系统解剖学：感觉器官-The Sensory Organs

1、The Sensory Organs . Classification of the receptors On the bases of the location and the origin of the senses, they may be divided into three kinds. 1. exteroceptors (外受器）外受器） skin, mucous pain, temperature, membrane of touch, pressure , the nasal and olfaction and oral cavities. taste. visual orga

2、n light (vision) auditory organ sound (hearing) functions 2. The proprioceptors (本体感受器）本体感受器）(deep sense) muscles, tendons, position sense, joints, ligaments, sense of movement. vestibular apparatus. Balance sense 3. The interoceptors(内受器）内受器）or visceroceptors wall of viscera, pain, temperature, hea

3、rt and blood distension, vessels. blood co2 and o2 concentration. .The Vestibulocochlaer Organ(前庭蜗器）前庭蜗器） the vestibulocochlear can be divided into Three parts: the external, middle and inner ears. Function: related to equilibrium (balance) and hearing. external ear The middle ear inner ear 1. The E

4、xternal Ear Three parts: the auricle, external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane.(vibrate) (1) The auricle (耳廓）耳廓） auricle tympanic membrane lobule external acoustic meatus inner ear tympanic cavity Cartilage part ; osseous part Sigmoid curve The skin: Containing sebaceous and cerumi- nous gland

5、s，Lacks subcutanous tissue, (2) The external acoustic meatus Closely adherent to periosteum, Rich in sen- sory nerve terminal. Under inflammation condition, the meatus is extremely painful. tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus inner ear cartilaginous part osseous part tympanic cavity flaccid p

6、art（松弛部），（松弛部）， tense part （紧张部）（紧张部） umbo (脐脐) cone of light（光锥）（光锥） (3) The tympanic membrane ( 鼓膜鼓膜) vibrating flaccid part tense part umbo cone of light malleus(锤骨）锤骨） 2. The Middle Ear Includes three parts: A. tympanic cavity ( 鼓室鼓室) B. auditory tube (咽鼓管）咽鼓管）open to the tympanic cavity and nas

7、opharynx C. mastoid air cells (乳突小房乳突小房） tympanic cavity auditory tubemastoid process inner ear auditory tube bony part cartilaginous part tympanic cavity (1) The auditory tube Parts: bony part , cartilaginous part. Communicates tympanic cavity with nasopharynx. The infection of the pharynx may alon

8、g the tube spread into the tympanic cavity and causes the otitis media (中耳炎）中耳炎）. (2) The mastoid air cells (乳突小房乳突小房) A series of intercommunicated air-filled cavities in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. mastoid air cells antrum (乳突窦）乳突窦） tympanic cavity aditus (乳窦口）乳窦口） (3) The tympanic c

9、avity (鼓室鼓室) An irregular air-filled space. In the cavity there are auditory ossicles, muscles, vessels and nerves. It possesses six walls. roof floor tympanic cavity tympanic cavity auditory ossicles tympanic menbrane A thin plate of compact bone, the tegmen tympani (鼓室盖）。鼓室盖）。 It separates the mid

10、dle cranial fossa from the tympanic cavity. tympanic cavity tegmen tympani The walls of tympanic cavity A. The tegmental wall (roof)(盖壁）盖壁） In the first two years of childhood, the unossified suture of this wall may allow the infection to spread from the tympanic cavity into the cranial cavity. B. T

11、he jugular wall (floor)(颈静脉壁）颈静脉壁） A thin plate of bone separating the tympanic cavity from the jugular fossa. tegmen tympani jugular fossa tympanic cavity (Inferior wall) C. The carotid (anterior) wall (颈动脉壁颈动脉壁) A plate of bone separating the tympanic cavity from the internal carotid A. The semica

12、nal for tensor tympani m. The semicanal for auditory tube. internal carotid A. tensor tympani m. auditory tube jugular fossa tegmen tympani adidus (乳窦口）乳窦口） mastoid antrum (乳突窦）乳突窦） mastoid air cells (乳突小房）乳突小房） bony canal for the facial n. D. The mastoid (posterior) wall (乳突壁）乳突壁） In condition of t

13、he otitis media (中耳炎中耳炎), the facial N. may be involved , resulting in facial paralysis (面肌瘫痪）面肌瘫痪）. The otitis media may spread to the mastoid antrum and mastoid air cells resulting in mastoi- ditis (乳突炎）乳突炎）. adidus mastoid antrum mastoid air cells facia n. tympanic cavity promontory (岬岬). fenestr

