竹的力学性能

1、.竹的力学性能 introduction 简介 kinds of bamboo 种竹 The bamboo is in its size, lightness and strength an extreme product of nature.竹是它的大小，亮度和强度性质的极端产品。 It is stable and because of its cavities an extreme light and elastic building material.它是稳定的，因为其腔极端轻，有弹性的建筑材料。 The reinforcement by diaphragms and its physi

2、cal conditions cause its enormous superiority compared to other building materials.加强隔膜和其身体状况导致其巨大的优势，相比其他建筑材料。 guadua angustifolia guadua沙枣 Throughout the world there are about 500 different species of bamboo sometimes within hundreds of subspecies.在世界各地有大约500个不同的种竹内数百个亚种，有时。 Even only in Colombia

3、about 25 different giant bamboos are used for construction.即使仅在哥伦比亚约25种不同的巨型竹子用于建筑。 To those belongs also the guadia angustifolia which we look at in this article.这些也属于“guadia沙枣”我们期待在这篇文章。 It grows in hights up to 1800 metres NN, mostly in small forests along creeks but also on fields and inclinatio

4、ns.它生长在hights高达1800米神经网络，主要是在沿小溪的小森林，而且领域和倾向。 There exist two subspecies called guadua castilla andguadua mecana.存在所谓guadua卡斯蒂利亚andguadua mecana两个亚种。 It reaches a tallness of about 20-25 metres and a diameter up to 18 cm.它达到了约20-25米，一个直径达18厘米tallness。 bamboo root 竹根 Each stem grows out off a netkind

5、 rootsystem and reaches already after one year its total tallness.每个茎生长掀起了netkind rootsystem已经达到一年后其总tallness。 After that the leitsysteme start to lignify and in the next 6-8 years it gains harness and strength because of the silification of the outer tube wall.之后leitsysteme开始lignify和它在未来6-8年收益由于外筒壁

6、silification线束和实力。 So bamboo can also be titled as a lignifying giant grass.所以竹子也可以题为“作为lignifying巨头草。 coniferous wood fibres 针叶木纤维 bamboo fibres 竹纤维 The lignifying cell construction of the bamboo texture and its technical conditions are very similar to the original texture of wood.竹质地和技术条件lignifyin

7、g细胞建设是非常相似的木材原有的质感。 Whereas wood has got a hard centre Hirnholz and becomes weaker towardsthe outer parts Splintholz, the bamboo is in its outer parts hard and in its inner parts weak, what causes a much more stable construction.而木材得到硬中心Hirnholz，并成为towardsthe外弱的部分Splintholz，竹是在其强硬的外层部分，并在其脆弱的内心部分，是什

8、么原因导致一个更加稳定的建设。 From the inner parts of the tube towards the outer parts you can realize a continious accumulation of theLeitbndel.从管外部分对内部零件可以实现的Leitbndel continious积累。 The more stable fibre structures are most dense where you find the strongest statical stress.更稳定的纤维结构最密集的地方，你觉得最强的静应力。 testing bam

9、boo 测试竹 material testing 材料测试 To evaluate and compare the material conditions of bamboo the descent, the age, the humidity content and of course the diameter of the tube are of emence importance.评价和比较的物质条件，对竹子的血统，年龄，湿度内容，当然管的直径emence重要性。 Comparing the different results of investigation of the streng

10、th properties of bamboo, so you can see that there is a big fluctuation of the results, although they all tested the same species of bamboo, the guadua angustifolia.竹子的强度特性的调查比较，不同的结果，所以你可以看到的结果是有很大的波动，虽然他们都测试同一品种的竹子，guadua沙枣。 Material parameters材料参数 material parameters材料参数 bamboo竹 kN/cm KN /平方厘米 el

11、astic modulus弹性模量 1900 1900 buckling (pressure II fibre)屈曲（压力二纤维） D with Lambda=10 SSD与= 10 5,6 5,6 D with Lambda=56 SSD与= 56 3,9 3,9 D with Lambda=86 SSD与= 86 2,7 2,7 Bbending Bbending 7,4 7,4 Tthrust Tthrust 0,43 0,43 Ztension II fibre Ztension二纤维 =9,5 = 9.5 Those information were given by the Stu

12、ttgarter Institut FMPA for the analysis of the Zeri-Pavillion.这些信息是由斯图加特研究所FMPA分析的零排放，Pavillion。 Unfortunately there are no information given about the specific material datas or conditions while testing the bamboo.不幸的是有关于具体的物质景致或条件，而测试的竹子没有信息。 You can find the article in the magazine Bautechnik 77,

