从德伯家的苔丝简析汤姆斯哈代的宿命论

1、中中 南南 大大 学学 central south university 高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文 题 目 论汤姆斯哈代的宿命论 题目类别 文 学 类 学生姓名 魏 梦 辉 考 籍 号 071112100127 单位或学校 中南大学继续教育学院 联系电话完成时间 2014 年 8 月 the function of the little boy in the old man and the sea by liaoting (071112100127) august 2014 the further education college of central so

2、uth university acknowledgements first and foremost, i am most grateful to my tutor, miss yuan, whose useful suggestions, incisive comments and constructive criticism have contributed greatly to the completion of this thesis. she devotes a considerable portion of her time to reading my manuscripts an

3、d making suggestions for further revisions. her tremendous assistance in developing the framework for analysis and in having gone through the draft versions of this thesis several times as well as her great care in life deserve more thanks than i can find words to express. i am also greatly indebted

4、 to all my teachers helped me directly and indirectly in my studies. any progress that i have made is the result of their profound concern and selfless devotion. finally, thanks to my friends and classmates who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft, and my parents fo

5、r their continuous support and encouragement. contents abstract.i 摘摘 要要.ii introduction.1 1.1 about the background.1 1.2 about the novel.1 chapter 1 purpose of study .4 chapter 2 literature review.5 2.1 definition of fatalism .5 2.2 critics of thomas hardy.6 2.3 critics of tess of durbervilles.6 cha

6、pter 3 the course of hardys fatalism.8 3.1 the effect of his family.8 3.2 the effect of social reform .8 3.3 the effect of darwin and schopenhauers thoughts .9 chapter 4. the embodiment of hardys fatalism.11 4.1 the coincidence of events .11 4.2the foreshows of events.14 4.3 the inevitable of tesss

7、fate .15 4.4 the limitation of hardys fatalism.15 conclusion.17 bibliography.18 i abstract thomas hardy is unique as a novelist in the history of english literature. he focuses on the poors fate and animadverts the world, reveals the evil of society. his novels are full of fatalism. in his masterpie

8、ce, tess of the durbervilles, the description of tess in tesss fate is even more conspicuous. this paper focus on the formation of hardys fatalism from the historical background-victorian age, the family background -the backward and patriarchal village, and the social thoughts-darwins evolutionism a

9、nd schopenhauers tragic sense, makes an analysis of the course of hardys fatalism and its limitation .according to hardys writing technique: coincidence and foreshows to tell tesss fate is inevitable. to note ,as hardys own socio-economic changes and the resulting huge does not understand the great

10、changes in peoples lives, it cant find scientific theory to explain the change ,so he add this phenomena to the arrangement of fatalism and according to tess shown in the novel. key words: fatalism; coincidence ;presage; inevitability； ii 摘摘 要要 托马斯哈代作为一名小说家在英国文学史上的地位是独一无二 的，他非常关注穷人的命运，无情的批判现实世界，揭露社会

11、主义 的黑暗面。他的小说中充满了宿命论思想，这一点在他的名著苔 丝中描述苔丝的命运时尤为突出。本文通过从哈代生活的社会背 景和家庭背景以及当时的社会主要思潮达尔文的进化论,叔本华的 悲观主义等着手,论述了哈代宿命论思想体系形成原因及其局限性。 哈代运用一系列的巧合和预示来说明苔丝的命运是无法避免的。从 而说明，由于哈代对自己所处的社会经济的巨大变化及由此引起人 们生活的巨大变化的不理解，又得不到科学的理论来解释这一变化， 从而把这些现象归结于宿命的安排，并通过苔丝表现出来。 关键词关键词：宿命论；巧合；预兆；必然 1 introduction 1.1 about the background

12、thomas hardy was born in a small village in dorset, an area of southern england steeped in history. he is unique as a novelist in the history of english literature. he is the last excellent realistic novelist and poet in the victorian age. hardy has not much school education and was lack of scientif

13、ic knowledge, so he couldnt view the society in a new light of marxism. he is thus one of the relatively few well-known english writers who didnt have a university education. the fact of society makes him and the laboring people believe in fatalism, the thought are highly summarized in the tess of t

14、he durbervilles, the novel is hardys most famous novel, under his pen, the heroine tess is created as an attractive and warm- hearted woman who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice but suffer a lot in her short and miserable life. tess has long been regarded as the most successful woman c

15、haracter in the english literary history. 1.2 about the novel tess of the durbervilles is thomas hardys most famous novel. the work depicts tesss miserable and short life. tess is a beautiful、pure and hard-working woman and she has all good qualities which a pure woman should have. “when she was 16,

16、 she follows her parents requirement to visit stoke-durbervilles, a wealthy family who had assumed the durbervilles name because no one else claimed it. the son alex tricked the innocent young tess into walking as a poultry maid, not letting her 2 know that her mother was unaware of tesss identity.

