （）5. Do you often help your grandpa to take care of those flowers? （）6. One is never too old to learn. （）7. You had better not to go there alone.8. Her job is take care of the garden. （阻止风刮走土） . 从北京乘飞机到上海） 如何告诉老人这坏消息） .n.用不定式完成下列各句。1. If we plant enou

24、gh tress, it is possible2. How long does it take you3. I really dont know4. Would you like （学他的样子）？I prefer （不要） .5. Have you got enough time 实话告诉你） , there isnt anything wrong with your son.打完这封信）？6.7. I have got no idea8. The teacher made the boy9. He came to my office10. We are not allowed该选哪一个）

25、. （对全班道歉） . _ （给我捎个口信） .（不吃早饭就上学） .m.单项选择1. The headmaster told usat the Science Museum on time.A. arrive B. arrives C. to arriveD. arriving2. Mum, Im hungry. What about going to McDonaldsfried chicken?A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. and eat3. We have worked for a long time, so lets Sounds good!a rest

26、.A. stopped to have B. stopped havingC. stop havingD. stop to have4. When you leave,don forgetoff the light.A. to turn B. turning C. turn D. turned5. Is it always easierfriends than to keep them?A. making B. make C. to make D. made6. Mom, Im going out with my classmates tonight. OK. But youd better

27、back too late.A. Don t come B. not to comeC. not comingD. not come He told us7. What did the man say over there?any further. There is danger ahead.A. Dont go B. not go C. not to go D. to go8. Its bad for your eyes computer games too much.A. plays B. to play C. play D. playinghome.9. It often takes m

28、e half an hourA. walking B. to walk C. walked D. walks10. Dont forgether clean water every day.A. to give B. giving C. given D. give11. The funny story made usA. laugh B. laughingC. to laughD. laughed12. Our teachers told ushard.A. to work B. working C. workedD. work13. I dont knowA. when startB. wh

29、en to startC. how to startD. how start14. Rememberlate for class again.A. no to B. not to beC. to be not D. be not to15. The policeman asked the boys A. dont stay B. didnt staythere.C. not to stay D. to never staythe old woman16. Its very difficultA. of; do B. to; make C. for; to D. by; onskate.17.

30、Please give me some paperA. to write B. to write on C. to write in D. write with it18. His wife is all right again. He has nothingA. worry aboutB. worried aboutC. to worry aboutD. worrying about19. Zhou Hua was thethe classroom.A. second to leaveC. two to leaveB. second leaving D. second leave20. Wo

31、uld you likewith me? Yes, IdA. to come; love toB. come; love toC. to come; loveD. come; loveIV .完形填空How can you think in English? I think the best way is to practice as what a football player doesevery day. During the 1the football player will pass the ball to his teammates over and over again.So he

32、 won t have to 2 passing the ball in the game, he will just do it.You can 3 yourself to think in English this way. The first step is to think of the words whatyou use daily, simple everyday words 4 book or shoes or tree. For example, whenever you 5a “ book ” you should think of it in English instead

33、 of in your mother language.After you have learned to think of several words in English, then move on to the nextstep-thinking in 6. Listening and repeating is a very useful 7 to learn a language. Listen firstand don t care too much about 8 you fully understand what you re hearing. Try to repeat wha

34、tyou hear. The more you listen, the 9 you learn. After you reach a higher level,10 havingconversations with yourself in English. This will lead you to think in English.1. A. practiceB. breakC. gameD. day2. A. wait forB. think aboutC. look atD. give up3. A. allowB. trainC. tellD. ask4. A. inB. aboutC

35、. likeD. from5. A. buyB. keepC. borrowD. see6. A. sentencesB. passagesC. lessonsD. classes7. A. ideaB. stepC. wayD. plan8. A. whichB. whetherC. howD. why9. A. harderB. lessC. laterD. more10. A. rememberB. stopC. startD. finishV.短文填空从下列各项中选择正确选项，完成短文。A. whenB. monthC. newspaperD. spentE. schoolF. one

36、G. wonH. pastI. PaidJ. weatherK. savingL. becauseBill was a thirteen-year-old schoolboy in the seventh grade. He was also a 1 boy.Each morning, Bill left the house at a quarter 2 five to go to the corner. The newspapers had been sent to the corner by truck at midnight. He always rode a bike to carry

37、 them.In the winter it was still dark 3 he got up, but during the rest of the year it was bright. Bill hadto send the newspapers to the houses in all kinds of 4. Bill had to put each paper in the box whereit would be kept safe from wind and rain or snow. Once a 5 he had to collect money from hiscust

38、omers （订户）at night.Bill made about $ 70 each month, and he was 6 some of the money to go to college. He7 the rest on books and clothes.At 8 Bill studied hard. He was 9 of the top students in his class. His teacher oftenpraised him for his work. Last year he 10 a prize. It was a bicycle.w.阅读理解had don

