考研英语阅读试卷61

1、考研英语（阅读） - 试卷 61（总分： 70.00 ，做题时间： 90分钟 ）一、 reading comprehension（总题数： 7 ，分数：70.00）1. section ii reading comprehension （分数：10.00 ）解析：2. part adirections: read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. (分数： 10.00 )解析：as people in rich countries know very

2、well, eating too much food and burning too few calories is why a substantial number of us are overweight or obese. now, however, a remarkable change in perspective has come from the discovery that obesity actually provides people with temporary protection from the harmful effects of fat. the insight

3、 has come from re-examining the common assumption that fatness itself drives the development of metabolic syndrome, which is what causes so much of the actual damage. the syndrome comes with a mixture of life-threatening effects, with cardiovascular disease (diseases relating to the heart and blood

4、vessels) and type 2 diabetes being among the most serious. in fact, it now seems that body fat may be a barrier that stops millions of americans and fatty citizens elsewhere from going on to develop the syndrome. and the real damage is caused by the inflammatory effect of high levels of fat in the b

5、loodstream.and ironically, its fat cells that protect us from this by serving as toxic dumps, locking away the real villains of the modern diet. the problem is that this protection only lasts so long, until there is simply no more room inside the fat cells. thats when they start to break down, leadi

6、ng to a toxic spill into the bloodstream. this sets off an inflammatory response that causes various kinds of damage to body tissues. in this way, every excess calorie takes people closer to metabolic syndrome. so what can we do to stop a superabundance of fat triggering the syndrome? of course ther

7、es no substitute for a healthy diet and exercise, but incitation to this effect seem to be of limited use. as with cigarettes and alcohol, a tax on calories pricing foods by（分数:their energy content is increasingly seen as another lever to change behaviour by making obesity too costly. the new resear

8、ch may even suggest treatments to combat metabolic syndrome, such as antiinflammatory drugs. one promising candidate is salsalate, an arthritis drug related to aspirin, and the joslin diabetes center in boston is now considering large-scale trials. what might be more helpful, though, is simply a wid

9、er recognition that fatty and sugary foods are more directly toxic than we had assumed. ideally, people should be as well informed about the harmful effects of what they eat as, for example, pregnant women are about drinking and smoking. there is a consolation you have your fat tissue to protect you

10、 when you consume that extra burger or sweetened soda. but now you know the perils of pushing your friendly fat cells beyond their natural limits. (分数： 10.00 )(1).its implied in the first paragraph that the reasons for obesity include overeating and .2.00)a.lacking exercise vb.absorbing fatsc.keepin

11、g unhealthy dietsd.burning calories解析：解析：事实细节题。文章在开篇( 第一句 ) 便指出：有如此多超重或肥胖的人群，是因为吃得太多而热量消耗得又太少，burning too few calories言外之意是缺乏运动，故选 a项。) 2.00 (分数： (2).from paragraph 2 we know that the real villain of actual damages is .a.fat cellsb.metabolic syndrome vc.cardiovascular diseased.bloodstream fats解析：解析：

12、事实细节题。根据actual damage 定位到第二段第一句的后半部分，不难发现which 指代的就是前面的metabolic syndrome ，所以选 b 项。 (3).the protective function of fat cells stop working once . (分数： 2.00 )a.their capacity reaches a limitvb.toxin spills into the bloodstream c.an inflammatory response appears d.metabolic syndrome is developed解析：解析：事

13、实细节题。由题干中 the protective function 和 fat cells 可定位至第三段第一句“当脂肪细胞的空 间不够时，这种保护就不能再维持下去” ， a 项是对原文的同义替换，故正确。(4) .the author indicates in the text that obesity can be restricted by. (分数： 2.00 )a.putting fats protective function to full use b.unifying peoples diet and exercise habits c.raising the prices o

14、f cigarettes and alcohol.manipulating food prices by their calorie contentv解析：解析：事实细节题。由题干“可以通过控制肥胖”定位至第四段。通过对该段第三句的分析得知，可以根据 食物所含热量征税来调节致胖食品的消费，d项正确。(5) .to combat metabolic syndrome, the authors suggestion is to . (分数： 2.00 )a.develop more anti-inflammatory drugs b.ask people to keep away from fat

15、ty food c.strengthen the awareness of the harms of fatty foodvd.protect pregnant women from tobacco and wine解析：解析：事实细节题。第五段先提到对抗代谢综合征的新研究，接着作者在第六段中提出了自己的看法，即提高人们对脂性食品和含糖食品危害的意识，c项与之相符，为正确答案。whats the difference between god and larry ellison? asks an old software industry joke. answer: god doesn thin

16、k hes larry ellison. the boss of oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed todemand bossly narcissis

17、m, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. narcissus met a nasty end, of course. and in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. in his management bestseller, good to great, jim collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proc

18、laimed stars who adorn the covers of forbes and fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example. a statistical answer may be at hand. for the first time, a new study, its all about me, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the american academy of man

19、agement, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. the authors, arijitchatterjee and donald hambrick, of pennsylvania state university, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. to do this,

20、 they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. so the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the

21、 co-operation of the boss. these are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his whos who entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those

22、 of the firms second-highest paid executive. narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and chiefauthors, the say advance, professional your helps self-esteem great because and influence, executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. messrs c

23、hatterjee and hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big lo

24、sses) and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers. (分数： 10.00 ) (1).larry ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that . (分数： 2.00 )a.some corporate chiefs like to compare themselves to god b.many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfish c.egotism of a boss i

25、s fundamental to the success of a firm d.a boss narcissism might have an effect on his businessv解析：解析：推理判断题。由拉里. 埃里森的例子引出，许多老板都有自恋倾向。第四句还指出十年前，人们对知名老总的狂热崇拜使得自恋似乎成为老板的必需。因为这表明公司在战无不胜的英雄的领导下奋勇前行因此该例是为了证明一个老板的自恋可能会对其公司产生影响，故选 d项。(2).the statement narcissus met a nasty end (para. 2) implies that . (分数：

26、2.00 )a.selfishness of a boss will be subject to public criticism b.egotism of chief executives may lead to undesirable consequencesvc.a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disasters d.boss-worship will result in self-asserted leaders解析：解析：推理判断题。该段第二句讲到，近年来人们渐渐发现膜拜老板对企业发展不利， b 项中的 le

27、ad toundesirable consequences 与之相符，为答案。此外，若对希腊神话有所了解也可以知道，那西塞斯因暗恋自己水中 的影子郁郁而终，这暗示着高管的自我陶醉会给企业带来不好的后果。 (3).the study its all about me is designed to . (分数： 2.00 )a.offer all-encompassing answers to the american academy of management b.analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company emp

28、loyees c.explore the relationship between a boss character and business performancevd.test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer industry解析： 解析： 事实细节题。 读懂该段第二句是答题关键， 该句主句的宾语中心语为 analysis ， 弄明白修饰其的几个定语，此题便迎刃而解。of what表明这是关于“自恋型老板对其管理的公司所产生的影响”的一个分析，这与c项意思相近， c 项正确。(4).in paragraph 4, th

29、e author discusses. (分数： 2.00 )a.six indicators that might reveal a boss narcissismvb.the reason why a boss might be unwilling to be surveyedc.how to use an index of narcissism to conduct surveys d.a way of improving survey results in the studies of narcissism 解析：解析：段落主旨题。该段基本上都是在讲这六个用以衡量老板自恋程度的指标，因

30、此a 项正确。（5）.from the text we can conclude that the author thinks . （分数： 2.00 ）a.great self-esteem is the prime source of narcissismb.chief executives are more likely to become self-absorbedvc.narcissism drives a boss to take less but larger risksd.the humbler the boss is, the easier his management mi

31、ght be解析：解析：推理判断题。该段第一句末提到，首席执行官都比一般人更容易有自恋倾向，因此 b 项正确。 i am addicted to electricity. so are you. and so is your business. we live in an always on world air conditioners, streetlights, tvs, pcs, cell phones, and more. and with forecasts that well need 40% more electricity by 2030, determining how we