17、though tess knows alec means her no good. alec, cleverer than she, at last get her alone and then possessed her. in order to escape from alec, she worked in different farms.” .at a dairy farm tess was well treated and she met angel who is a pastors son and study on the farm. though angel interested

18、tess most, he was rejected by tess many times, tess loved him very much, but the memory of her night with alec caused her to refuse angel again and again. at last angel insistence, coupled with the written pleas of her parents to marry someone who could help the family financially, won her over, and

19、 she agreed to marry him. on the night before the wedding, she wrote angel a letter, telling everything about her and alec. but in the morning angel acted as tenderly as before and tess loved him more than ever for his forgiving nature. when she realized that angel had not found the letter, she atte

20、mpted to tell him about her past. on their wedding night angel told tess about his own past, tess forgave him and then told about her affair with alec, thinking that he would forgive her as she had him, but angel was shocked and told her she was not the woman he loved. angel left tess. in order to k

21、eep her family, she had to do hard labor in the fields. while she was working in the fields, she met alec again and perused by him once more. tess wrote to angel and the letter took several months to reach angel. meanwhile alec was so kind to tess and so generous to her family that she began to rele

22、nt in her feeling towards him. then she went to alec again, living with him as his wife. angel returned and found tess with alec, he turned away and more hurt than before. tess felt that she could not find happiness only if alec were dead. so she killed him and went together with angel. they are hap

23、py with one another for a few days. when the authorities found tess, she was ready for her punishment, she stood up bravely and faced her captors. 3 from the introduction above, we can see that tesss life is a tragedy, though she try her best to peruse her happiness, she cant escape from the great p

24、ower of fate, she was destined to be the slave of fate. 4 chapter 1 purpose of study about hardys fatalism in tess of the durbervilles , different people have different opinions .some people think that even though hardy can see the crisis of the english capitalism society, his inability to find a wa

25、y to solve the contradictions of life. he cant clearly find the source of causing tragedy, so he cant find a good way to save the society, he resorted to the fatalism. others think that hardys writing works are involved in the fatalisms mistake and had a pessimistic thought towards life. but when we

26、 deeply learnt about the times and social background and hardys life experiences, we could find a key to read his article and to analyze his fatalism. in this article, i will show how hardy expressed his fatalism thoughts through frequently use of coincidences and foreshows .and how to put tess into

27、 tragedy step by step .i will go into detail the formation of hardys fatalism, the embodiment of fatalism and the limitation of hardys fatalism . to explore how the fate controlled tess by one after another coincidence, therefore to reveal the unjust society, and hardy can t find the scientific theo

28、ry to explain the great change and tesss tragedy fate, so hardy adds these changes and inevitable fate to fatalism. what s more, according to the female heroine in tess of the durbervilles embodied in this article. 5 chapter 2 literature review 2.1 definition of fatalism the belief that the order of

29、 things in the universe is decided by a mysterious power and peoples lives are determined by this “great power” called fate. many people, called fatalists, believe in this and that they have no power in determining their future, no one can escape from the determined fate, no matter what one can do i

30、s just to follow it. in tess of the durbervilles, tess has no control of her own destiny, try as she may, she is still a slave of fate. throughout the bleak novel, we can easily felt that tesss tragedy is controlled by the fate. tess is the victim of the fate, at first she was raped by alec, then sh

31、e was dumped by angel, at last she killed alec. when she faced the sufferings, she had no power to fight against. “ in the novel, the word fate and god are appear many time, on the surface , it seems like a mysterious power control everything, in fact, through the real record of the society, hardy r

32、eveals the tragic history of english countryside at that time, just as hardy said, fate is determined by ones economy status and class status.” fatalism is defined in webster dictionary as the doctrine that all things take place by inevitable necessity. fatalism is a primitive force that exists inde

33、pendent of human wills, it is the idea that all actions are controlled by fate. 6 2.2 critics of thomas hardy thomas hardy is unique as a novelist in the history of english literature.as a realistic novelist, hardy thinks that works should reflect reality, such as peoples heavy work, miserable life

34、and so on. his novels are full of fatalism. it is because the effect of the time that it is the time from liberal capitalist of united kingdom to imperialism. this period of capitalism in the united kingdom created the booming economy, at the same time, it make the poor people life more poverty, esp

35、ecially “in the late of 19th century, capitalism exploits in rural areas, the rural male- controlled system destroyed completely hardy witnessed the invasion of capitalism leading to the rural farmer have nothing “in emotion, hardy cant accepted the destroys of the countryside but in ration, he know

36、 that it is necessary for the developing of society, the friction between emotion and ration make him sad and despair. he focuses on poors fate and animadverts the world, revealed the evil of society. because the limitation of the age, hardy tries his best to solve the society problems but failed. h

37、is thought also experienced a complicated course. in conclusion, hardy had fatalism in this novel, in fact hardys fatalism expressed his unsatisfactory to society, it is not a sheer fatalism but revealed the evil of social system. 2.3 critics of tess of durbervilles in the novel tess dare to fight a

38、gainst social injustice, but she couldnt get rid of transitional moral completely, her misfortune is mainly composed of her character and psychological contradictions. the cause of misfortune is her pure character. she is a filial daughter and full of responsibility. tesss father is lazy and incompe

