TI模拟技术概览及运放补充PPT课件

1、,德州仪器简介及高性能模拟技术之一,目录,TI公司纵观 TI模拟技术概览 放大器 理想放大器和实际放大器 选择精密放大器 差动放大器和仪表放大器 差动放大器和电流检测放大器等 高速放大器,低功耗微处理器 高性能数字信号处理器 节能型数字信号处理器 数字信号控制器, 专注于模拟及嵌入式处理技术 产品覆盖范围,放大器 数据转换器 RF/IF 完整的解决方案 量身定制的产品,界面 电源管理 逻辑,产 品 深 度,TI公司纵观 全球最大的半导体公司之一 ，为创新提供完整的解决方案,l 1930年成立于美国德州 l 共有员工: 34,500 l 2010年营业额：139.7亿美元 l 全球覆盖：30+国

2、家和地区设有,制造、设计中心和销售机构 l 2010年研发投入：15.7亿美元 l 专利：38,000,l 2010年Fortune 500强排名175 (根据2010财政年度) l 强大的销售支持网络 l 全球大学计划,丰富的通用类产品 l 60,000种产品，每年900+新产品,全球十大半导体供应商,全球前十大半导体厂商收入预估排名（百万美元） 来源：Gartner（2012年3月）,财富2008年评选的全美最受人尊敬的半导体公司,TI 从2002到2008年一直占据半导体行业“全美最受尊敬公司”第一的位置,财富评选的全球最受人尊敬的半导体公司,TI 从2009到2011年一直占据半导体行

3、业“全球最受尊敬公司”第二的位置,2011,2010,1930s,1940s,Revolutionizes oil exploration by measuring reflected signals,Applies signal measurement to magnetic anomaly detection,1950s Invents the,integrated circuit,1960s Invents the,handheld calculator,1970s Applies signal processing to consumer products,1980s Introduc

4、es single-chip digital signal processor,1990s Creates first apps processor for multi-media cell phones,TI：80年的创新历史 80年来，TI致力于并推动着信号处理领域的创新,Introduces worlds fastest analog-to- digital converter and lowest- power DC-DC converter,2000s,Q2 2009,TI的系统框图：提供全方位的解决方案,Humidity Sound,Light,Identification,The

5、 Real,World Temperature Pressure Position Speed Flow,Data Converter Power Management,Logic,Amplifier,Data Converter,Interface,Amplifier Q4 2007,Q1 2008,Low Power RF Q3 2007 Embedded Processing,返回,TI模拟技术概览,2010年模拟产品市场份额,美国国家半导体NS,6,16,3.8%,Acquired by TI in 2011,TI OPA209, OPA211, OPA1611 OPAy1xx: FE

6、T, DiFET, 精密, 高输入阻抗, 微偏置电流(但温漂较高); GBW20MHz; OPA140, OPA827 OPA16xy: 音频专用高性能运放; OPA161y: Bipolar; OPA164y: JFET; OPA1632, 全差分 OPA637, OPA627: DiFET, 精密, 优秀的直流交流特性, GBW80MHz OPAy3xx: CMOS, 5.5V, 精密, 直流特性出众, 低功耗, 轨到轨R-R, 自归零, 零交越失真,GBW250MHz; OPA347, OPA374, OPA333, OPA365, OPA354, OPA300 OPAy7xx: CMO

7、S, 24V; GBW20MHz; OPA727, OPA735 TLV/TLCxxxy: CMOS, 16V; GBW10MHz; 针对低成本, 低频应用; TLV246y, TLC08y * 上面型号中的y表示通道数,TI 精密放大器家族 运放的直流精度通常由其输入级工艺决定,几个名词解释 轨到轨输入/输出,Rail-Rail Input/Output,- 窄供电电压系统中非常有用！ - 比如在电池供电系统中，如何从3.3V供电的运放里获得3V的动态范围？, 自归零，零温漂 零交越失真,Auto Zero & Zero Drift Zero Crossover,输出信号幅度被供电电压所限制

8、,在最大输出幅度和供电电源轨间必须有一定的裕量或净空，保证输出不被削顶/削底。对输入也是一样。 根据运放输出结构不同，这个裕量从数mV到数V不等。,轨到轨输入输出运放示例,轨到轨输入和输出运放： 如OPA365，输入和输出摆幅都能非常 接近供电电源轨。但也不能完全达到。,轨到轨输出运放：,如OPA335，输出摆幅可以非常接近供 电电源轨。但不能完全达到。输入在高 电平处需要1.5V的净空。,非轨到轨运放：,如A741、LM324、OP27等，输入和输 出在高电平和低电平处都需要一定的净 空才能保证不发生削顶/削底。,Input Signal Range,OPA365: Vdd+ = 5V, V

9、dd- = GND,5V,GND,Output Signal Range,Input Signal Range,OPA335: Vdd+ = 5V, Vdd- = GND,GND,Output Signal Range,Input Signal Range,uA741,Output Signal Range,5V 3.5V,Vdd+,Vdd-,几个名词解释 轨到轨输入/输出 自归零，零温漂,Rail-Rail Input/Output Auto Zero & Zero Drift,- VOS非常讨厌，特别是当我有10万个产品都需要调零的时候，有没有运放不需要调零也能达到非常好的直流精度？ -

10、当我的产品在非常宽的温度范围内工作时，如何保证在整个温度范围内误差控制在很小的范围内，从而减少我对调零的需求？ - 用自归零、零温漂运放来解决！, 零交越失真,Zero Crossover,OPA333, OPA2333 Very Low Power Zero-Drift / Auto-Zero OPA, ,Ultra-Low Quiescent Current: 25A (max) Low Offset Voltage: 10V (max) Offset Voltage Drift: 0.05V/C (max) Low Voltage Noise: 1.1 VP-P Bandwidth: 3

11、50kHz Rail-to-Rail Input and Output 1.8V to 5.5V Supply Voltage Specified Temperature Range: -40C to +125 C OPA333: SC70-5, SOT23-5, SO-8 OPA2333: QFN-8, SO-8 Battery-Powered Instruments Temperature Measurement Precision Strain Gages Precision Sensor Applications Handheld Test Equipment, Lowest Powe

12、r Increases Battery Life Low Offset and Drift Removes Need for Calibration in Application RRIO Increases Dynamic Range 1.8V Supply Excellent for Battery Devices Micro SC70 Package Saves Board Space,低失调电压运放的两种结构： 自归零 Auto-Zero 和 斩波调零 Chopper,Auto-Zero,Chopper,几个名词解释 轨到轨输入/输出,Rail-Rail Input/Output, 自

13、归零，零温漂 Auto Zero & Zero Drift, 零交越失真,Zero Crossover,- 我们常听到说反相输入比同相输入的失真表现更好，特别是对于轨到轨输入运放而言。 - 那么，当我们需要高输入阻抗的同相跟随器来缓冲一个大信号时，如何维持一个很好的总谐波失真THD？ - 用零交越失真运放来解决！,OPA365 Zero-Crossover, RRIO, 50MHz Single Supply Amplifier, Excellent signal linearity over entire input common mode range RRIO maximizes inpu

14、t dynamic range and enables true 2.2V single supply data acquisition Speed and THD specs optimized for up to 250ksps unity gain buffer data acquisition OPA365 Salley-Key Low Pass Filter, Zero-Crossover Input Topology Excellent THD+N: 0.0006% Excellent CMRR: 100dB Rail-to-rail input/output: Input 100

15、mV Beyond Supply Rails Low noise: 4.5nV/Hz Speed: Gain bandwidth: 50MHz Settling time: 300ns to 0.01% Low offset: 200V 2.2V to 5.5V operation Single Supply Data Acquisition Security & Surveillance Handheld Test and Measurement Active Filters Audio Preamplifiers & Filters Precision signal conditionin

16、g,传统的轨到轨输入结构需要2级,电压轨。而此2级输入结构会带-,零交越失真的输入结构通过内,传统2级输入的轨到轨输入结构和零交越失真结构,-IN,VSS,Second,Q1,Q2,Q3,+IN Zero-Crossover Input Stage,VOUT,VSS-1.1V,VSS-1.5V,-IN,Stage,Q1,Q2,+IN,GND-0.1V,Charge Pump,VSS+0.5V VSS+0.1V,VSS -,VOUT,VCM,VOUT,VCM,0V -,Stage 结构来使电压达到正电压和负 0V 来过渡区附近的失调电压漂移， 从而导致电压锯齿。,VSS 置一个充电泵来提升输入级

