语言学名词解释(一)

1、精品文档define the following terms:1. linguistics:linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.2. phonology: the study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3. syntax: the study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is cal

2、led syntax. .4. pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5. psycholinguistics:the study of language with reference to the workings of mindis called psycholinguistics.6. language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. phonetics:

3、 the study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8. morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form wordsis called morphology.9. semantics: the study of meaning in language is called semantics.10. sociolinguistics: the study of language wit

4、h reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11. applied linguistics: in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the applicationof linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,especiallythe teaching of foreign and second languages. in a broad sense, it refersto the

5、 application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12. arbitrariness:it is one of the design features of language. it means that thereis no logical connection between meanings and sounds13. productivity:language is productive or creative

6、in that it makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14. displacement: displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. in other words

7、, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15. duality: the duality nature of language means thatlanguage is a system, whichconsists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16. design features: design featu

8、res refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication17. competence: chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language,18. performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules

9、in linguistic communication.19. langue : langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; langue is relatively stable,it does not changefrequently20. parole: parole ref

10、ers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole isthe concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: phonologystudies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how s

11、peech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: the basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. but it is an abstract unit. to be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of

12、 distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: it is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. in

13、tonation: whenpitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world s languages

14、26. auditory phonetics: it studies the speech sounds from the hearers point of view. it studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: it studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. it studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through

15、 the air from one person to another.528. phone : phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. a phone is a phonetic unit or segment. it does not necessarily distinguish meaning.529. phonemic contrast: phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes

16、. if two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except for on

17、e sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33. morphology: morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34. inflectional morphology: the inflectional morpholog

18、y studies the inflections35. derivational morphology: derivational morphology is the study of wordformation.36. morpheme: it is the smallest meaningful unit of language.37. free morpheme: free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves

19、 or in combination with other morphemes.38. bound morpheme: bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.39. root: a root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although

20、it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.40. affix: affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an exi

21、sting form to create a word.41. prefix: prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42. suffix: suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and

22、 in many cases change its part of speech.43. derivation: derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.44. compounding: compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.45.

23、syntax: syntax is a subfield of linguistics. it studies the sentence structure of language. it consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.46. sentence: a sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numbe

24、r of words to form a complete statement, question or command. normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.47. coordinate sentence: a coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction

25、, such as and, but, or.48. syntactic categories: apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.49. grammatical relations: the structural and logical

26、functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. the grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. in many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: universally fou

27、nd in the grammars of all humanlanguages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. transformational rules: transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. d-structure:

28、 d- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of d-structure.53. semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.54. sense: sens

29、e is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract anddecontextualised.55. reference: reference meanswhat a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the

30、linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience56. synonymy :synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.57. polysemy :polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.58. homonymy : homonymy refers to the phenon that words having dif

31、ferent meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.59. homophones :when two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones60. homographs :when two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.61. complete homonyms.:when two wor

32、ds are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.62. hyponymy :hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.63. antonymy :antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.64. componential analysis :

33、 componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. it was pro-posed by structural semanticists. the approach is based on the beliefthat the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.65. the grammatical meaning : the grammatical meaning of a s

34、entence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . the grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.66. predication :the predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.67. argument : an argument is a logical participant in

35、 a predication. it is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.68. predicate : a predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.69. two-place predication :a two-place predication is one which contains

36、twoarguments.37. pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38. context: generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. the shared knowledge is of two types: the kn

37、owledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40. sentence meaning: the meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract,