跨文化沟通培训讲义

1、跨文化沟通培训讲义,跨文化沟通培训,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Learning Objectives,By this end of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand how language and culture are closely linked Understand cultural influences on some commonly observed differences between English and Chinese Distinguish denotational and connotational meani

2、ngs of words,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Learning Objectives,Distinguish linear and nonlinear language, deductive and inductive patterns Make cross-cultural comparisons of different pragmatic rules used in various speech acts and verbal styles,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Means of Human Communication,Verbal communication Using words th

3、at have mutually understood meanings and a set of rules Nonverbal communication Edward T. Hall refers to it as the “silent language”,跨文化沟通培训讲义,The Relationship Between Language and Culture,1. The influence of culture on language 2. The influence of language on culture,跨文化沟通培训讲义,The Influence of Cult

4、ure on Language,1. Language as a reflection of the environment Language reflects the environment in which we live. We label things that are around us. (examples) The environment influences the development of technology, products, and the appropriate vocabulary. (examples),跨文化沟通培训讲义,The Influence of

5、Culture on Language,2. Language as reflection of values Language reflects cultural values. Language is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relationships, reflects the way the society operates. Example: Chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Ling

6、uistic Determinism,Linguistic Relativity,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis,The Influence of Language on Culture,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis,Language not only serves as a mechanism for communication , but a guide to social reality. Reality for a culture is discoverable in its language,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Linguistic

7、Determinism,Language structure controls thought and cultural norms The world as each of us knows it is to a large extent predetermined by the language of our culture The differences between languages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Linguistic Relativity,Li

8、nguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other. Culture is controlled by and controls language. Language provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perception are encoded and stored.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Cultural Impact onVerbal Communication,At lexical level At discou

9、rse level At pragmatic level,跨文化沟通培训讲义,1. At lexical level,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Denotational meaning,Connotational meaning,a word,Meanings of Words,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Meanings of Words,Denotational meaning It refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection. Denotation means a dictionary def

10、inition. Connotational meaning It refers to extended meanings or associated meanings. Connotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and especially by poets and writers.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Comparison between English and Chinese,Some words have the same denotational and conntational mea

11、nings. There are also many words with the same denotational meanings but different connotational meanings. Both denotational and connotatinal meanings are different in many other words.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Examples,Dove: peace Fox: cunning Owl: wisdom Bat: an evil animal Cricket: a happy insect Dragon: fierce

12、ness,鸽子：和平鸽 狐狸：像狐狸一样狡猾 猫头鹰：坏运气 蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福 蟋蟀：哀愁 龙：龙袍，龙的传人(Chinese Dragon),跨文化沟通培训讲义,Cultural Associations of Color,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Business Implications,International businesspersons may encounter problems with such connotational meanings of colors. International marketers need to know what associations c

13、ertain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,2. At discourse level,Linear and nonlinear language Deductive an inductive patterns,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Linear VS. Nonlinear Language,Linear has a beginning and an end Logical and obj

14、ective,Nonlinear Circular Tradition-orientated Subjective,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Styles of Paragraph Development,直线型（英语） 平行对仗型（闪族语） 螺旋型（东方语言） 迂回转折型（拉丁语系） 更自由的迂回转折型（俄语）,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Styles of Paragraph Development,直线型 English 英语,平行对仗型 Semitic 闪族语 （阿拉伯语）,螺旋型 Oriental 东方语言 （汉语）,迂回转折型 Romance 拉丁语系 （法语、西班牙语）,迂回转折型 （更自由的

15、） Russian,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Deductive VS. Inductive thought patterns,Deductive From the general to the specific Western,Inductive From the specific to the general Eastern,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Example 1,Because of most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how the government will react in t

16、he run-up to 1999, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Example 2,I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Le

17、gco makes its decision. Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999.,跨文化沟通培训讲义

18、,Deductive vs. Inductive,X Comment, main point, or action suggested Because of Y Topic, background, or reason,Because of Y topic, background, or reason X comment, main point, or action suggested,跨文化沟通培训讲义,3. At pragmatic level,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Pragmatics defined,pragmatics is defined as “language in use” (

19、Thomas),跨文化沟通培训讲义,Pragmatic transfer defined,The use of rules of speaking from ones own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,pragmalinguistic failur

20、e,sociolinguistic failure,pragmatic failure,Pragmatic Failure(Pragmatic Transfer),跨文化沟通培训讲义,Pragmalinguistic Failure Defined,Pragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by

21、native speaker of the target language, or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Examples,“岂有此理” as a compliment response “sorry, sorry” for “I am very sorry”,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Sociolinguistic Failure Define,Sociolinguistic failur

22、e stems from cross-culturally different perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior.,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Examples,白象牌电池 芳芳牌唇膏 大宝SOD蜜 金鸡牌鞋油 龙牌卷闸,White Elephant Fang Fang Dabao SOD Golden Cock Dragon,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Analysis of Speech Act,Address Greeting and leaving-taking Offer and thanks Invitation and response Apologies Compliment and response,跨文化沟通培训讲义,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Verbal Style,American verbal style Japanese verbal style Chinese verbal style,跨文化沟通培训讲义,American Verbal Style,Direct Honest Ping-pang or tennis game style,跨文化沟通培训讲义,Ja