2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit3SeaExplorationLearningAboutLanguage学案含解析新人教版选择性必修第四册20210318268

1、Unit 3Sea ExplorationLearning About Language语法精讲素养提升不定式(The infinitive) 观察上面句子, 并说出画线部分的作用不定式作后置定语。不定式作目的状语。动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志, 没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能, 又有动词的特点, 可以有自己的宾语和状语, 构成动词不定式短语。一、动词不定式的时态与语态主动语态被动语态意义一般时to doto be done表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后完成时to have doneto have been done表示动作发

2、生在谓语动作之前进行时to be doing表示谓语动作发生时, 不定式的动作正在进行完成进行时to have been doing表示其动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前并且一直在进行*I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生, 且meeting与hold之间为被动关系)*They are said to be studying psychology. 据说他们正在研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生)*Im very sorry to have kept y

3、ou sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前)*No harm seems to have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前, 且harm与do之间是被动关系)*She is known to have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她处理这类难题已经有很多年了。【名师点津】不定式的“被动”与“否定”(1)不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者。*Its a great honour t

4、o be invited to Marys birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。(2)不定式的否定式通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前, 即构成not to do 或never to do 这样的形式。*They took a vote and decided not to do it. 他们进行了表决, 决定放弃。*How many times has your mother told you never to talk to strangers? 你母亲告诉你多少次了, 绝不能和陌生人谈话? 【即学活用】 语法填空(1)The worl

5、d will be different, and we will have to be prepared(prepare)to adapt to the change. (2)She pretended to be sleeping (sleep)when her mother came in. (3)He is said to have been working (work)in this factory for more than twenty years. 二、动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语, 表示比较具体的意义。1. 不定式作主语动词不

6、定式作主语多表示将来特定的某一次动作。*To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工人弥补不了损失。*(2018天津高考)It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer. 他花了很长时间才获得成为一名优秀舞者所需的技能。不定式短语作主语时, 为了保持句子平衡, 往往用it作形式主语, 而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。若要说明不定式的动作的执行者, 可以在不定式前面加上“for/of+n. /pron. ”结构。当形容

7、词表达事物的特征时用for sb. ; 当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb. , 这样的形容词有careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wrong等。*It is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。*It is important for us to live a low-carbon life. 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。【即学活用】语法填空(1)It is common to

8、 find (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in peoples homes. (2)If you live in a cold climate, it will be important to know (know) your dogs limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. (3)It is an honor for me to be invited (invite) to attend the meeting. 2. 不定式作表语不定式作表语主要有三种情况, 一是

9、用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be); 二是像My job is to sweep the floor. (我的工作就是擦地板。)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形; 三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。*He seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。*Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。*We are to meet at the station at three. 我们约定3点钟在车站见面。【即学活用】语法填空(1)It is important to reme

10、mber when youre trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem to be ignoring (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best that they can. (2)He is childrens books editor, whose job is to sort (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in

11、The Times. (3)The goal of this activity is to meet (meet) the needs of common people. 3. 不定式作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语, 请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望, 拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划, 同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help*We agreed to mee

12、t at the school gate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后, 常用it作形式宾语, 然后加宾语补足语, 最后加不定式作真正的宾语。*We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。【即学活用】语法填空(1)He pretended to be reading (read) the text when I came in. (2)I heard a passenger behind me shoutin

13、g to the driver, but he refused to stop (stop) until we reached the next stop. (3)I think it necessary to send (send) for an expert. (4)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 4. 不定式作宾语补足语(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语, 如ask

14、, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。*Father will not allow us to play in the street. 父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 表示动作的全过程。一感 (feel), 二听(hear, listen to), 三使(let, have, make), 五看 (see, notice, observe,

15、 watch, look at), 半帮助 (help), 动词不定式作help宾语补足语时, 既可带to, 也可不带to。*Nobody saw him come in. (主动语态)没人看见他进来。以上单词, 当其所在句子改为被动句时, 动词不定式符号“to”必须保留。例如: *The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。【即学活用】语法填空(1)What caused him to change (change) his mind? (2)He didnt allow the students to go (go)

16、 there. (3)The teacher got some students to stay (stay) in the classroom after school. (4)He was made to work (work) day and night. 5. 不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。*I wanted to come to your birthday party, but I had a project to finish then. (2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具

17、等, 不定式后需要加相应的介词。*I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支钢笔写字。【名师点津】如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等, 不定式后的介词习惯上可以省去。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。*He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校, 最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有: abili

18、ty, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。*The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。【名师点津】不定式作定语时, 若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者, 则用主动形式表被动含义; 若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者, 则用被动形式表被动含义。*She has a sister to look after. 她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she是look after的执行者)【即学活用】语法填空

19、(1)The best way to set (set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. (2)Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be made (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. (3)Birds singing i

20、s sometimes a warning to other birds to stay (stay) away. (4)Volunteering gives you a chance to change (change) lives, including your own. 6. 不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语。表示“为了”, 可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性, 不定式前也可加in order或so as, 但so as to不能置于句首。*To/In order to increase levels of community service, some schools have

21、 launched compulsory volunteer programs. 为了提高社区服务水平, 一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。(2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果, 有时前面加only, 以加强语气。常用于下列结构中: only to do表示意想不到的结果enough to do足够做too. . . to do太而不能so/such. . . as to. . . 如此以至于*Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场, 结果发

22、现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。*He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。(3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时, 后可接不定式作原因状语, 用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因, 常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。*Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed. 玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上, 觉得非常高兴。*Im delight

23、ed to hear that you are keen on Chinese traditional culture. 我很高兴听到你喜欢中国传统文化。【即学活用】语法填空(1)To liberate (liberate) our country, they devoted their lives. (2)To learn (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. (3)Mary rushed home immediately s

24、he heard the news, only to find (find) that her husband was gone. (4)You will never know how happy I was to see (see) her yesterday. 课时检测素养达标. 单句语法填空1. (2020全国卷) I encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase (purchase) a book. 2. (2020全国卷)A housewarming party is

25、a special party to be held (hold) when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house. 3. (2020江苏高考) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classify (classify) garbage in a short time. 4. (2020天津高考)To help (help) us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our no

26、tes. 5. (2019全国卷) It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb (absorb) a days worth of Vitamin D. 6. Its everyones responsibility to make (make) good use of water, such as recycling and saving water in our daily life. 7. If successful,

27、Wen Xu, 32, will be the first person to cross (cross)Antarctica alone from the shore Berkner Island, according to the event organizer. 8. They have been in the room listening to explanations when things seem to have gone (go) wrong. 9. Jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they

28、could to cheer (cheer) him up. 10. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch (catch). . 用不定式完成句子1. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 to find and study areas of the South Pole Aitken basin. 中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。2. I didnt mea

29、n to eat anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help trying it. 我当时什么都不想吃, 但是那个冰激凌看上去太诱人了以至于我禁不住品尝了它。3. The best way to solve the problem is to depend on yourself. 解决这个问题的最好办法是依靠你自己。4. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together to share a meal, admire the

30、moon and enjoy moon cakes. 过中秋节的时候, 家人们通常会团聚在一起吃饭、赏月和品尝月饼。5. It is a great pleasure for me to have been working with you these days. 我很高兴这段时间和你一起共事。6. I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term. 这个学期结束前, 我要做很多阅读练习。7. Helen borrowed my book the other day, promising to return it soon. 海伦在几天前借了我的书, 答应我会马上还给我。8. Althoug