危重患者的风险评估及安全防范措施

1、rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform hasprovided a good foundation. Thesocialization of rear service workhas b een launched, and rapid progress in some places and departme nts, duty consumption monetization of carrier and

2、 appr oach to management hasbee n resolve d. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provi de reference to thecompre hensive reform of the system of public serva nts dutyconsumption further. Implementing an ho

3、nest canteen, standardize official e ntertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; eliminationof County travel andcountryside subsi dies; research village officials capitalization ma nagement of corporate spendi ng, a nd so on. Finally, group .18 session tobe he ld inBe

4、ijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in thespri ng breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyesof the nation a nd the world expe ct, again to reform mark China, usheredin the 18sessi on. XI General Secr

5、etary pointedout that Chinas reform has entered acrucial peri od and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater politicalcourage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to cra ck a hardnut, dares to questi on the Rapids,which dares to break the barrierof idea

6、s, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepeni ng reform andopening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the five in one the General layout of socialist moder nization requirements,18 session of thedecision was a five in one and the improvement of ov

7、erall schemeof reform, will promoten integrated and coor dinatedeconomic, political,cult ural, socialand ecologicalcivilization construction of the five reforms and the party s construction in the areaof institutional reform.The five in one programme is to achieve acompr ehensive reform of instituti

8、onal guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, thesmooth progressof the constructionof a well -off society and reform the objectives of theprogramme.One, hol ding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the18 session of the 12t h Beijingsince 1978, 35, havebeen 7 plenary sessi

9、on, each time on majorissues of political and economic lifeof the country has made importantdepl oyment. In accorda nce with PRC politicalpracti ce, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in aple nary session washel d immediately after thepartys Congress, on t he theme personnel, discus

10、sing electionCentrals top leaders, such as the election of the StandingCommittee of the politicalBure au, throug h the Central Committeemembers, decisi ons, such as members of theCentral Military Commission.The secondplenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to di

11、scuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third一、危重患者护理的高风险因素1. 观察病情不细致、 预见性不强所造成的风险：由于危重患者的病情危重，病情较复杂、变化快、并发症多，如果护士专科知识不足，经验缺乏、粗心大意、责任意识淡薄、对病情没有预见性，没有发现病情变化，如患者猝死、突发上消化道出血、昏迷患者躁动坠床以至处理不及时，失去最佳抢救时机，容易造成医疗纠纷。2. 社会心理因素： 由于疾病发展到不可逆性导致患者死亡，突然丧失亲人可导致极度悲痛的反应，例如拒绝接受、愤怒或抑郁。初期的打击可使亲属感到麻木和意识紊乱， 随后情绪可能转化为

12、愤怒， 有时甚至会因此迁怒于医护人员， 亲属往往对导致患者死亡的每个细节都十分关注，而这种强烈的情绪可能进一步加深医护人员和亲属之间的误会，引起医疗和护理的纠纷。3. 护患沟通不良所造成的风险：由于病情危重，清醒患者的恐惧和家属的焦虑很容易对病情过于紧张， 对医护人员的治疗护理过分关注，工作稍有不慎，会引致家属的误解和不满，同时，病情的发展和转归关系到患者的生命安全及患者家庭的稳定， 患者患病的自然过程或治疗、检查过程的风险都可使患者病情出现反复或加重。4人为的失误（ 1）规章制度落实不严，没有严格按照医疗护理操作规程处理。如常用抢救设备没定时检测，当患者出现病情变化，抢救时仪器、机械突然故障

13、，危重患者转送时，救护车中急救器械、物品及护理人员准备不足。lenarysessi on, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnelproblems havebeen arranged, youcan concentrate onnational developme nt and reforms.Previous plenarysession i s often brande d with acentral leadingcoll ective,often by looking at

14、 the thirdplenum of the initiative to found thecurrent ce ntral leadershipcollective gover nancecharacteristics.From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16plenary sessionhave programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stagesof Chi nas e

15、conomic reform , and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy.Previousplenarysessi on topi cs propose d to the third pl enary sessi on of taking class struggle as the key link,shifted to soci