39、e ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little.“If there were an accident.Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia . Linda has promised （答 应）her mother that she will ring her to let her know that t

40、hey have arrived safely. This is something she” He says, “ theyd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast.But Linda has promised that she would ring.“However,”she says, “it doesnt cost much when youjust think that its the other side of the world. Its only six pence per second （每秒六便士） .”“If youre on t

41、hat telephone for less than one minute, Ill eat my hat,”David says, “ And oneminutes nearly four pounds （英镑） . ”“Thats no more than youd pay for a new hat,”Linda answers.She has asked the man at the hotel （旅馆） desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.“Hello, Mum. Is that yo

42、u?”She says.“Six pence per second,” Davidndsm （提醒） her.I can hear you very clearly“Hello, love. ”It is Mrs. Lee, Lindas mother, speaking from London.just like you are in the next room. Its a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and s till you

43、 couldnt hear me sometimes.”“Yes, Mum. ”Linda puts in.“I just wanted to ring to”“ I remember how you rang when you went to Bettys house to eat, when you were a little girl.And then when you ” Mrs. Lee is a great talker.“Nearly fourpounds.” says David.Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to

44、 say goodbye.“Yes, all right, ”says Mrs. Lee, “But you will write, wont you, as you did when you were at work Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the past and there is no stopping her.“Four pounds fifty, ”says David.At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.“There! That was

45、nt long, was it? ”“Four pounds, ninety pence. ”David answers. “And you didnt even say that weve arrived.1. Linda is telephoning home to.A. tell her mother some bad newsB. say that she and David have arrived safelyC. report an accident to her motherD. say that she and David have left London2. Linda d

46、oes not think it expensive to ring, becauseA. it only costs four pounds and ninety penceB. it is even more expensive to buy a new hatC. she had telephoned home since she was a childD. she will speak from one side of the world to the other3. David says, “Nearly four pounds, ”because A. he wants to re

47、mind Linda of the cost of the callB. he wants to buy himself a new hatC. Linda has not told her mother they have arrivedD. he wants Mrs. Lee to know how much the call costs4. Mrs. Lee goes on talking for so long becauseA. she likes to hear all about the pastB. she likes talkingC. Linda had not told

48、her that she has arrivedD. she is going to pay for the telephone call5. Linda tries to stop her mother byA. telling her how much the call is costingB. writing a letter as she has promised to doC. telling her that they have arrived safelyD. promising to write, and ringing offvn .阅读并回答问题。Grown-ups are

49、 always telling kids what to do. Do you listen to them? Usually they know what is best for you, but sometimes they can be wrong.So, many countries have a special law （法律） to keep people under 18 safe.How the law worksTeachers can punish bad students, but they cannot just do anything they like. If a

50、teacher tries to kick （踢）you out of class, you can go to the headmaster and tell him you have the right to stay in school.School buildings and playgrounds must also be safe for children. If the things you use in P.E. class are unsafe, the law says the school must fix them or get new ones.Do you know

51、 anyone who cant go to school because their parents arent willing to pay for it? This is also against the law, which says parents must have their kids in school.Kids have a right to privacy （稳私） under the law, which says parents and teachers cannot read childrens own letters.The law also protects ch

52、ildrens health. It says there should be no smoking in schools and other places where many teenagers go.Have you ever wondered why tickets for parks and museums are cheaper for students? Its also because of the law. It says that kids need to have lots of chances to learn.1. Who can you get help from

53、when your teacher tries to kick you out of class?2. What can you do if the things you use in P. E. class are unsafe?3. Is it right if your parents dont pay for your schooling?4. Why are the tickets for parks and museums cheaper for students according to the law?5. Whats the purpose of making this sp

54、ecial law?答案与解析：to，其他的可省略I . 1. V两个或两个以上作用相同的动词不定式并列使用时，通常只须在第一个不定式中加to.2. V3. X4. X5. V6. V7. X 省去 to.在 watch, see, feel, notice, hear 等表示感觉的动词之后，动词不定式作宾语补足语，要省去 dont be late f not to be late. Don只可用来否定谓语动词，否定不定式应该用not.to use f how to use本句中充当宾语的不定式须与疑问词how连用。help 后面出现不定式作宾语补足语， to 可以省略也可以不省略。 toot

55、o句型中的不定式有否定意义。not to go f not go “had better do s的否定式是 “had better not do sth.。不论是肯定句还是否定句，都要to.8. X take care of the gardento take care of the garden式短语作表语，别忘了在前面加to.n . 1. to st op the wind from blowi ng the earth away不定式作主语，在句中被it替代，不定式后置。2. to fly from Beijing to Shanghai或 to travel from Beijing to Shanghai by plane(air)不定式作主语。it 为形式主语。3. how to tell the old man the bad news 不定式与疑问词 how 连用，在句中作宾语。4. to copy his exam pie, not to不定式作表语。当不定式被省略时，to通常被保留，以示省略了一个不定式。5.