32、 can realistically feed our energy addiction without ruining our environment is the critical challenge of the new century. of course, wecould buy energy-saving appliances or drive fuel-efficient cars. we can recycle cans, bottles, and newspapers. we can even plant carbon-absorbing trees. but, no mat

33、ter how much we may wish diversea need we that, do demands.to energy our satisfy won themselves by acts these would, they energy mix that takes a practical, rather than emotional, approach. enter nuclear energy. nuclear alone won get us to where we need to be, but we wonget there without it. despite

34、 itscontroversial reputation, nuclear is efficient and reliable. its also clean, emitting no greenhouse gases or regulated air pollutants while generating electricity. and with nuclear power, we get the chance to preserve the earths climate while at the same time meeting our future energy needs. mor

35、eover, many of the management woes that gave the early nuclear business a black eye have finally been overcome.a five-year project in alabama was completed on time and very close to budget. also, us-designed reactors have been built in about four years in asia, and new nuclear plants on the drawing

36、board for installation here in america will be licensed by the nuclear regulatory commission under a speedier process that should be far more efficient than the one in place when the 104 nuclear facilities operating today were licensed. but this streamlined process will not compromise nuclear safety

37、 and security. the nrc holds nuclear reactors to the highest safety and security standards of any american industry.a two-day national security simulation in washington, d.c., in 2002 concluded nuclear plants are probably our best defended targets. and because of their advanced design and sophistica

38、ted containment structures, us nuclear plants emit a negligible amount of radiation. even if you lived next door to a nuclear power plant, you would still be exposed to less radiation each year than you would receive in just one round-trip flight from new york to los angeles. heres the reality: the

39、us needs more energy, and we need to get it without further harming our environment. everything is a trade-off. nothing is free, and nuclear plants are not cheap to build. but we have a choice to make: we can either continue the 30-year debate about whether we should embrace nuclear energy, or we ca

40、n accept its practical advantages. love it or not, expanding nuclear energy makes both environmental and business sense. （分数： 10.00 ）(1) .according to the first paragraph, in order to satisfy our energy needs, we need to . （分数： 2.00 ）a.mix all kinds of energiesb.focus on our energy addiction c.do ev

41、erything to save energyd.establish a diversified energy structurev解析：解析：事实细节题。第一段第十句 to do that 中 that 指代的就是前一句的 satisfy our energy demands ，即题目所问，因而根据该句所说的“我们需要一个多样的能源结构”可知答案为 d 项。(2) .according to the passage, nuclear energy could . (分数： 2.00 )a.enjoy a good and popular fameb.provide us with adequ

42、ate energy in futurevc.help us get to where we need to bed.keep our climate clean解析：解析：推理判断题。根据nuclear energy 定位到第二段。第五句 while 引导的状语表明核能可以满足人类未来的能源需求，故选b项。(3) .the expression a black eye (para. 3) most probably means . (分数： 2.00 )a.an unfriendly attitude vb.a pleasant attitudec.a changing attituded.

43、a doubtful attitude解析：解析：语义理解题。第三段具体描述了关于核能利用的政策正在逐渐被放宽这一事实。该段首句中managemen，t以及overcome两词提示。理关于核能的管理难题”得到了克服。结合前面分析可推断giveablack eye 传达的信息应该与“不利于核能的利用”有关，故选 a 项。(4) .the national security simulation in 2002 shows that. (分数： 2.00 )a.nuclear plants should be best protectedb.nuclear radiation would be m

44、uch less and not so seriousc.nuclear safety and security standards would be the strictestvd.nuclear technology should be highly advanced and sophisticated解析：解析：事实细节题。 2002年的国家安全演习是第四段的一个例子(第三句 ) ，举例通常是为了说明某一观点。第三句得出的结论表明核电站可能是防卫最好的地方，这一结论是为了说明第二句所强调的内容，即核反应堆符合最高安全及保障标准，故选c项。(5) .the authors attitude

45、 toward the nuclear energy could possibly be. (分数： 2.00 )a.affirmative and supportive vb.controversial and doubtfulc.unnecessary but importantd.important but dangerous解析：解析：观点态度题。纵观整篇文章，作者始终强调核能是帮助人类环保解决未来能源问题的对策，并详述了其可 行性和高安全性，此外最后一段第三句还表示“不管喜欢与否，扩大核能的利用无论从商业还是环境的角度来看都是明 智的” ，这些都表明作者对待核能的态度是肯定和支持的，