39、tent, her 7 mother is ignorant, and the poor family has to feed six children, tess as the oldest child in the family bear the heavy burden to keep the family. poverty has been the driving force of tesss tragedy and led to her destruction ultimately. because of the poverty, tess has to visit alec; at

40、 the end of the novel, also because of the poverty, tess had no choice but to be alecs lover. tess is so pure that she decided to write a letter to tell angel her past, sadly, fate teased her once again, her letter was covered by the carpet, and she misses the last chance to confess. so angel didnt

41、see her letter, so tess told her past to angel on the wedding night, tess was nave to think that he would forgive her past just as she did. supposed that tesss is a selfish girl, she can hide the shameful past in her deep heart and live a happy life with angel. even though she had told the truth to

42、angel, she still can live a better life with alec and did not have to kill alec, but her pure heart and character decided she had to tell her past to angel and kill alec in order to get the peace of her heart. above all, the contradiction between tesss pure character and cruel fact is the real sourc

43、e of her tragedy. 8 chapter 3 the course of hardys fatalism 3.1 the effect of his family thomas hardy, the son of a building contractor, was born on june2, 1840, in a small town in dorset in southwest england. hardys father liked music very much who played at church services and the boy follow his f

44、athers step by learning to play violin. this was the start of a lifelong interest in music, while figures prominently in his book. when he was a little boy, his health was not good. he mainly accepted the education at home. his thought was deeply affected by his mother and his grandmother, who lived

45、 in “super-naturalist domain in the remote country”. their personal experience made them become the believers of super-natural. in most hardys novels, the tragic figures were often classified as “predestined”. in his thoughts, an uncontrolled power about everything exists everywhere. it control our

46、own destiny, just as a naughty child caught the same bug, killing it for the sake of fun, it is this strength that control peoples fate no matter how you struggle, you cant escape from it. 3.2 the effect of social reform more than one hundred years ago, victorian age was a long and conservative peri

47、od, it was also the most prosperous age in the english history, and the united kingdom of great britain keeps a stronger stage. in this period, all the social fields experienced great changes, the industry had reached its peak, agriculture had become mechanized, the great 9 britain was stepping towa

48、rds the age of machine. while the social problems at that time become more serious, the contradiction between the working class and capitalist class become more intense than ever before and charter movement happened in 1848. from the 1870s, the free capitalism changed into monopoly capitalism, but t

49、he prosperous economy did not bring happiness to the people. not for a long time, the economy depression happened, which made the peoples life more miserable than before. with the extension of capitalist farming, the yeoman class of smallholders of peasants, with their traditions of independence, wa

50、s bound to disappear, peasants, particularly women and children, fell the slave of mechanized production. though peoples lives become worse than before, the society was still onward. neither can hardy understood the phenomenon nor realize the real source of social changes, so he could not find the r

51、ight way to future. he had to resort to the mystery fate thought, it is fatalism. 3.3 the effect of darwin and schopenhauers thoughts hardy was interested in literature when he was at school. he read a lot of greece tragedy and shakespeare tragedy. in 1859, darwin published origin of species, he tho

52、ughts that since each species are bred too many generations who under the pressure of the environment, the fight against each other for survival, as a result, any living creatures as long as it different from other creatures in some ways naturally, so it will have a high a chance of survive, and als

53、o selected by environment. due to genetic rules, any choice of organisms tends to spread its new, improved over the characters. darwin made a conclusion: there were many species exist, but many of them become extinct. those who survive are the most able to adapt to the environment. he thought that e

54、volution is not decided by the will of god, but decided by the survival of the fittest. when hardy 10 was young, he doubt the christian faith which he learnt all the time, he accepted darwins “things actually selection” theory. then hardy gradually shakes off the impact of christianity and had a uni

55、que understanding of the life system. then he affected by schopenhauer arthurs tragic sense. he thought that no matter how the human struggle and how the civilization developed, the fate of mankind had not been able to escape the teaser, he called this inherent supernatural force “inside will”, but

56、he didnt give it a clear definition, he only use “will” convey a meaning of the world. at last, he formed his own theory that is called fatalism. the series change of his thoughts, he didnt find the right method to solve the social problems, but the course led him to be a pessimist and his novels ar

57、e full of pessimistic thought and fatalism. as a humanism novelist，hardy thought that peoples life is miserable, the fate of the her oin in the novel just the epitome of the great laboring peoples life. 11 chapter 4 the embodiment of hardys fatalism 4.1 the coincidence of events in tess of the durbe

58、rvilles, everything seems to happen by coincidence, these coincidences are the fatal causing of tesss tragedy. we can conclude these coincidences and see how tess went into death step by step. for the first sixteen years of her life, tess and her family lived in a middle-class-like situation in the

59、town of marplot. john .durbeyfield is not in a good health when we meet him at the beginning of the novel and he does not put much interest in working, and instead of spending time on drinking. upon returning to his home one evening, he meets a man named parson trigram who tells him that the durbeyf

60、ields family is the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the durbervilles, who came from normandy with william the conqueror.” this news suddenly changes durbeyfields view on his familys lifestyle and he decides that they should be living as their knightly and noble ancestors