14、a vestibuli (前庭窗前庭窗), closed by the base of the stapes and anular ligment. promontory fenestra cochlea fenestra vestibuli prominence of the facial canal E. The labyrinth (medial) wall (迷路壁）迷路壁） the lateral wall of the inner ear. fenestra cochleae (蜗窗蜗窗), closed by the secondary tympanic membrane in

15、vivo. F. The membranous (lateral) wall (鼓膜壁鼓膜壁): epitympanic recess tympanic membrane epitympanic recess tympanic membrane Connected by joints to form a chain which connects the tympanic membrane and the fenestra vestibuli. malleus(锤骨）锤骨） incus(砧骨砧骨) stapes (镫骨镫骨) The contents of the tympanic cavity

16、 A. The auditory ossicles (听小骨听小骨) when the tympanic membrane is vibrated by sound wave, the handle of the malleus is moved with it, the incus and stapes transmit the vibrations to the inner ear. B. The muscles: tensor tympani (鼓膜张肌鼓膜张肌)innovated by trigeminal nerve. stapedius (镫骨肌镫骨肌)innovated by f

17、acial nerve. tensor tympani stapedius C. The nerves: chorda tympani n. tympanic plexus. facial n. chorda tympani n. 3. The inner (internal) ear (内耳内耳) The inner ear lies in the petrous part of temporal bone,it is the most important part of the ear. cochlea vestibule semicircular canal The membranous

18、 labyrinth lies in the osseous labyrinth and is filled with endolymph (内淋巴内淋巴) . The space between membranous and osseous labyrinth is filled with perilymph (外淋巴外淋巴). membranous labyrinth osseous labyrinth (1) Component of the inner ear ( Labyrinth) A. The osseous labyrinth (骨迷路）骨迷路） A series of can

19、al of compact bone. B. The membranous labyrinth (膜迷路膜迷路) A series of communicating membranous sacs and ducts. A.B. (2) Division of the inner ear (Labyrinth) Three parts: cochlea(耳蜗耳蜗) vestibule (前庭）前庭） semicircular canals(半规管半规管) (3) The cochlea (耳蜗耳蜗) A. The bony labyrinth Composed of the bony cana

20、l of cochlea (骨性骨性 蜗管蜗管) winding spirally for 2 turns around the cen- tral pillar,the modiolus (蜗轴蜗轴)。 modiolus canal of cochlea osseous spiral lamina B. The membranous labyrinth 前庭阶前庭阶 鼓阶鼓阶 basilar membrane spiral organ spiral gangion The cochlear duct is triangular on the trans- verse section, and

21、 has three walls. On the basilar membrane there is the spiral organ (螺旋器螺旋器) (organ of Corti ) , receptor for auditory sensation (前庭阶前庭阶） scala vestibuli scala tympani cochlear duct (鼓阶鼓阶)osseous spiral lamina The cochlear duct (膜性蜗管膜性蜗管) , a spirally arranged membranous duct that makes about 2 turn

22、s, and lies in canal of the cochlea. The cochlear duct and osseous spiral lamina separate the canal into scala vestibuli and scala tympani. (4) The vestibule (前庭）前庭） A. The osseous labyrinth (骨性迷路）骨性迷路） An ovoid cavity with recesses vestibule promontory fenestra vestibuli fenestra tympani Comprise t

23、wo sacs, the utricle (椭圆囊）椭圆囊）and the saccule (球囊）球囊）. On the wall of the utricle and saccule there is a macula(囊斑囊斑) respectively. maculae vestibular N. utricle saccule B. The membranous labyrinth (膜迷路膜迷路) The maculae are the organs of static balance. They may be stimulated not only by changes of p

24、osition of the head, but also by the steep mo- vements on acceleration(加速加速) or deceleration of the head. (5) The semicircular canals (半规管半规管) A. The bony labyrinth The semicircular canals, three in number. The planes which they lie are at an right angle with one another. Each canal has two crura, o

25、ne of which is dilated, named the bony ampulla (骨性壶腹）骨性壶腹）. ampulla anterior (superior) posterior tateral (horizotal) B. The membranous labyrinth the semicircular ducts lie within the bony canals and are similar to them in shape. On the wall of the membranous ampula there is a ampullary crest. ampul

