无机及分析化学讲义提纲

1、无机及分析化学讲义提纲-2011专题一 试题分析和大纲解读专题二 复习指南专题三 知识要点及重点难点解析专题四 模拟练习专题一：试题分析和大纲解读l 历年试题分析l 应试策略l 大纲解读 专题二：复习指南l 材料准备l 时间安排l 复习方法指导专题三：知识要点及重点难点解析一、溶液和胶体1. 分散系的分类及特点。2. 溶液浓度的表示方法 基本概念：反应进度、基本单元等； 常用数据； 常用表示方法； 几种浓度之间的换算。3. 难溶非电解质稀溶液的依数性：（1）难溶非电解质稀溶液的依数性； 定性比较； 定量计算： p = pa* xa，p = pa*xb，tb = kbbb tf = kfbb =

2、 cbrt（2）依数性使用范围；（3）稀溶液依数性的应用。4. 胶体：（1）溶胶的性质；（2）胶体的结构；例：向agno3溶液中加入过量的ki，胶团结构如下：(agi)mni-(n-x)k+x-xk+（3）溶胶的稳定性和聚沉。二、物质结构1. 微观粒子核外运动特征，波函数和几率密度含义。2. 四个量子数取值规则及电子运动状态描述：l 主量子数，n = 1,2,3,4, ，电子层，确定单电子原子的电子运动能量；l 角量子数，l = 0, 1,2 ,3, n-1, 共可取n个值，电子亚层，确定原子轨道形状；和n一起确定原子轨道的能量；l 磁量子数，m = 0, 1, 2, l ,共可取2l +1个

3、数值，确定原子轨道的空间伸展方向；n, l, m 规定了电子的空间运动状态;l 自旋量子数，ms电子自旋运动状态。3. 原子核外电子排布原理、鲍林能级图及应用（书写基态原子的电子排布式）：（1）泡利不相容原理、能量最低原理、洪特规则和补充规则的含义；（2）鲍林能级图-多电子原子原子轨道能级顺序：12, 2s sp, 3s 3p, 4s 3d 4p, 5s 4d 5p, 6s 4f 5d 6p（3）任何元素的核外电子排布式或特征电子构型，及在周期表中的位置。4. 原子结构和元素性质的周期性变化：原子半径，离子半径，电离能，电子亲合能，电负性等变化规律。5. 化学键的形成和特点，共价键类型、特征及

4、典型化合物，分子极性。6. 杂化轨道理论：杂化轨道的空间构型、键角和常见实例。配合物分子的空间构型、杂化方式及磁性。 杂化轨道常见类型：sp-直线型，1800,becl2, hcch,zncl2;sp2-平面三角形，1200, bcl3,h2cch2;sp3-正四面体，109028, ch4, ccl4；不等性sp2, so2, 不等性 sp3，h2o, nh3.dsp2, dsp3, d2sp3; sp3d, sp3d2等。(2) 配合物价键理论：配位数2，sp杂化，直线型，ag(nh3)2+;配位数4，sp3杂化, 正四面体型，如ni(nh3)42+, zn(nh3)42+,外轨型；dsp

5、2,平面正方形，如 ni(cn)42-，内轨型；配位数6：sp3d2, 正八面体，外轨型，高自旋，顺磁性，如fef63-； d2sp3, 正八面体，内轨型，低自旋，抗磁性,如fe(cn)63-。7. 分子间力和氢键及对物质的物理性质的影响。三、化学反应速率1. 基本概念的理解： 基元反应、非基元反应、速率方程、反应级数、速率常数等。2. 浓度、温度、催化剂对化学反应速率的影响。 阿仑尼乌斯（arrhenius）方程四、化学热力学基础及化学平衡1. 化学热力学基本概念。2. 标准状态下利用盖斯定律进行化学反应的焓变、熵变、吉布斯自由能变的有关计算。3. gibbs-helmholtz方程的计算及