16、alist modernizati on;12 session marked thecha nge from rural to urban, established with publicownershi p as the Foundation of aplannedcommodity economy;13 session at a time when both t he old and the newsystem change, governance and rectify the economi c order; 14 . Fair and efficient and authoritat

17、ive Socialist judicial system, safeguard the peoples interests.Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative lawenforcement, ensure that the right to exerci se judicial power independently and impartially according to la w theprosecuti on, perfecting the running

18、mecha nism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protectionof human rights.Ple nary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, isshut up in acage of thesystem power policy. Decisi on Science, implementation shouldbe c

19、onstructed strong, supervise the r unningof powerful system, improve the system of punishing andpreventing corrcadres honest and Government integrity, clean politics.To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction a nd mecha nisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional inno

20、vation and institutional protection, sound improvement stylenormal system.Plenary sessi on, building a sociali st culture inChi na, e nhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Sociali st culture, adhere t o the development of Socialistculture with Chinese char

21、acteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, furtherdeepeni ng reform of culture.o improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural servicesystem, improve the level of cultureope ning. Plenary session, achievingdev

22、el opment re sults moreequitablebenefit of allpeople, we must speedup reform of socialprograms and solve the issues ofconcern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meetthe needs of thepeople.To deepe n educati on reform, improve institutional mecha nisms for therapid developmen

23、t of the market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform hasprovided a good foundation. Thesocialization of rear service workhas been launche d, and rapid progress in some places and departme nts, duty consumption monetization of carrier and appr oach to ma

24、nagement hasbee n resolve d. Third, in re cent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provi de reference to thecompre hensive reform of the system of public serva nts dutyconsumption further. Implementing an honest canteen, s

25、tandardize official e ntertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; eliminationof County travel andcountryside subsi dies; research village officials capitalizati on management of corporate spendi ng, and so on. Finally, group .18 session tobe he ld inBeijing from Novem

26、ber 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in thespri ng breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyesof the nation a nd the world expe ct, again to reform mark China,usheredin the 18sessi on. XI General Secretary pointedout

27、that Chinas reform has entered acrucial peri od and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater politicalcourage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to cra ck a hardnut, dares to questi on the Rapids,which dares to break the barrierof ideas, and dare to be

28、nefit cure barriers. Deepening reform andopening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the five in one the General layout of socialist moder nization requirements,18 session of thedecision was a five in one and the improv eme nt of overall schemeof r

29、eform, will promote an integrated and coor dinatedeconomic, political,cult ural, socialand ecologicalcivilization construction of the five reforms and the party s construction in the areaof institutional reform.The five in one programme is to achieve acompr ehensive reform of institutional guarantee

30、s for objectives of build a well-off society, thesmooth progressof the constructionof a well -off society and reform the objectives of theprogramme.One, hol ding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the18 session of the 12t h Beijingsince 1978, 35, havebeen 7 plenary sessi on, each time

31、on majorissues of political and economic lifeof the country has made importantdepl oyment. In accordance with PRC politicalpracti ce, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in aple nary session washel d immediately after thepartys Congress, on t he theme personnel, discussing electionCe

32、ntrals top leaders, such a s the election of the StandingCommittee of the politicalBure au, throug h the Central Committeemembers, decisi ons, such as members of theCentral Military Commission.The secondplenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to di scuss a new St

33、ate personnel issues. But by the third（ 2）护理文书书写不规范 护理记录必须保证全面、真实、完整、及时、准确，是反映患者病情变化、疾病治疗护理经过及其治疗效果的原始记录， 也是断定医护人员医疗行为是非以及诊疗措施实施情况的凭证。同时为举证倒置提供了重要依据。 一旦发生医疗纠纷，护理记录即成为法律上的一种证据。（ 3）专业技术、护理操作不熟练。二、护理风险的防范措施1高度重视，转变观念，加强业务学习护理人员必须高度重视护理风险的重要性和必要性，从根本上转变观念， 提高执业风险意识及法律意识，坚持不断学习法律教育及医疗事故处理条例，牢固树立“安全第一，质量第