17、的 偏置电压，因此只需要一级VSS -,结,构。从而消除了过渡区和其带,来的时域锯齿。 VOUT Second,Standard Two-Stage Input,Q4,dB,20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160,Fs = 262.1440 kHz,Fin = 10.448000 kHz,SNR = 89.817,SINAD = 86.838,SFDR = 95.384,THD ( 9 ) = -89.879,ARL = 84.288,时域上的锯齿会带来频域上的高次谐波,传统2级输入的轨到轨输入运放的谐波失真 Frequency Spectrum (1

18、6384 Point FFT),9次谐波的失真(dB),dB,20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160,OPA365零交越失真运放的谐波失真表现 Frequency Spectrum (16384 Point FFT),Fs = 262.1440 kHz,Fin = 10.448000 kHz,SNR = 90.143,SINAD = 89.905,SFDR = 103.068,THD ( 9 ) = -102.634,ARL = 84.288,零交越失真结构不带来高次谐波， 从而达到一个很好的THD指标,9次谐波的失真(dB),精密运放的选型指南,返回

19、,差动放大器和仪表放大器,- +,+,VCM = (VIN+ + VIN-) / 2 VCM = (+6.5V) + (+3.5V) / 2 = +5V,VDIFF = VIN+ - VIN- VDIFF = (+6.5V) (+3.5V) = +3V,VOUT,-,(1.5V) VDIFF/2,+ VIN+ = +6.5V,VIN- = +3.5V -,VCM (5V),VDIFF/2 (1.5V),认识共模电压和差模电压 共模电压Common-Mode Voltage (VCM)：运放V-和V+包含的相同的信号成分 差模电压Differential Voltage (VDIFF)：运放V-

20、和V+包含的不同的信号成分,+ -,差动放大器：抑制共模信号，提取差模信号,When R2 = R1 = R4 = R3 VOUT = (V1-V2),=,共模抑制比CMRR 共模抑制比 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 衡量差动放大器放大差模信号（VDIFF）的同时抑制共模电压（VCM）的能力。通常用dB表示，常介于80dB和120dB之间，越高越好。CMRR=Gdiff/Gcm（以倍数为单位）。一般是放大差模信号，Gdiff为正（当以dB为单位时）；共模信号是衰减，Gcm为负（当以dB为单位时）。故CMRR就会得到一个比较大的正数。,Gdiff Gcm,

21、CMRR =,我们希望所有的差动放大器: 仅仅放大差模信号 将共模信号完全抑制 但是所有的差动放大器都不能完美地抑制共模信号，会有CMRR这个指标： CMRR越小，共模信号引起的输出失调就会越大,差动放大器的CMRR由什么决定？ 决定因素：外部电阻网络的匹配精度！（影响电路的对称性） 如果R1、R2、R3、R4中的任意一只R有0.1%的误差， 差动放大器的CMRR将降至2000:1，或66dB 我们在零售市场最多可以买到1%精度的电阻， 一个电阻的1%误差将降低CMRR到46dB 而实验室里随手拿来的电阻可能是5%精度的.,差动放大器 Difference Amplifiers,Vinv,R1

22、,R2,R3,R4,VIN- VIN+,- +,VOUT,Vninv,VOUT = (Vninv - Vinv)R2/R1,R1 = R3，R2 = R4,1% 的电阻精度 40dB 0.1% 的电阻精度 60dB TI提供的硅片级电阻匹配 100dB,优点：高共模抑制比，宽输入共模电压范围 缺点：降低的输入阻抗，低固定增益,TI的INA系列放大器家族,INA：差分输入放大器家族 提供优异的共模抑制性能（High CMRR）,Instrumentation Amplifiers (INA),Current Sense Amp 电流检测放大器,Instrumentation Amp 仪表放大器,

