定语从句 (2)

1、定语从句是贯穿整个高中的一个重要语法，很多学生在学习过程中对定语从句的引导词很难掌握。以下是我对定语从句及其引导词的一些介绍，希望能够帮助大家更好的理解定语从句。定语从句的定义：由关系代词或关系副词引导的句子修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。定语从句的引导词又叫关系词。关系词有：关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词包括：that, which, who, whom, whose, as. 关系副词有：when, where, why. 共9个。定语从句的种类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。关 系 代 词成 分指 代that主，宾，

2、表人或物which主，宾，表物who主，宾，表人whom宾，表人whose定人或物as主，宾，表人，物，事关系副词when状语时 间where地 点why原 因一关系代词1在一般情况下，先行词为物时that与which可以通用，但是在下面情况下只用that，不用which。 先行词是不定代词：all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。eg: Is there anything else that I can do for you?He told me all that he had done. 先行词被all, some, an

3、y, no, little, few, much, the only, the very, the right, just the等修饰时eg: He is the only person that I want to talk to.This is just the book that Im looking for. 先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时eg: This is the last lesson that he taught us.This is the most beautiful city that I have visited. 先行词既有人又有物时eg: They talk

4、ed of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 以who/ which开头的特殊疑问句时eg: Who is the man that was walking to you?Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this? 我们当中懂得一些物理的人有谁不知道这个呢？ 先行词在定语从句中作表语时eg: China is no longer the country that she was.2在下列情况下不用that 引导词为“介词+关系代词

5、”，不用that。“介词+which ”指物, “介词+whom ”指人。注意引导词不能省略，但是介词在从句句尾时，可省略。eg: The hotel (which/ that) they stayed at yesterday is very expensive.= The hotel at which they stayed yesterday is very expensive.The person (whom/ that) I spoke to was a Chinese teacher.= The person to whom I spoke was a Chinese teache

6、r. 引导非限制性定语从句，不用thateg: Yesterday I met Li Ping, who looked very tired.He came late again, which made the teacher angry.Lijiang, where I was born, is very beautiful.3whose引导的定语从句whose引导定语从句，指人也指，其后紧跟名词，构成名词短语，whose用作定语。eg: Thats the child whose drawing we looked at just now.whose + 名词= the+ 名词+ of w

7、hicheg: He lives in the room whose window faces south. (= the window of which)4as，which引导的定语从句的区别： 当先行词前有the same, so, such修饰，而且表示同一类人或物时，用as引导限制性定语从句，不用which.。eg: I like the same book as you do.I have never seen such a lazy boy as you (are lazy).注意辨析：eg: This is the same pen as I use yesterday. （as

8、指代use的宾语，指同一类事物）这只笔和我昨天用的一样。This is the same pen that I use yesterday.（that指代use的宾语，指同一个事物）这只笔就是我昨天用的那一只。 as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整个主句的内容。以下几点应注意区分：as指代整个主句可以放在主句之前，或插在主句之中，或在主句之后，译为“正如”。which指代整个主句只能放在主句之后，无“正如”之意。eg: He is working hard, as everyone can see. = As everyone can see, she is working h

9、ard.（as指代前面整个主句，作see的宾语, 译为“正如每个人看见的那样，他正努力的工作。”）My father does morning exercises every day, which is good for his health.（which指代前面整个主句，作is的主语，无“正如”之意。） as常用在以下结构中：as you know, as is well known, as often happens, as is/ was said above, as I remember, as I understand。eg: Jack has won the first prize

10、, as often happens.像往常一样，Jack获得了一等奖。5the way作先行词，在定语从句中作状语，引导词用that, in which或省略。eg: I dont like the way (that/ in which) you speak to him.What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.6. 定语从句引导词的省略: that, which, whom(口语中可用who代替whom), 在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导词作介词的宾语, 且介词位于引导词之前, 即 “介词+ whic

11、h”（指物），“介词+ whom”（指人）, 不能省.eg: The book (that/ which) you lent me is very interesting.The room in which he lives is bigger than mine. (= where)The boy whom I spoke to made no answer at first. (=to whom I spoke)二关系副词when, where, why 分别表示时间，地点，原因，在定语从句中作状语。eg: I will never forget the day when I went t

12、o university. (= on which)I have found a place where we can study. (= in which)This is the reason why he was absent. (=for which)注意比较：This is the house where he lived last year. This is the house that/ which were built last year. 引导词在从句中作were built的主语Do you remember the day when we first met?Ill nev

13、er forget the days (that/ which) we spent together. 引导词在从句中作spent的宾语Can you explain to us the reason why you came late? I dont believe the reason (which/ that) he explained to us. 引导词在从句中作explain的宾语 由上可总结出定语从句引导词的选择依据：1. 确定引导词是关系代词还是关系副词, 引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语用关系代词，作状语用关系副词。2. 再看先行词指代什么，指代人用that, who,

14、 whom, whose, 指代事物用that, which, whose; 指代时间用when, 地点用where, 原因用why。三限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的成分，主句和分句之间不用逗号分开，关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句,不影响主句意思的完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开, 不用关系代词that。eg: I have lost the pen, which I like very much.四. 定语从句的主谓一致1. 定语从句谓语动词的数与先行词的数一致。eg: John, who spe

15、aks Spanish, works there.2. one of+ 名词复数+ who/ which/ that 引导的定语从句, 从句谓语用复数the (only) one of + 名词复数+ who/ which/ that 引导的定语从句, 从句谓语用单数eg: This is one of the most interesting books that have ever been published in the past few years.Tom is the (only) one of the students who/ that is able to work out

16、the problem.五分隔定语从句定语从句与先行词被分隔开，叫分隔定语从句。eg: The necklace was gone that Mathilde borrowed from her good friend Jeanne.（that引导的定义从句被谓语分开，如果紧跟在 the necklace的后面，显得头重脚轻，句子结构不协调。）eg: The days in the past when we got together by the seaside will never come again.(when 引导的定义从句被in the past分隔开。)六同位语从句与定语从句的区别1that引导的同位语从句，在从句中不作成分，不