13、2000 No 6/7.你可以找到杂志“Bautechnik 77,2000无6 / 7”的文章。 Merely they tell us that the tubes of guadua angustifolia should have had a diameter from 10 to 14 cm and a wall thickness from 15 to 20 mm.只是他们告诉我们，guadua狭管应该有从10到14厘米，壁厚从15至20毫米的直径。 But the delivered tubes from Colombia differed much in size and qu

14、ality and so it was necessary to test them, at least 3 per delivery.但是，从哥伦比亚交付管在规模和质量的差别，因此有必要对其进行测试，至少有3每交付。 Accuratwe information about lenth and size are missing.全长和规模的Accuratwe约信息丢失。 comparison out off DB9/97比较出关DB9/97 kN/cm KN /平方厘米 spruce云杉 bamboo竹 steel St37钢ST37 elastic modulus弹性模量 1100 1100

15、 2000 2000 21000 21000 compressive compressive压压 4,3 4,3 6,2-9,3 6,2-9,3 14 14 tension strength拉伸强度 8,9 8,9 14,8-38,4 14,8-38,4 16 16 bending strength弯曲强度 6,8 6,8 7,6-27,6 7,6-27,6 14 14 shearing strength剪切强度 0,7 0,7 2,0 2,0 9,2 9,2 For the bending-, thrust- and tension-tests they investigated the u

16、ltimate stress limit/breaking limit, which is not to mistake for the permitted limiting stress.对于弯曲，推力和紧张的测试，他们调查了最终的应力极限/打破限制，这是允许的限制压力不出错。 Dennoch ein Versuch. Dennoch EIN Versuch。 That chart comes from the DB, Deutsche Bauzeitung 9/97.该图表从DB 9 / 97，德国Bauzeitung。 Compressive Strength抗压强度 compressi

17、ve strength抗压强度 tube管 tube管 kN/cm KN /平方厘米 d=60mm D =60毫米 d=32mm D =32毫米 parallel towards fibre平行对纤维 6,36 6,36 8,63 8,63 vertical towards fibre垂直对纤维 5,25-9,3 5,25-9,3 Compared to bigger tubes slim tubes have got in relation to their cross section a higher compressive strength parallel and vertical t

18、o their fibre.相比更大的管超薄管已经得到了较高的抗压强度平行和垂直的纤维截面。 That relatively slimmer tubes possess better material conditions is caused by the fact that bigger tubes have got a minor part of the outer skin, which is very resistent in tension.相对苗条的管具有更好的物质条件是造成更大的管有小部分的外皮，这是非常紧张的耐事实。 The unlimited longitudinal cle

19、avability of the bamboo tube wall inside of the internodium is caused by the strictly parallel directed fibres.严格平行定向纤维是由无限的internodium竹筒内壁的纵向cleavability。 Inside thenodium they cross each other in each direction.内部thenodium跨在每个方向对方。 This amplification knots with its strongly silificated diaphragms

20、increase the cleavability strength and the buckling strength of the tubes.其强烈silificated的隔膜这种放大节增加管的cleavability强度和抗弯强度。 Even more we know that a cylindrical tube compared to a solid round bar possesses a much higher flexural strength.即使我们知道了坚实的圆钢，圆管具有抗折强度高得多。 The portion of lignin affects the compr

21、essive strength.木质素的部分影响抗压强度。 Whereas the high portion of cellulose influences the buckling and the tension strength, because it represents the building substance of the bamboo fibre.鉴于纤维素高的部分影响的扭曲和拉伸强度，因为它代表的建设竹纤维物质。 Tensile strength拉伸强度 Tensile strength拉伸强度 tube管 tube管 kN/cm KN /平方厘米 d=80mm D =80毫

22、米 d=30mm D =30毫米 outer fibres外层纤维 min=30,68 MIN = 30,68 min=35,74 MIN = 35,74 max=32,73最大= 32,73 max=38,43最大= 38,43 inner fibres内层纤维 min=13,53 MIN = 13,53 min=14,84 MIN = 14,84 max=16,33最大= 16,33 max=19,47最大= 19,47 complete wall-thickness完整的壁厚 min=16,27 MIN = 16,27 min=23,25 MIN = 23,25 max=21,51最大=

23、 21,51 max=27,58最大= 27,58 Bamboo is able to resist more tensile than compression.竹子是能够抵挡以上压缩拉伸。 Slim tubes are in this occasion superior, too.在这次优越，超薄管。 Inside the silificated outer skin you find axial-parallel extremly elastical fibres with a tensile strength up to 40kN/cm.里面的silificated皮肤外，你发现轴向平行