26、lary crests membranous ampulae The ampullary crests , the organs of kinetic balance. They may be stimulated by the rotation movements (旋转运动）旋转运动）of on acceleration or deceleration of the head. ampullary crest vestibular N. 4. The vestibulocochlear nerve (前庭蜗神经前庭蜗神经) vestibular n. cochlear n. vestibu

27、lar ganglion It conduct the balance of the head and auditory sense to the brain 5. The conduction of the sound spiral ganglion spiral organ cochlear n. There are three routes to conduct the sound waves. The sound wares the ext. acoustic meatus tympanic membrane chain of the auditory ossicles fenestr

28、a vestibuli perilymph endolymph the spiral orgen spiral ganglionic cells spiral orgen cochlear n. (1) The first pathway: The sound wares the ext. acoustic meatus air in the tympanic cavity the second tympanic membrane perilymph endolymph the spiral organ spiral ganglionic cells spiral orgen cochlear

29、 n. (2) The second pathway: spiral ganglionic cells spiral orgen cochlear n. The souud waves skull bony labyrinth perilymph endolymph spiral organ. (3) The third pathway: . The Visual Organ or Eyes eyeball accessory apparatus eyeballmuscle palpebrae optic n. 1. The Structure of the Eyeball (1) The w

30、all of the eyeball Consists of three tunics The fibrous tunic cornea sclera cornea sclera fibrous tunic vascular tunic retina iris ciliary body choroid The vascular tunic A. The iris (虹膜虹膜): pupil (瞳孔瞳孔) sphincter pupillae m. diator pupillae m. B. The ciliary body ciliary m. C. The choroid (脉络膜脉络膜)

31、lensiris ciliary body pupil The retina(视网膜视网膜) 包括包括 Blind part(盲部盲部) Optic part(视部视部) blind part optic part iridial part ciliary part optic disc fovea centralis Optic disc (视神经盘视神经盘) or papilla of optic n. Macula lutea (黄斑黄斑) Fovea centralis (中央凹中央凹) optic disc macula lutea fovea centralis 2. The co

32、ntents of the eyeball (1) The lens (晶状体晶状体) lens iris vitreous body cornea A transparent and elastic, biconvex body lacking vessels and nerves. ciliary zonule lens ciliary process The capsule of the lens is connected by the ciliary zonule (睫状小带睫状小带) to the ciliary process. Presbyopia (老花眼老花眼) Senile

33、 cataract (老年性白内障老年性白内障) (2) The chambers of the eye The space between the conea and the lens. Filled with aqueous humor and incompletely divided into the anterior chamber (眼前房眼前房) and the posterior chamber (眼后房眼后房) by the iris. anterior chamber posterior chamber iridocorneal angle sinus venosus scl

34、erea iris (3) The aqueous humor (房水）房水） Formed by active transport and diffusion from the capillaries of the ciliary processes. anterior chamber posterior chamber iredocorneal angle sinus venosus sclerea Circulation of the aqueous humor post. chamber pupil ant. chamber iridocorneal angle sinus venos

35、us sclerae ophthalmic v.(眼静脉眼静脉) anterior chamber posterior chamber iredocorneal angle sinus venosus sclerea (3)The vitreous body(玻璃体玻璃体) vitreous body 2. The Accessory Apparatus of the Eyeball (1) The eyelids or palpebrae (眼睑眼睑) skin subcutaneous tissue orbicularis oculi m. tarsus (睑板睑板) and tarsal

36、 gland conjunctiva (结膜结膜) stye (麦粒肿麦粒肿) chalazion (霰粒肿霰粒肿) skin subcutaneous tissue conjunctiva tarsal gland tarsus ciliary glands (2) The conjunctiva (结膜结膜) palpebral conjunctiva (睑结膜睑结膜) ocular conjunctiva (球结膜球结膜) conjunctival fornix (结膜穹结膜穹) conjunctival sac palpebral conjunctiva ocular conjunct

37、iva fornix conjunctival sac (3) The lacrimal apparatus (泪器泪器) lacrimal gland lacrimal passages (泪道泪道) nasolacrimal duct lacrimal gland lacrimal punctum 泪点泪点 lacrimal analiculi 泪小管泪小管 lacrimal sac inf. nasal meatus (4) The extraocular muscles (眼外肌眼外肌) levator palpebrae superior (提上睑肌提上睑肌) four rectus mm. two oblique mm. levator palpebrae s