23、Difference Amplifiers 差动放大器,_,+,+,三运放结构的仪表放大器 INA,优点：极高的输入阻抗，高增益范围，高CMRR 缺点：输入共模电压范围窄，和差动放大器相比增加的功耗、尺寸和成本,VA2 = VCM + (VDIFF/2)(1+2RF/RG),- +,VIN+,VIN-,RD,- +,-,+,-,VDIFF/2,VDIFF/2,VCM,VOUT = VDIFF(1+2RF/RG) VOUT,RF RF,RD,RD,RD,RG,A2,A1,A3,VA1 = VCM - (VDIFF/2)(1+2RF/RG),_,+,VIN+,VIN-,R1,VDIFF/2,VCM

24、,VOUT,两运放结构的仪表放大器 INA,+,-,A1,VDIFF/2,RF,RF,R1,RREF,+,-,A2,VOUT = VDIFF(1+2RF/RG + RF/R1) + VREF,VA1 = VCM(1+R1/RF) - (VDIFF/2)(1+2R1/RG + R1/RF) VREF(R1/RF) 优点：和三运放INA相比，低的成本、尺寸和功耗 缺点：输入共模电压范围窄，随频率升高CMRR急剧降低，最小增益为2,RG,_,+,+,-,_,+,返回,两运放结构INA和三运放结构INA的比较,CMRR vs. Frequency 两运放结构的INA,CMRR vs. Frequenc

25、y 三运放结构的INA,差动放大器和电流检测放大器等,Low Side Current Sensing, Low side current sensing, Current sensor element between the load and ground., Advantages, Straightforward, Rarely requires more than an op-amp to implement, Inexpensive and precise, Disadvantages, Adds undesirable resistance in the ground path, M

26、ay require an additional wire to the load that could otherwise be,omitted, When to choose low side current sensing, When you CAN?, Choosing low side current sensing is almost always the best option if your,application can tolerate the extra disturbance in the ground path.,High Side Current Sensing,

27、High side current sensing, Current sensor element between the supply and load., Advantages, Current sensor connected directly to the power source and can detect,any downstream failure and trigger appropriate corrective action, Wont create an extra ground disturbance that comes with a low side,curren

28、t sensing design, Disadvantages, Requires very careful resistor matching in order to obtain an,acceptable common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)., Must withstand very high common-mode voltages, When to choose high side current sensing, When low side sensing is not an option due to the added ground,distu

29、rbance, When cost is saved by eliminating wiring,TI INA选型指南 高共模抑制比放大器,INAy13x/10 x:,差动放大器，电阻网络内置，无输入缓冲，,供电36V，BW up to 5MHz，输入VCM up to 200V INAy2xx/19x/16x: 电流并联监视器即电流检测放大器，供电36V， BW up to 34MHz，输入VCM from -60V to 80V,INAy11x/12x:,仪表放大器，高输入阻抗，高放大倍数 供电36V，BW up to 800kHz (Gain=100时),INAy3xx:,仪表放大器，C

30、MOS，供电5.5V，轨到轨，自归零， 低噪低功耗，BW up to 800kHz (Gain=100时),推荐型号： 差动放大器：INA133, INA137(DIP) 仪表放大器：INA333, INA128(DIP) 电流检测放大器：INA271, INA282,* 上面型号中的y表示通道数,TI的其他放大器 功率放大器：, ,OPA4xx: 宽供电范围，up to 100V，输出电流至50mA，BW10MHz OPA5xx: 高输出电流，up to 10A，供电up to 80V，BW20MHz,增益可控放大器：,PGA11x：数字程控增益放大器，BW up to 10MHz，放大倍数

31、2进制或10进制可调,其他放大器：, ,XTRxxx：4-20mA 发射器；RCVxxx: 4-20mA 接收器 LOGxxx：对数放大器 IVCxxx：积分放大器 DRVxxx：驱动放大器（PWM，线路驱动等） ISOxxx：隔离放大器 VFCxxx：电压到频率，频率到电压转换器 TLC04：4阶Butterworth开关电容滤波器，截止频率fc=clk/50，fc高至40kHz UAF42：通用滤波器,返回,高速放大器,Bandwidth: Small Signal Frequency Response GBP (Gain Bandwidth Product), ,VFB (voltage

32、 feedback amplifier) usable bandwidth depends on the gain configuration Gain * Bandwidth = GBW product For example a) If an amplifier has a 1MHz GBW product b) It only has a bandwidth of 10kHz in a gain of 100 x,Note: GBP is not quite true for CFB (current feedback amplifier)! 因增益大，大信号! Never use an