24、extremly弹性纤维的拉伸强度高达40kN/cm平方米。 As a comparison: extremly strong wood fibres can resist a tension up to 5 kN/cm and steel St37 can resist as highest possible a tension of 37 kN/cm (ultimate stress limit/breaking limit!)作为对比：extremly强大的木纤维可以抵抗紧张高达5千牛顿/平方厘米和钢ST37可以抵抗张力尽可能最高的37千牛顿/厘米（极限应力极限/打破极限！） Elast

25、ical modulus Elastical模量 ED elastical modulus pressure kN/cm海关elastical模量压力千牛/厘米 mm毫米 d=100 D = 100 d=80 D = 80 d=70 D = 70 min分 1519 1519 1890 1890 1650 1650 In connection with the elastic modulus you can see an advantage in the use of slim tubes in relation to their cross section, too.弹性模量，你可以看到在有

26、关其截面使用的超薄管的优势，太。 The accumulation of highly strong fibres in the outer parts of the tube wall also work positive in connection with the elastical modulus like it does for the tension shear and bending strength.在管壁外部分的高强度纤维的积累也积极elastical喜欢张力剪切和弯曲强度模量。 There exist an perfect relation of the cross sec

27、tion of the tube, if you fall below or above it the elastical modulus decreases (the higher the elastical modulus of the bamboo, the higher is the quality).存在的管截面的完美关系，如果低于或以上的elastical模量降低（较高的竹elastical模量，质量更高）。 Like the elastical modulus of solid wood the one of bamboo also decreases 5 to10% with

28、growing stress.像实木elastical模竹也减少了5到10，具有越来越大的压力。 The enormous elasticity makes bamboo to be a very useful building material in areas with high risk of earthquakes.巨大的弹性，使竹是一个非常有用的建筑材料，在地震高风险地区。 In Asia they still construct scaffolds with bamboo tubes.在亚洲，他们仍然竹筒兴建棚架。 EZ elastical modulus tension kN/c

29、m EZ elastical模量紧张千牛/厘米 mm毫米 d=90 D = 90 d=80 D = 80 d=70 D = 70 min分 1700 1700 1790 1790 1400 1400 max最大 2200 2200 2410 2410 ? ？ bamboo scaffold 竹棚架 EB elastical modulus bending kN/cm EB elastical模量弯曲KN /厘米 mm毫米 d=100 D = 100 d=70 D = 70 d=30 D = 30 outer fibres外层纤维 1690 1690 2270 2270 3250 3250 in

30、ner fibres内层纤维 1360 1360 1890 1890 - - complete bamboo tube完整的竹筒 1700-2200 1700-2200 Flexural (bending) strength弯曲（弯曲）的强度 flexural bending kN/cm弯曲弯曲KN /平方厘米 mm毫米 d=100 D = 100 d=80 D = 80 d=70 D = 70 min分 1,519 1519 1,890 1890 1,650 1650 Atrops analysed common bamboos: diameter of tubes= 70-100 mm,

31、wallthickness= 6-12 mm with a span of 3,60m . Atrops分析常见的竹子：管直径= 70-100毫米，壁厚6-12毫米3,60米跨度。 The elastical deflections were minimum =1/25,9 und maximum 1/16,and as an average 1/20,1 of the spans. elastical挠度最小= 1 / 25，9和1 / 16，最大和平均水平的1 / 20，1的跨越。 Where a deflection in the construction was unavoidable

32、 and annoying, one could bend the recently harvested tubes so that you get a superelevation, which later will be compensated under the working load.凡在施工中的偏转是不可避免的，令人讨厌的，可以弯曲，最近收获的管，让你得到一个超高，以后将根据工作负载补偿。 Shearing strength剪切强度 shearing strength kN/cm剪切强度kN /厘米 stem干 min=1,69 MIN = 1,69 max=2,31最大= 2,3

33、1 average=1,98平均= 1,98 tube管 min=1,47 MIN = 1,47 max=2,22最大= 2,22 average=1,67平均= 1,67 Especially for the construction of the bamboo tube joinings it is important to consider the shearing resistance.特别是竹筒joinings建设，重要的是要考虑的抗剪强度。 The influence of the distance of the shearing surfacedecreases with gro

34、wing length of shearing surface.剪切的距离的影响surfacedecreases，越来越多的剪切面的长度。 At a wall thickness of 10 mm the shearing strength is about 11% lower than at a tube with a wall thickness of 6 mm; this could be explained by the distribution of the high-strength fibres per cross section surface.在壁厚为10毫米的剪切强度比与管

