[专业英语考试复习资料]专业八级分类模拟286

1、专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟286专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟286专业八级分类模拟286LANGUAGE USAGE There are different theories of Language Development. The learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see and hear, and what children learn from punishment and reinforcement. 1 The main theorist associated with the l

2、earning perspective is B. F. Skinner. Skinner argued that adults shape the speech of children by reinforcing the babbling of infants that sound mostly like words. The 2 nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programming 3 to gain knowledge. The main theorist associated with this pe

3、rspective is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device (LAD). The LAD contains knowledge of grammatical rules common in all languages. The LAD also allows 4 children to understand the rules of however language they are 5 listening to. Chomsky also developed th

4、e concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure. Transformtional grammar is grammar that transforms a sentence. Surface structures are words that are actually written. Deep structure is underlying message or meaning of a sentence. Interactionists argue 6 that language d

5、evelopment is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with any others. Interactionists 7 argue that children are born in a powerful brain that matures slowly 8 and predisposes them to require new understandings t

6、hat they are 9 motivated to share with others. The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky. Interactionists focus on Vygotskys model of collaborative learning. Collaborative learning is the idea that conversations with younger people can help children 10 both cognitively

7、and linguistically. 1.答案:whatthat解析 从句引导词错误。该句意为“学习观点论者认为孩子们会模仿他们所看见和听见的东西，而且会从惩罚和强化中学习。”这里children learn from punishment and reinforcement和children imitate what they see and hear一样，都是作argues的宾语从句，且不缺任何成分，因此用连词that来引导宾语从句。2.答案:mostlymost解析 副词误用。该句意为“通过强化婴儿发出的咿呀声中最接近语言的部分。”在这里该词修饰like，应用最高级形式，故将mostl

8、y改为most。3.答案:programmingprogrammed解析 词性混用。该句意为“先天论者认为人类在生物构造上就有习得知识的程序。”programming为现在分词，意思是“规划，编程”，而programmed在这里为形容词，意思是“程序化的”，故将programming改为programmed。4.答案:into解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。该句意为“语言习得机制包含着对所有语言均适用的语法规则。”be common to为固定搭配，意思是“对是共同的”，故将in改为to。5.答案:howeverwhatever解析 关系代词误用。该句意为“语言习得机制同样也允许孩子们去理解他们所

9、能听到的所有语言的规则。”在这里该词修饰名词language，故however不合适，应改为whatever。6.答案:Isthe解析 冠词缺失。该句意为“深层结构指的是一个句子的潜在信息或含义。”在这里underlying message or meaning是特指，故在is后加定冠词the。7.答案:anyany解析 代词冗余。该句意为“相互作用论者认为语言学习受孩子们与其他人沟通的需求的影响。”在这里communicate with后面的词应为others，意思是“其他人”，any后应加名词或代词单数形式，因此在这里多余，故将any删掉。8.答案:inwith解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。

10、该句意为“孩子们生来就有一个强大的大脑。”be born with的意思是“天生具有”，故将in改为with。9.答案:requireacquire解析 动词误用。该句意为“一个强大的大脑预先让他们获得新的理解。”这里和new understandings搭配的动词意思应该是“取得，获得”，而require的意思是“要求，需要”，故将require改为acquire。10.答案:youngerolder解析 形容词误用。该句意为“协作学习指的是与年长者对话能够在认知和语言层面帮助孩子们。”根据生活经验，通常年长者可以帮助年幼者，因此将younger改为older。 What was the f

11、irst language? How did language begin, and where and when? Until recently, a sensible linguist would likely to 11 respond to such questions with a shrug and a sigh. As Bernard Campbell states flatly in Humankind Emerging, We simply do not know, or never will, how or when language began. Its hard to

12、12 imagine a cultural phenomenon thats less important than the 13 development of language. And yet no human attribute offers less conclusive evidence regarded its origins. The mystery, says Christine 14 Kenneally in her book The First Word, lies in the nature of the spoken word: For all their power

13、to wound and seduce, speech is our 15 most ephemeral creation; it is little more than air. It exits the body as series of puffs and dissipates quickly into the atmosphere. There 16 are no verbs preserved in amber, no ossified nouns, and no prehistorical shrieks forever spread-eagled in the lava that

14、 took them in surprise. The absence of such evidence certainly hasnt 17 discouraged speculating in the origins of language. Over the 18 centuries, many theories have been put out, and just about all of 19 them have been challenged, discounted, and often ridiculed. Each theory accounts for only a sma

15、ll part of whatever we know about 20 language. 11.答案:toto解析 介词冗余。该句意为“直至今日，一位明智的语言学家也只会耸耸肩用一声叹息来回答这个问题。”would为情态动词，后接动词原形，不需要不定式符号to，故将to删去。12.答案:orand解析 连词误用。该句意为“我们完全不知道，并将永远不会知道，语言是如何或者何时产生的。”该句中“现在不知道”和“将永远不会知道”之间的关系是递进，因此用连词and，故将。on改为and。13.答案:lessmore解析 语义错误。该句意为“很难想象会有一种比语言发展还要重要的文化现象。”在这里是想