46、故选a 项。if american medicine were a patient, he would weigh 350 pounds and be gaining fast. despite being repeatedly counseled about the dangers of morbid obesity, he would be making at best half-hearted attempts to mend his gluttonous (excessive drinking and eating) ways. meanwhile, his doctors, insu

47、rance company, politicians and regulators would remain in a deep state of denial, clutching theillusion that their patient, other than being a bit overweight, was in tip-top health. truth be told, the us medical system is headed for multiple organ failure. the spiraling cost of healthcare is well kn

48、own: $7,100 per person this year, projected to increase to $12,000 in 2015 and compounding at more than double the rate of inflation. already, medical care gobbles upone-sixth of the gdp. even so, we ask ourselves, how better to spend our money on the best healthcarein the world? not so fast. the fa

49、cts show that these enormous expenditures may be buying us the best facilities in medical carebut not the best health. for example, canada spends only 60%as much per person on healthcare as the united states. yet, since 1980, the longevity of all canadians has improved more rapidly than that of only

50、 white americans. yes, the queues in canada can involve delays in nonemergency care. but these could be shortened with relatively small increases in funding. an article in the us journal health affairs investigating the number of canadians who come here to avoid these waits found the number so small

51、 that it asked, a tip with no iceberg? britain spends only 40% as much as we do on healthcare. but according to the journal of the american medical assn., middle-class insured americans are much less healthy than their english counterparts. in fact, although americans spend twice as much per person

52、on healthcare as the other 21 wealthiest countries, data from the world health organization showthat we live the shortest amount of time in good health2.5 years less than the average in theother countries. reviewing a dartmouth medical school study that found higher mortality rates in areas that spe

53、nt the most on medicare, professor elliott fisher concluded that perhaps a thirdof medical spending is now devoted to services that donappear to improve health or the qualityof care and may make things worse. this means that the us is wasting more than $650 billiona year half again more than the ent

54、ire defense department will spend this year, including thecost of the war in iraq on unnecessary and often harmful. (分数：10.00)(1) .in the opening paragraph, american medicine is compared to a patient to show that.(分数：2.00 )a.it has wasted the us government a huge amount of money b.it is so problemat

55、ic and troublesome that it is past cure c.it is generally wholesome except for some minor problems d.it is as problem-ridden as a patient with serious illnessv解析：解析：推理判断题。第一段第一句和第四句指出，如果把美国医疗比作一个病人，那它不仅仅只有肥胖的问题， 它的很多器官已濒临功能衰竭。可见，文章将美国医疗比作病人其实是想说美国医疗的问题项正确。d很多，故.(2) .canada and britain are mentioned

56、in paragraph 3 to illustrate that.(分数：2.00 )a.america spends more money on medical care than canada and britainb.both canada and britain are fairly successful in terms of healthcarec.american expenditure on medical care is not so efficient as expectedvd.both canada and britain should hike up their e

57、xpenditures on healthcare解析：解析：事实细节题。该段讲到：加拿大和英国在医疗方面的开支少，人们反而更加健康。举例的目的就是突出美 国在医疗方面花费大，但收效小，故c项正确。(3) .a tip with no iceberg? (para. 3) most probably means.(分数：2.00 )a.patients in canada sometimes do have to wait for nonemergency treatmentsb.shortage of funds in canadian medical system can be resol

58、ved easilyc.a big increase in funding is needed in canada, not a small oned.delays in nonemergency treatment in canada are not such a serious problemv解析：解析：语义理解题。第三段第三、四句讲到加拿大医疗制度的一个小问题，即排队会导致延误治疗，但因此选择到美国医院就诊的人仍然很少，也就是说，这个问题并不严重，d项的理解正确。(4) .which of the following statements is true of the text?(分数：2.00 )a.medical care takes up the largest share of us government expenditures.b.americans emoy the best facilities in medical care but have worst health.c.america performs worse than canada and britain in terms of healthcare.d.americans have a shorter life expectancy than people