34、一”观念。做到有预见性，对潜在的不安全因素重点防范， 如成立护理风险小组， 对与护理相关的各种风险种类进行了分析与评估， 确定可能发生的风险种类， 制定各种护理紧急风险预案。2制定完善医疗护理规章制度科学完善合理的规章制度是防范差错事故及纠纷的良好基础，制定各种护理质量关键流程及护理缺陷管理措施，护理人员严格执行规章制度是防范差错事故的保证。（1）护理等级制度必须落实护理等级要求，危重患者15min- 30min 巡视 1 次，对病情进展做到心中有数。（ 2）急救室工作制度成立专人管理小组，包括急救物品管理、使用、保养、供应等，使急救室设备及药品完好率达 100%，熟练掌握各种急救设备的使用。

35、 加强护理操作训练， 掌握多科业务知识lenarysessi on, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnelproblems havebee n arranged, youcan concentrate onnational developme nt and reforms.Previous plenarysession i s often brande d with acentral leadingcoll ective,often by looking at the third

36、plenum of the initiative to found thecurrent ce ntral leadershipcoll ective governancecharacteristics.From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16plenary sessionhave programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stagesof Chi nas economic re

37、form, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy.Previousplenarysessi on topi cs propose d to the third pl enary sessi on of taking class struggle as the key link,shifted to socialist moder

38、nizati on;12 session marked thecha nge from rural to urban, established with publicownershi p as the Foundation of aplannedcommodity economy;13 session at a time when both t he old and the newsystem change, governance and rectify the economi c order; 14 . Fair and efficient and authoritative Sociali

39、st judicial system, safeguard the peoples interests.Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative lawenforcement, ensure that the right to exerci se judicial power independently and impartially according to la w theprosecuti on, perfecting the running mecha nism

40、of judicial power, improve t he system of judicial protectionof human rights.Ple nary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, isshut up in acage of thesystem power policy. Decisi on Science, implementation shouldbe constructed

41、 strong, supervise the r unningof powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corrcadres honest and Government integrity, clean politics.To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction a nd mecha nisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation an

42、d institutional protection, sound improvement stylenormal system.Plenary sessi on, building a sociali st culture inChi na, e nhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Sociali st culture, adhere t o the development of Socialistculture with Chinese characteristi

43、cs, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, furtherdeepeni ng reform of culture.o improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural servicesystem, improve the level of cultureope ning. Plenary session, achievingdevel opment

44、 results moreequitablebenefit ofall people, we must speedup reform of socialprograms and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meetthe needs of thepeople.To deepe n educati on reform, improve institutional mecha nisms for therapid development of the

45、market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform hasprovided a good foundation. Thesocialization of rear service workhas been launche d, and rapid progress in some places and departme nts, duty consumption monetization of carrier and appr oach to management

46、hasbee n resolve d. Third, in re cent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provi de reference to thecompre hensive reform of the system of public serva nts dutyconsumption further. Implementing an honest canteen, standardiz

47、e official e ntertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; eliminationof County travel andcountryside subsi dies; research village officials capitalization management of corporate spendi ng, and so on. Finally, group .18 session tobe he ld inBeijing from November 9, 201

48、3 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in thespri ng breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyesof the nation a nd the world expe ct, again to reform mark China, usheredin the 18sessi on. XI General Secretary pointedout that Chin

49、as reform has entered acrucial peri od and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater politicalcourage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to cra ck a hardnut, dares to questi on the Rapids,which dares to break the barrierof ideas, and dare to benefit cur

50、e barriers. Deepeni ng reform andopening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the five in one the General layout of socialist moder nization requirements,18 session of thedecision was a five in one and the improvement of overall schemeof reform, wil

51、l promote an integrated and coor dinatedeconomic, political,cult ural, socialand ecologicalcivilization construction of the five reforms and the party s construction in the areaof institutional reform.The five in one programme is to achieve acompr ehensive reform of institutional guarantees for obje

52、ctives of build a well-off society, thesmooth progressof the constructionof a well -off society and reform the objectives of theprogramme.One, hol ding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the18 session of the 12t h Beijingsince 1978, 35, havebeen 7 plenary sessi on, each time on majorissues of political and economic lifeof the country has made importantdepl oyment. In accorda nce with PRC