6、应用：rgmy( t )rhmy（298 k）- tfsym(298 k)， g= h-t s（1） 化学反应的自发性判据：hsg= h-t s反应自发性随温度的变化-+-任意温度正向自发 任意温度逆向不自发+-+任意温度正向不自发 任意温度逆向自发+高温-高温下正向自发低温+低温下逆向自发-高温+高温下逆向自发低温-低温下正向自发（2）计算反应的转变温度：注：t 转可代表反应的转变温度，物质的相变温度，物质的分解温度等；（3）估计反应的焓变和熵变。4. 化学反应等温方程式、吉布斯自由能变、平衡常数和反应商的关系及相关计算和应用：（1）平衡常数和反应商的表达式和意义及有关计算：任意一反应：aa

7、(s) + bb(aq) = dd(g) + ee(l)（2）任意状态下吉布斯自由能变的计算，和标准平衡常数间的关系及应用；ln ky(t) = - drgmy(t)/rt drgm (t) = rt ln (q/ ky )（3）浓度、压力和温度对化学平衡的影响及应用： 浓度的变化导致q发生改变，使得q k，从而改变drgm (t)，使平衡移动； 压力的变化使得q发生改变，使得q k，从而改变drgm (t)，使平衡移动； 温度的变化使得ky发生改变，使得q k，从而改变drgm (t)，使平衡移动。l 液体在不同压力下沸腾温度的计算（不同温度下液体饱和蒸汽压的计算）五、分析化学基础知识1.

8、滴定分析基本知识：（1）基准物质应具备的条件，基准物质的使用；（2）标准溶液的配制；（3）滴定方式及相关运算： 直接滴定法，间接滴定法，返滴定法（回滴法），置换滴定法的含义及应用， 常见滴定反应的方程式， 各物质间的量的关系和计算。2. 误差与数据处理：（1）有效数字及运算规则： 有效数字，数字修约，加减运算规则，乘除运算规则，混合运算规则；（2）误差分类、减免办法；（3）计算结果的误差分析。六、四大平衡及滴定1. 酸碱平衡与酸碱滴定：（1）酸碱质子理论和质子条件式；（2）各种溶液酸碱度计算：一元弱酸、弱碱；二元弱酸弱碱；两性物质的ph计算；（3）酸碱解离平衡的移动：稀释作用、同离子效应、盐效

9、应、酸效应（弱酸型体分布图）；（4）缓冲溶液配制及应用： 共轭酸碱对大量共存体系： 缓冲对的有效缓冲范围为： ph = pkay 1 or poh = pkby 1 配制：弱酸及其共轭碱，弱酸强碱，弱碱强酸 常见的缓冲系统：co3-nahco3, nah2po4-na2hpo4 ，hac -ac , nh3-nh4cl 高浓度的强酸强碱；高浓度的两性物质也具有缓冲作用。（5）酸碱滴定l 滴定原理（滴定曲线、突跃范围、指示剂选择）l 酸碱被准确滴定的条件；caka10-8， cbkb10-8l 应用（食醋中总酸量的测定，铵盐中氮的测定，克氏定氮法，混合碱测定等）。2. 沉淀溶解平衡与沉淀滴定：（

10、1）溶度积常数与溶解度；（2）溶度积原理判断平衡移动方向：根据q和kspy的大小判断反应进行的方向；（3）分步沉淀及应用：反应商首先达到kspy的先沉淀，第一种离子定性沉淀（c10-5mol/l）完全时，其它离子还没开始沉淀；（4）沉淀转化；（5）沉淀滴定法。3. 氧化还原反应平衡与氧化还原滴定：（1）原电池:电极原电池符号电极反应电池反应（配平）电极 原电池符号 （2）能斯特方程式及应用：电极反应的能斯特方程式：电池反应的能斯特方程式：（3）电动势、吉布斯自由能与标准平衡常数：rgmy = -nfy，rgmy = - rt lnky（4）氧化还原反应自发方向的判断（三个条件中任何一个条件即可

