专业八级分类模拟414

1、 专业八级分类模拟414(总分：122.60，做题时间：90分钟)一、part reading comprehension(总题数：1，分数：100.00)section ain this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. foreach multiple-choice question,there are four suggested answersmarked a, b,c and d. choose theone that you think is the

2、best answer and mark your answers on answer sheet two.passage onelake trummen in southern sweden used to be a polluted, weed-choked mess. now, after a $ 14 millioncleanup, bathers crowd its clear blue water in summer.a city of 80,000 that sits on itsshores, is vying to be the most environmentally pr

3、istine place in sweden. the towns car fleetis being converted to biogas, a clean fuel based on methane, and a new biofuel factory has created320 jobs.has cut its carbon dioxide emissions by a third over the past 15 years, and thetown even channels leftover heat from the local crematorium into homes.

4、swedish business and political leaders think places likeare on to something. a few decadesago the country led the world in developing mobile technology through companies such as ericsson.now, with telecom sales flattening, business and political leaders think green technology couldspark a new export

5、 boomcrucial to sweden, where exports account for more than half of grossdomestic product. there is huge demand around the world for this technology, says anderspresident of volvo technology transfer, a subsidiary of truck and bus maker volvo that has investedabout $ 20 million in clean tech compani

6、es.while denmark has wind power giant vestas and germany has a host of big outfits such as q-cellsthat make solar cells and panels, swedens clean tech sector is made up mostly of smaller companies.infor instance, produkt makes energy-efficient ventilation systems it exports to 15countries, from belg

7、ium to ukraine. the company says the systems mean energy savings of 80%, payingfor themselves in about two years.some 30% of ivs $ 38.6 million in revenues came from exports last year, a number that is likelyto hit 50% by 2012, says sales managerfredriksson. in a bauhaus-like suburban researchpark o

8、utside stockholm, a startup called transic is designing computer chips for the power systemsof hybrid vehicles. and deep in the pine forests of boden near the arctic circle, swebo bioenergymakes systems to burn manure and wood chips for heat. the company, with close to $ 8 million inannual sales, sa

9、ys it is deluged with orders from the u. s. and europe. this is going like asteamroller, says export manager mattias lindgren.sweden boasts some 3,500 clean tech companies that together book roughly $ 14 billion in revenues.exports, which make up about a quarter of their overall sales, have grown 75

10、% over the last fouryears. to further boost the industry, the government is earmarking $ 590 million for environmentalprojects over the next two years, including $ 180 million to commercialize green tech. none otherthan king carl xvi gustav has become the greenindustrys biggest promoter and fan: he

11、heats hissuburban drottningholm palace with wood pellets and drives himself to and from stockholm in adark blue volvo c30 station wagon that runs on biofuel. where possible, light bulbs in the royal residences are being replaced with the energy-saving variety. he also has a prototype car thatruns on

12、 hydrogen.the 62-year-old king, whose environmental activism goes back to his boy scout days, is also takingto the road to pitch swedish green business. he recently broke ground on a plant that swedishbiogas international is building in flint, mich. mother earth is not feeling well, the kingsays, an

13、d shes reacting. green projects such as the biogas plant are one way to help repairthe damage.the king also sees swedish exports and the environment as natural partners. were a small country,so were dependent on exports. and weve always lived in a clean environment, close to nature.he admits change

14、isnt easy but says, we have to think in the long term, not short term as wehave before, but still make this happen quickly. i try to change my own thinking. we have to makethis happen and not just discuss it. i dont like discussions.and in an interview with business week, he gently chides one report

15、er for flying to stockholmto talk instead of picking up the phone.(此文选自 businessweek)passage twothey helped fleeing romans evade attila the hun and held a glittering city aloft for more than1,500 years. but the wooden pilings rising out of the grand canal in venice are so decayed thatas we clung to

16、them one afternoon it wasnt at all clear whether they would be sturdy enough toprevent us from capsizing into its murky waters.it was rush hour in venice, so the canals usual tumult of crosscurrents and tides was churningwith the wake of water taxis, ferries and delivery boats. each volley of waves

17、slapped againstthe side of the inflatable kayak we were using to cross italys most storied waterway; the pilingswere our best chance to avoid being immersed in it.this probably wasnt quite what my girlfriend had in mind when we first started thinking abouta trip to venice. after scouring guidebooks,

18、 we found that the logical thing seemed to be to moveabout the city like other tourists: by foot, water bus and the occasional overpriced gondola ride.but as novice canoers, we were intrigued by the thought of exploring the waterways ourselves.we spent hours researching where and how to rent a small

19、 craft in venice but found that thecombination of italian bureaucracy and the mighty gondolier lobby has made it virtually impossible.our solution? an inflatable kayak thats portable enough to check as luggage yet sturdy enoughto hold 500 pounds and withstand the rigors of class rapids. getting it t

20、here was easy becauseit weighs just 32 pounds and tucks into a suitcase-sized tote bag (along with a foot pump). andit was surprisingly affordable: our two-person kayak, by west marine, retails for $ 699, but wefound one brand-new on ebay for $ 163.44, about the price of a 45-minute gondola ride.pad

21、dling the canals offers a visceral way to appreciate venices mythic waters. on a purelypractical level, its a lot easier to get lost walking venice, with its twisting passageways andthousands of alleys, than to maneuver through its 200 easily navigable canals. the water alsooffers easier access to s

22、ome of the citys overlooked neighborhoods, like the jewish ghetto incannaregio.of course, any attempt to explore venices canals involves a confrontation with the reality ofwater itself. lord byron and casanova may have swum the canals in centuries past, but today swimmingis banned for public health

23、reasons. the canals are a drainage basin for 1.4 million people inthe area around venice, and a sewer system for the 60,000 residents of the historic center andthe 20 million tourists who visit it each year. dr. edward s. van vleet, a university of southflorida marine biochemist, has been studying t

24、he canals since 1985, and says the combination ofchemical pollution and household waste make for a particularly noxious mix.the most surprising sensory revelation of traveling the canals is the sound or, more precisely, the glorious absence of noise.because venice has no cars or traffic noise, today

25、scity is trueto its centuries-old nickname, la serenissima, and that tranquility is amplified on the water.a five-minute paddle from the tourist bedlam of the rialto are aquatic side streets where evenat midday, the hush was interrupted only by droplets from our paddles.and nearly everywhere you pad

26、dle are sumptuous ruins, signs of a sinking city. peer behind therusty wrought-iron gates of many homes that abut the canal and you might see partly submergedfirst-floor porches, foyers or sitting rooms that were abandoned long ago, as rising waters forcedthe residents to flee upstairs.while many go

27、ndoliers seem none too pleased at the prospect of sharing their waterways withnonpaying travelers, most boaters were polite. many pedestrians appeared bemused by the noveltyof a kayak, snapping photographs, waving and shouting the occasional buona idea!out on the bustling grand canal, however, the p

28、ace is too fast and the water too treacherous forsuch niceties. it took us three days of maneuvering the side canals to work up the courage totry to make it across the 60-yard width of the grand canal, a feat that at first glance appearsas wise as crossing an interstate on a tricycle.as we paddled f

29、rom the rio di s. zan degola onto the grand canal, we hugged the shoreline, thensprinted into a cove of half-rotted pilings, buffering ourselves from the waves. vaporetti poweredpast us from both directions, water taxis darted by, and delivery boats loaded with appliances.after two false starts, we

30、spotted a crease in traffic and made a dash for it. water splayed fromour paddles as we sprinted out into the open water, swiveling our heads left and right to makesure we werent about to be rammed by a turnip boat.after a minute of heavy paddling, we had reached the middle of the canal, where water

31、 was calmerand the citys sounds again seemed muted. then we scurried across the other busy lanes. when wereached the bank, mercifully, there was a wine bar waiting to commemorate the achievement.(此文选自 the new york times)passage threehigh in the mountains of southern france, the sleepy town of aurill

32、ac has few obvious charms toattract the outsider. if the setting is scenic, its claims to fame are slender: a thriving umbrellaindustry and a reputation as the coldest place in the country. understandably, the tourists stayaway. except, that is, for one hectic week each summer, when the community pl

33、ays host to theinternational festival of street theater, an extravaganza that now attracts 100,000 visitors keento watch performers from as far away as poland and chile. the bars fill; the shops prosper. itsput aurillac on the map, says festival director jean-marie songy. were a place that peoplevis

34、it as opposed to simply passing by.and as countless festival organizers and chambers of commerce have realized, the longer visitorsstay, the more they spend. as the summer season draws to a close, communities across the worldfromoutsize cities to modest villagesare counting the rewards of tapping in

35、to this booming culturaleconomy. this year europe alone will stage some 400 arts festivals, ranging from the reykjavikjazz festival to the edinburgh international festival of music, opera and theater, which lastmonth celebrated its 60th anniversary.all the world loves a party, it seemsespecially one

36、 that pays its own way. more and more placesare recognizing the massive economic, cultural and social benefits of a festival, says joannabaker, the edinburgh festivals marketing director. to be sure, a successful arts festivalrepresents a happy union of commercial self-interest and public entertainm

37、ent. though many ofeven the best-known festivals need public subsidies to survive, they still provide an opportunityto lift a communitys profile or pack its restaurants and hotels.festivalgoers face an increasingly eclectic array of subjects and venues. barcelona, for one,boasts 26 major arts festiv

38、als a yearonly one more than melbourne, australia. film buffs can now choose between showings in cities from aarhus in denmark to zagreb, not to mention thepan-african festival of film and television in burkina faso.ambitious promoters are now looking across borders to push successful formulas. in r

39、ecent years,the hay-on-wye literary festival in britain has established similar events in segovia, spain,and the colombian city of cartagena. even newcomers to the market have little problem fillingseats; manchester reports packed houses and reckons its on target to attract 300,000 visitorswithin a

40、few years.to the optimists, those surging numbers suggest a welcome change in public tastes. the new britishprime minister gordon brown has spoken of the proliferating literary festivalsbritain now hasmore than 300, compared with just three back in 1983as evidence of a new cultural seriousness.other

41、s believe the communal experience of festivalgoing provides a useful antidote to the solitarypastimesmany of them electronicof 21 st-century life.but festival frenzy can be too much of a good thing. a report published last year for the edinburghinternational festival warned that the rising tally of

42、festivals would rapidly increase thecompetition for audiences. the workaday port of rotterdam is now home to a year-round series offestivals in part to keep up with its classier neighbor, amsterdam. in an age of cheap air travel,the opera lover with a free weekend can head for riga as easily as salz

43、burg.and theres a finite supply of sponsors and public money, not to mention performers. alreadytheres grumbling over rising fees for the biggest names.critics argue that the whole purpose of the festival is changing. festivals used to belong tothe public, says getz. now they are almost always creat

44、ed for strategic reasons. inevitably,that brings the risk of losing distinctive appeal. this festivalization is creating a kindof homogeneity problem that festivals were created to solve, said janice price, boss of luminato,torontos festival of arts and creativity.still, the benefits are simply too

45、good to pass up. cultural festivals are emerging as the newmust-have for postindustrial cities keen to recast their images. redeveloping the rundownwaterfront or calling in big-name architects is only the start. big, flashy iconic buildingsare not enough, says fran thoms, head of cultural strategy a

46、t manchester city council in britain.you need to fill the space between the buildingsand thats where festivals come in.if all else fails, cities can follow the example of little leavenworth, washington, and completelyrecreate themselves as a festival center. when leavenworths logging industry collap

47、sed, thesettlement was remodeled to resemble a bavarian village capable of hosting a range of culturalevents. result: 2 and a half million visitors a year. and a reputation as a dont-miss stop onthe festival circuit.(此文选自 newsweek)passage fourfaith schools and academies should be stripped of their p

48、ower to choose pupils, according toresearch that suggests that some secondary schools are flouting new rules designed to preventmiddle-class pupils dominating the best comprehensives.researchers at the london school of economics, who studied more than 3,000 secondary schooladmission forms for 2008,

49、said that faith schools and other establishments that control admissions,including academies, should hand over the job of allocating places to an independent body to ensuregreater fairness. anne west, director of the education researchgroup at the lse and lead authorof the study, said that this coul

50、d be the local authority, which already controls admissions forcommunity schools, or a religious body such as the diocesan authority.the researchers found that some schools were operating a form of backdoor selection by askingfor personal information about parents marital status, occupation and educ

51、ational backgroundand even childrens hobbies. it also found that a significant minority of nonselective schools5 percentwere selecting pupils on the basis of aptitude for a particular subject.more than half a million 11-year-olds in england will discover this week whether they have gota place at the

52、ir preferred secondary. early indications suggest that nationally up to a sixthof children, more than 90,000 pupils, could be disappointed.an overall decline in the number of applications means that the proportion of those failing toget their first choice is likely to fall slightly.the times has con

53、ducted a survey of 65 local authorities. the proportion of pupils not gettingtheir first choice in the west london borough of kensington and chelsea was 40 per cent.furtherwest in hillingdon the proportion was 29.5 per cent. in hertfordshire the figure was 33 per cent,in bournemouth 29 per cent and

54、in bristol 19 per cent.in the grammar school areas of kent and buckinghamshire, theproportions were 21.5 and 46.05 percent respectively.professor west said that despite the introduction of an admissions code in 2007 to outlaw backdoorselection several schools had breached the rules in letter and in

55、spirit.the study, which was funded by the education charity rise and the esme fairbairn foundation,found that some schools were using supplementary information forms to ask parents open-endedquestions, which would indicate a great deal about the parents own educational and socialbackground.several s

56、chools asked about childrens hobbies and one even asked children to complete a 100-wordstatement. another invited parents to meet the headteacher or deputy to discuss the applicationfor admission, despite a ban on interviews.a small number of grammar schools (15 percent) asked about parents marital

57、status through indirectquestions, which is also against the rules.the sheer complexity of admissions procedures discriminated against certain groups of parents,the report suggests. more than a fifth of voluntary aided schools have at least four admissionscriteria relating to religion and some have a

58、s many as 11.closely tied to this, professor west said, was the wide degree of discretion open to schools thatcontrolled their own admissions. schools that are their own admission authority are in theoryin a position to cream skim. this means that they are able, if they so wish, to select pupilswho will maximise t