33、 amplifier near GBP (referring to BW)!,Slew Rate: Determined Large Signal Bandwidth,Slew Rate Determines the Limit of Large Signal Bandwidth,注意：这里的V是指输出电压！,指输出电压幅值！,Types of High Speed OPA VFB & CFB,Simplified VFB Model,Simplified CFB Model,iERROR = ie,VFB vs. CFB: Bandwidth-Gain Relationship,VFB vs

34、. CFB: Slew Rate Buffer for a 10MHz Sine wave with 5Vpp Amplitude SR needs 300V/s,VFB,CFB,Small Signal BW G=1: 280MHz,Large Signal BW G=1: 200MHz SR = 2100V/s,GBW = 280MHz SR = 240V/s,Slew Rate 2Vpp,Bandwidth =,Slew Rate = 2Vpp Bandwidth,VFB vs. CFB: Slew Rate,VFB,CFB,Most High Speed VFB have a Slew

35、 Rate 500V/s Most Precision VFB have a Slew Rate 30V/s Some TI Leading Technology VFB (OPA690) can reach Slew Rate near 2000V/s,Selecting Feedback Resistor for CFB,CFB With a Feedback C,Compensate CFB with a Lager RF,High Speed Apps: VFB vs. CFB: What to Use and When Gain 3 : VFB is typically better

36、 VFB has lower noise in low gains due to low inverting current noise VFB has Gain Bandwidth Product limits to high frequency operation VFB typically has better distortion at lower gains,G=3 G=4,G=1,G=,VFB,CFB, Gain 4 : CFB is typically better CFB has lower noise due to lower Rg resistor value in hig

37、h gain CFB does not have Gain Bandwidth Product limitation CFB typically has better distortion at higher gains Caveat: De-compensated VFB Amps may be an alternative,f =10MHz,DC,f =,VFB,CFB,High Speed Apps: VFB vs. CFB: What to Use and When Frequency of Interest 10MHz : VFB is typically better VFB ha

38、s better distortion at lower frequency VFB can be used for all filters and as integrators VFB has better DC accuracy Better Vio, Iib, matching, and drifts, Frequency of Interest 10MHz : CFB is typically better CFB typically has much higher Slew Rates Better 3rd-Order Harmonics at higher frequency Hi

39、gher output Voltage Swing is achievable at higher frequencies CFB allows higher bandwidth at higher gains Caveat: De-compensated VFB Amps may be an alternative,High speed amps by Application,General Purpose High Speed Amps,Amplifiers,Voltage Feedback Low gain operation (G3) Good DC performance Lower

40、 noise Dynamic range,Current Feedback High gain and high bandwidth Slew rates 1000V/s Low distortion high gains High O/P currents,Fully Differential Differential signal A/D drivers Common mode rejection Minimized HD2 distortion Ease of use & flexibility,JFET Input High input impedance Low bias curre

41、nt Data acquisition buffering,TI High Speed Amplifiers,MUX 1/3-Ch,Line Drivers DSL PLC,Apps Specific Video Amps Filter Gain,General Purpose Op Amps VFB & CFB Fixed Gain Rail to Rail in/out,Special Functions FDA FET VCA Transconductance Multiplexer,THS73xx,THS6xxx,THS OPA,THS OPA VCA,TI High Speed Am

42、plifier Summary High Speed Amplifiers (OPA69x, OPA8xx, THS3xxx, THS4xxx):,- Precision Amplifiers are surely Voltage Feedback - HS Amplifiers can be Voltage Feedback or Current Feedback - HS Amplifiers most are Bipolar input stage - CMOS ones are slower, can be used in low power and R-R under 1.8-5.5

43、V single supply - FET/CMOS input ones are used in high speed transimpedance跨阻 applications which require a high input impedance Amp 高速运算放大器：, *,OPAy8xx: 电压反馈（含去补偿），GBW up to 4GHz，SR up to 500V/s，12V OPAy6xx: 高压摆率，电流反馈，少量电压反馈，12V，SR up to 4kV/s，BW up to 1.5GHz THS4xxx: 电压反馈，36V，SR up to 1kV/s，GBW up to 1GHz 其中：THS45xx: 电压反馈，全差分，5V，SR up to