16、强调语言的重要性，因此很难有比语言发展更重要的文化现象，故将：less改为more。14.答案:regardedregarding解析 词性混用。介词短语regarding.通常作句子的状语，意为“考虑到”。因此将regarded改为regarding。15.答案:theirits解析 代词误用。该句主语speech为不可数名词，因此For.后的物主代词的人称应与主语人称一致，应为单数形式，故将their改为its。16.答案:seriesa解析 冠词缺失。a series of为固定搭配，意思是“一系列”，故加上不定冠词a。17.答案:inby解析 介词误用。take sb. /sth. b

17、y surprise的意思是“出其不意”，而in surprise的意思是“惊奇地”，且不与take sth. 搭配，因此将in改为by。18.答案:speculatingspeculation解析 名词形式错误。该句意为“证据的缺失并没有阻碍对语言起源的思索。”speculate的名词形式为speculation。discourage可以直接接名词，但不能直接接动名词，常用表达为discourage sb. from doing sth. ，故将speculating改为speculation。19.答案:outforward解析 固定搭配中的副词误用。该句意为“在过去的几百年间，人们提出了

18、很多理论”。put out的意思是“熄灭”，而put forward的意思是“提出”。后者符合句意，故将out改为forward。20.答案:whateverwhat解析 关系代词误用。该句意为“每一种理论只占我们对语言了解的一部分。”what引导宾语从句，意思是“什么”，whatever的意思是“无论什么”，故将whatever改为what。 Language is a cognition that truly makes us human. Whereas other species do communicate with innate ability to produce a 21 li

19、mited number of meaningful vocalisations (e.g. bonobos ), or even with partially learned systems (e. g. bird songs), there is no other species known to date that can express infinite ideas (sentences) with a limited set of symbols (speech sounds and words). This ability is remarkable in it. What mak

20、es it even more 22 remarkable is that researchers are finding evidence for mastery of this complex skill in increasingly younger children. Infants as young as 12 months are reported to have sensitivity in the grammar needed 23 to understand causative sentences (who did what to whom; e. g. the bunny

21、pushed the frog). Before more than 60 years of research into 24 children language development, the mechanism that enables 25 children to segment syllables and words out of the strings of sounds they hear, and to acquire grammar to understand and produce language are still quite an enigma. 26 One of

22、the earliest scientific explanations of language acquisition was provided by Skinner. As one of the pioneers of behaviorism, he accounted on language development by 27 means of environment influence. 28 Skinner argued that children learn language based on behaviorist reinforcement principles by asso

23、ciating words with meanings. Correct utterances are negatively reinforced when the 29 child realises the communicative value of words and phrases. For example, when the child says milk and the mother will smile and give her some candies as a result, the child will find this outcome is 30 rewarding,

24、enhancing the childs language development. 21.答案:innatean解析 冠词缺失。该句意为“然而其他物种会通过发出有限的声音这一本能来进行沟通”。由于ability为可数名词单数，且innate以元音音素开头，故需要在前面加上不定冠词an。22.答案:第一个ititself解析 代词误用。该句意为“这种能力本身就很了不起”。因此将人称代词it改为反身代词itself。23.答案:into解析 介词误用。该句意为“12个月大的婴儿对敏感。”由于固定搭配be sensible to中介词为to，因此名词sensibility也与介词to搭配，have

25、 sensibility to意为“对敏感”，故将in改为to。24.答案:BeforeAfter解析 连词误用。该句意为“在对儿童语言发展进行了60多年的研究之后”，根据后文中的研究结论可知，一定是研究之后的事，因此将Before改为After。25.答案:childrenchild解析 名词单复数错误。该句意为“对儿童语言发展的研究。”当用名词来修饰名词时，作为定语的名词一般用单数形式，故将children改为child。26.答案:areis解析 主谓不一致。该句意为“习得语法从而去理解和形成语言仍然是一件不可思议的事情。”该句主语为不定式结构，谓语动词应该用单数形式，故将are改为is

26、。27.答案:onfor解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。此处意为“他通过环境影响来对语言发展做出解释”。account for意为“对做出解释”，符合句意，故将on改为for。28.答案:environmentenvironmental解析 词性混用。“环境影响”应表达为environmental influence，应该用形容词来修饰名词，故将environment改为environmental。29.答案:negativelypositively解析 语义错误。该句意为“当孩子们意识到沟通的价值时，正确的发音被积极地强化”。根据后文语义可知，得到肯定后的孩子是会更好地发展语言的，因此是一种积极

27、的效果，故将negatively改为positively。30.答案:isis解析 be动词冗余。此处意为“孩子们会发现这种结果是有益的”。find sth. 后直接跟形容词作补足语，不需要be动词，因此将is去掉。 Learning another language gives the learner the ability to step inside the mind and context of that other culture. With the 31 ability to communicate and understand a culture on its own terms

28、, true access into that culture is barred. Why is this 32 important? In the world where nations and peoples are ever more 33 dependent upon one another to supply goods and services, solve political disputes, and ensure international security, understanding the other cultures is paramount. Lack of in

29、tercultural sensitivity can 34 lead to mistrust and misunderstandings, to an ability to cooperate, 35 negotiate, and compromise, but perhaps even to military confrontation. 36 Intercultural understanding begins with individuals who have language abilities and who can thereby provide ones own nation

30、or community with an insiders view into foreign cultures, which can 37 understand foreign news sources, and give insights into other perspectives on international situations and current events. For survival in the global community, every nation needs such individuals. A person competent in other languages can bridge the gap between cultures, contributing to international diplomacy, 38 promote national security and world peace, and successfully engage 39 international trade. As globalization and mobil