11、判断）：（5）元素标准电势图及应用： 元素标准电势图； 应用：判断物质在水溶液中能否发生歧化反应；间接计算未知电对的电极电势。（6）氧化还原滴定法： 氧化还原滴定原理； 氧化还原指示剂； 滴定方法：高锰酸钾法的特点、反应、滴定注意事项；重铬酸钾法的反应、各物质的量的关系；碘量法（直接碘量法、间接碘量法）的反应、指示剂的使用。4. 配合物和配位滴定：（1）配合物的基本概念 配体、配位数，配位原子， 组成和命名： 异构现象； 螯合物；（2）配位平衡的计算：配体过量，金属离子完全转化，由于配位平衡存在，平衡时金属离子浓度（很小）由平衡关系式算出；（3）配合物的转化（半定量说明）；待添加的隐藏文字内容

12、2（4）配位滴定：l 离子被准确滴定的条件：lgcspk(my) 6.0，最高酸度l 金属指示剂的特点；l 配位滴定方式。5. 多重平衡规则的应用：（1）多重平衡体系下某化学反应方向的判断；酸碱沉淀体系，酸碱配位体系，沉淀配位体系，酸碱氧还体系，沉淀氧还体系，配位氧还体系反应方向的判断。（2）多重平衡体系的相关计算：沉淀溶解条件、沉淀和配合物转化、不同介质（酸、碱、沉淀）条件下氧化还原反应电极电势的计算；配合物存在的合适的ph范围等计算。6.滴定反应的相关计算： 被准确滴定条件的计算； 滴定反应中未知物含量的计算； 常用的滴定反应：2hcl + na2co3 = 2nacl + h2o + c

13、o2hcl + na2b4o710h2o = 4h3bo3 + 2nacl + 5h2o2mno4- + 5 h2c2o4 + 6h+ = 2mn2+ + 10co2 + 8h2o2mno4- + 5 h2o2 + 6h+ 2mn2+ + 5o2 + 8h2omno4 + 5fe2+ + 8h+ = mn2+ + 5fe3+ + 4h2ocr2o72- + 6fe2+ + 14h+ 2cr3+ + 6fe3+ + 7h2o io3- + 5i- + 6h+ = 3i2 + 3h2o cr2o72- + 6i- (过量) + 14h+ 2cr3+ + 3i2 + 7h2o i2 + 2s2o32

14、- 2i-+ s4o62- cr2o72-_ 3i2 _6s2o32- io3- + 5i- + 6h+ = 3i2 + 3h2o, i2 + 2s2o32- = 2i- + s4o62-七、仪器分析1.分光光度法：（1）朗伯-比耳定律原理及应用：a = lg(i0/it) = b c，各物理量含义及运算；（2）测量误差及条件选择，显色反应要求及条件选择；（3）分光光度法的应用。2.电势分析法：（1）电势分析法的基本原理；（2）指示电极和参比电极含义；（3）离子选择性电极工作原理。专题四 模拟练习需要2011年化学考研辅导视频请联系qq:985577534 更多视频免费赠送（农学类最全），非诚

15、勿扰。天下没有免费的午餐，如果您觉得好，可以拿你手中任意觉得可以交换的东西与我交换，或者花费rmb0.15元winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.bo

16、th sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.

17、but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and

18、 rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 1

19、50th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa has

20、opened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures compla

21、int. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very

22、calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 ki

23、lometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( the

24、n, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has

25、repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort

26、of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.it is as though their entire tournament has been p

27、reparation for the final.in johnathan thurston, cooper cronk, cameron smith and either billy slater or greg inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. they have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into saturday.the kiwis are a lot less experi

28、enced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against england will do wonders for their confidence.they defeated australia in the four nations final in 2010 and the last world cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 sem

29、i-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effor

30、t in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted

31、 the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across th

32、e line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the m

33、atch tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini,

34、president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing

35、 news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule atta

36、ched, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into

37、 the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistak