平江四中下期高一语法专题-定语从句-学生版

1、学习好资料欢迎下载平江四中2012年下期高一语法专题定语从句目标和任务：掌握了下面几点你就掌握了定语从句：1、什么是定语从句/什么是先行词/什么是关系代词/什么是关系副词2、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别（逗号）：3、定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面4、关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略5、区分:A.如何选用关系代词与关系副词C. 如何选用that与who/（如没能紧跟其后则叫）分隔定语从句:（在非限定从句中除外即不能省略）：B.如何选用that与 whichD. 如何选用 who与.whomE. 如何选用 which与as6介词常可以提前（结构紧密的短语除外）7、whose的用法：作定语

2、（表人或物）8、定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一致9、同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 具体知识讲解：一：概念：在复合句中充当 语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫 ，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系 词。关系词有关系 和关系 两种。二:关系代词引导的定语从句：引导定语从句的关系代词主要有 who, whom, which, that , whose 等。它们用来 连接定语从句，并分别在从句中代替前面的先行词， 并在定语从句中作主语、宾 语、表语或

3、定语。关系代词用法一览表关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分人主语、宾语、表语Whom人语Which主语、宾语That人或物主语、宾语、表语whose人或物语e.g. The trees are beh ind the office build ing. They have lost their leaves.The trees _that _ are behind the office building have lost their leaves. (主语) He always buys some books. He n ever read them.He always buys some

4、bookshe n ever read.( 宾语)It used to be a small tow n. It is no Ion ger a small tow n.It is no Ion ger the small tow nit used to be.( 表语)She has a brother. I can t remember hmenaShe has a brother name I can t remember定语)注意点：1. )定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：e.g. The man who lives n ext door sells vegetables.()The

5、 man sells vegetables who lives n ext door. () xThe car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.()The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my un cle just bought.()2. )关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：e.g. The young man ( who ) you saw was our man ager.There is somethi ng ( that ) we must kee

6、p in mind.3) .who和whom都可以作从句的宾语，但从句的介词提前时，不能用 who.This is the pers on who/whom I borrowed the book from.This is the pers on fromI borrowed the book.4.)关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which或whome.g. The man is a famous runner. You talked to him just now.The man toyou talk just now is a famous r

7、unner.The chair is made of wood. He is sitting on it now.The chair onhe is sitt ing now is made of wood.有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前.若将定语从句中搭配极为固定的短语中的介词提前，其中的短语可能会失去它们本身的意义或可能使句子产生歧义，(如look after, look for, depend on, goin for (迷恋),take care of 等短语.)He was the boy after whom the woman had

8、looked for many years.()He was the boy whom the woma n had looked after for many years ()He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him.He is the stude nt who the teachers are look ing for.()He is the student for whom the teachers are looking.()5) .介词 + 关系代词前还可以用：some, any, none, all, both, n

9、either, many, most,each, few等代词、名词或数词等构成复杂介词，如：His sons, both of whom loved music very much, spe nt most of their money on CDs.6) . whose的用法：关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。e.g. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize.The girl whose work got the first prize is my daugh

10、ter.三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：1、 限制性定语从句：主句和从句 能隔开，从句能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。He is readi ng a book which is too difficult for him.Here is the boy who damaged the glass.2、 非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用 号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到 进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。e.g. The book is writte n by Guo Jinming, who is only 19 years old.Bob s father, who wa

11、s an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt.注意点：1 )在非限制性定语从句中关系代词不能省略。2) 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.e.g. She is very fond of Fren ch, which in deed she speaks quite well.3) which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.e.g. Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad.He lost his job fin ally, which was exactly what

12、we wan ted.四、关系副引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系副词有 when, where或why等。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构,分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。关系副词用法一览表关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分When表时间状语Where表地点状语表原因原因状语1、当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词+ which来代替：e.g. I will n ever forget the day./ I went to uni versity on that day.I wil

13、l n ever forget the day whe n/ on whichI went to uni versity.He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.He still remember the morni ng whe n/ on whichthe earthquake happe ned.2、 当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时 一般可以用介词+ which来代替：e.g. This is the house. / He used to l

14、ive in the house.This is the house where/ in whichhe used to live.I know of a place. / We can swim in that place.I know of a place where/ in whichwe can swim.3、 先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语, 这时一般可以用for + which来代替：e.g. I don t know the reason. / He did it for this reason.I don t know the rea

15、sonvhy/ for whichhe did it.The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it.The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear.注意点：1）当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ thate.g. This is the datewe re proud of.This is the datehe was born.I will n ever forget the timewe spe nt together.T

16、his is the factorymy mother works.This is the factorywe visited last week.Is this factory you visit last week?A. the one B. where C. which D. thatI don t believe the reasonhe gave for his decision.Ano ther reas onhe made this decisi on is that he had to con sider thefeeli ngs of others.五、关系词的选择1、只用t

17、hat的情况(选学内容)1) .当先行词是不定代词，如 all, everything, anything,something, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one 等All that can be done has bee n done.I didn t mean this one; I mean the one that was bought yesterday.2) .先行词(指物的)前面有 any, only, few, much , one of, some , little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时Ther

18、e s no difficulty that we can t overcome.I ve read all the books that can be borrowed here.3) .先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时This is the first letter that I ve written in Japanese.She is the most careful girl that I ve ever known.4) .当先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the teachers and schools that t

19、hey had visited.The speaker talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.5) .当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时China isn t the country that she used to be 50 years ago.He is no Ion ger the man that he used to be.It s a book that will help you a great deal.6) .当主句是以who, which或what开头的特殊疑问句时Who i

20、s the man that is wait ing at the bus stop?Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?7) .当主句以There be结构开头时，或关系代词在there be 结构中作实义主 语，先行项为物There is a seat in the corner that is still free.There are two tickets of the film that are for you.The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever bee n.8) .当

21、先行词是what时What did you hear that made you so an gry?9) .当先行词是基数词时Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a bas in of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.2、只用which的情况(选学内容)1) .在非限制性定语从句中充当主语或定语They have three houses, which are built of stone.2) .当关系代词前有介词时This is the factory in whi

22、ch we once worked.We study in the classroom of which the doors face south.3) 当先行词本身that是时What s that which flashed in the sky just now?4) .当关系代词后面带有插入语时Here is the En glish grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your En glish.I ve bought you some books which I think may interest y

23、ou.3、只用who不用that的情况(选学内容)1 )先行词是 one, ones 或 anyone 时One who does not work hard will n ever succeed.Anyone who breaks the law should be puni shed.She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.2) 先行词为those或被those修饰，指人时Those who lear n not only from books but also through practice will s

24、ucceed.3) 在以there be 的句子中，先行词为人时There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.4）当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时The stude nt that won the first prize is the mon itor who works hard.5）当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时There s only one stude nt in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woma n in blue with a baby on her

25、back who is work ing in the fields?6）在非限制性定语从句中指人I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.7）定语从句中有插入语时，并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。Jacks on is a man who I believe is hon est.He won ano ther award, which I think is the result of his hard work.4、as与which的比较在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句

26、中作主语，宾语，表语如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用They failed in the exam, as/which is n atural.She seems a scie ntist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.用as的几种情况1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句尾。e.g. He is an America n, as/which we know from his acce nt.As we know from

27、his acce nt, he is an America n.He, as we know from his acce nt, is an America n.2）如从句在主句之前，用 as （如as is well known 众所周知；as often happens 这种情况经常发生;as is often the case 情况常常这样;as is supposed如所预料 的 ；as has been pointed out 女口所指出的 ；as has been said before 女口前所说;as is usual （某人）通常会）As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.3）如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有正如.就象.之意时，用asWe won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the pla n, as was to be expected.4）当先行项被the same, such, so 修饰时，用asHe bought the same diam