35、壁厚6毫米低约11，这可能是由每截面表面的高强度纤维的分布解释。 The Values of the tables are from internodium material.表中的值internodium材料。 The values for the nodien material are about 50 % higher. nodien材料的值高出约50。 The fracture behaviour断裂行为 The fracture behaviour 断裂行为 The fracture behaviour 断裂行为 The behaviour of breaking of common

36、 building wood differs clearly from the breaking conditions of bamboo.竹打破条件不同，显然打破共同建设木材的行为。 Here you dont have a spontanious break through the whole material after the tearing of single bamboo fibres like wood does.在这里，你没有一个单一的木材不一样的竹纤维撕裂后，通过整个材料spontanious打破。 The appearing clefts are led off immed

37、iately in direction of the fibre and so they impair the critical region less.纤维方向出现裂缝导致立即关闭，所以他们减少损害的关键地区。 The energy transfer is delayed by diffusion.延迟扩散的能量转移。 The distribution of the appearing longitudenal cracks all over the tube length are stopped by the enforcing knots (nodiens).停止执行海里（nodiens

38、）管长度超过longitudenal裂缝出现的分布。 Especially the pressure-, shearing-, and interlaminar strength are raised by the knots.特别是压力，剪切和层间强度提高了疙瘩。 Those symptoms are titled as increasing factor of the fracture toughness.这些症状是题为“提高断裂韧性的因素。 In the research of modern compound material it is less important to preven

39、t the formation of cracks than to counteract the distribution of the clefts by finding a suitable material construction.在现代复合材料的研究，它是那么重要，以防止形成裂缝，裂缝的分布比抵消找到一个合适的教材建设。 The fracture behaviour caused by a punch一拳造成的断裂行为 The fracture behaviour 断裂行为 The work that is needed for the punch of a bamboo tube

40、is nearly the same whether the punch hits the knot or the internodium.冲竹筒需要的工作几乎是相同的，是否一拳命中结的internodium。 But the breaking conditions itsself are totally different.但是，打破条件itsself是完全不同的。 If the punch hits the knot the tube will burst in axial stripes; that means a break as a result of the effort of t

41、he strength vertical to the fibres.如果一拳命中结管爆裂轴向条纹;这意味着打破垂直纤维的强度努力的结果。 If the punch hits the internodium you will find the actual break; that means break as a result of the effort of the tension strength in direction of the fibre.如果一拳命中internodium，你会发现实际的突破;这意味着作为纤维方向的拉伸强度的努力的结果突破。 The results of the

42、 ultimate breaking punch (D=30 mm; d=4 mm) are about 2,65 mkp/cm.最终打破冲床的结果（D = 30毫米; D = 4毫米）约2,65 MKP /平方厘米。 It is not comparable to the value of the spruce (0,5 mkp/cm) because the bamboo is of course not solid but a tube.云杉（0,5 MKP /平方厘米）的价值，这是没有可比性，因为竹当然不扎实，但管。 Examinations of the load-carrying

43、capicity of the bamboo guadua angustifolia by Dr .Simon Eicher, Otto- Graf-Institut西蒙Eicher，奥托格拉夫学院竹guadua沙枣承载容量为博士考试。 compressive strength fc,0抗压强度FC，0 5,6kN/cm 5,6千牛顿/平方厘米 compressive strength Ec,0抗压强度EC，0 1840 kN/cm 1840千牛/厘米 average bending strength fm平均抗弯强度FM 7,4 kN/cm 7,4千牛顿/平方厘米 average bendi

44、ng strength at perfect drying平均抗弯强度在完美的干燥 10 kN/cm 10千牛顿/平方厘米 average elasic modulus of bending弯曲模量平均elasic 1790kN/cm 1790kN/cm平方米 average elasical modulus of tension紧张的平均elasical模量 1900 kN/cm 1900千牛/厘米 Examinations of the load-carrying capicity of the bamboo guadua angustifolia by Dr .Simon Eicher,

45、 Otto- Graf-Institut The assumptions were that the tubes had a slimness of diameter of 3r/t5,5, that they were placed in a non-climatical hall and that they had a moisture of about 15%.竹guadua沙枣承载容量为博士考试。西蒙Eicher，奥托格拉夫学院的假设，管R / T5,5，他们有一个直径3苗条放置在一个非climatical大厅，他们有15左右的水分。 Some results:一些结果： Testin

46、g of load limit of guadua angustifolia at the University of Valle, Cali with CIBAM in Palmira, Colombia与CIBAM帕尔米拉，哥伦比亚大学的山谷，卡利guadua沙枣限制负载测试 32 results 32结果 elastical modulus 65 samples elastical模数65个样本 1350 1350 2770 2770 2150 2150 longitudenal pressure, parallel 76 samples longitudenal压力，平行的76个样本

47、without knots: 2,26无节：2,26 7,05 7,05 3,93 3,93 with knots: 2,62节：2,62 6,36 6,36 tension, parallel 163 samples紧张，并行163样本 without knots: ?无节：？ 32,13 32,13 19,19 19,19 with knots: 12,17节：12,17 20,68 20,68 interlaminar strength 27 samples层间强度的27个样本 0,45 0,45 1,44 1,44 0,93 0,93 Testing of load limit of

48、guadua angustifolia at the University of Valle, Cali with CIBAM in Palmira, Kolumbien conducted under the direction of the architect Oskar Hidalgo Lopez, (Universidad National Bogota) and Ing.测试负载限制在山谷，卡利与CIBAM大学在帕尔米拉guadua沙枣，Kolumbien建筑师奥斯卡伊达尔戈洛佩斯（大学国家波哥大）和ING的指导下进行。 Jose Villar and Ing.圣何塞比利亚尔和ING

49、。 Patricia Imery.帕特里夏Imery。 The proceeding was orientated at the essay of Motoi Otta: Studies on the properties of Bamboo Stem.程序导向Motoi奥塔作文：“竹干的特性研究”。 13 bamboos in the range between 9 and 13 cm of diameter and a length of 17 to 23 m. 13竹子在9日和13厘米的直径和长度的17至23米的范围 grown on about1000 m NN (against al

50、l expectations and former researches the relatively pressure strength increased insificantly with the hight bove ground) about1000米NN（对所有的期望和前研究实力相对压力增加insificantly总高波夫地面上生长） the average diameter of the tube wall was at the bottom of the stem 22mm and at half of the hight about 10mm 干22毫米的底部，并在约10mm

51、总高的一半管壁的平均直径 the age was between 9 month and 7 years (explains essentially the big differences of the results). 9月份和7年（本质上解释的结果差异很大）之间的年龄。 The pressure strength increased with the age.随着年龄的增加，压力强度。 One year old tubes resisted a pressure of 2,61 kN/cm and sixth year old tubes resisted a pressure of u

52、p to 7,05 kN/cm.一岁管顶住压力2,61千牛/厘米第六岁的管顶住了压力可达7,05 KN /平方厘米。 But in spite of all expectations a one year old resisted a tension of 32,06 kN/cm and the tension strength decreased at the 5 to six year olds distinctively.但在一个一岁多，尽管所有的期望抵制32,06千牛/厘米的紧张和拉伸强度下降在5至6岁鲜明。 Samples out off 4 fixed stem hights (d

53、ark outer zone with tight fibres of about 30% with a tension strength of 20,52 kN/cm and a white inner zone of about 70% with a tension strength of only 7,06 kN/cm; in the area of the knots (nodiens) the fibres are all different and you get an average result of about 11,75 kN/cm) 样品出关了4个固定的干hights（暗

54、紧纤维与20,52千牛/厘米的拉伸强度约30的外区，约70的白色内区的拉伸强度只有7,06千牛/平方厘米面积的疙瘩（nodiens）纤维都不同，你会得到一个平均结果约11,75 KN /厘米） Modifications of the dimension throughout the moistening above the fibre-saturation point, for example by the contact of fresh cement, relate especially soft young fibres to immense sonsume of water. 修改整

55、个润燥纤维饱和点以上的维度，例如新鲜水泥的接触有关，尤其是软年轻纤维sonsume巨大的水。 Whereas older bamboo varies much less.而旧竹变化少得多。 result 结果 bamboo forest 竹林 It is easy to recognize that the research-results vary a lot.这是很容易识别，研究结果有很大的差异。 It is in question wether it is possible to compare them to each other.这是问题天气比较它们彼此是有可能的。 Especall

56、y because of the obscurity of the examination requirements. Especally因为默默无闻的考试要求。 It has to be mentioned that every result is topped by the colombian examination results, CIBAM in co-operation with the Universidad del Valle, Cali (1000 m above NN) worked out a elastical modulor of 2.130 kN/cm , other examinations in Medellin (1800 m) and in the coffee region 1400-1700 m NN present even higher values.到被提到，每一个结果是在