英文论文的结论部分写作要点

1、.英文论文的结论部分写作要点（结论、致谢）8.1 如何写结论学术文章的结论部分(Conclusion)是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。结论必须具有严密的科学性和客观性，它反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。如果文章中的Discussion一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、综合、归纳、推理和总结，那么Conclusion则可以比较简短。 从某种意义上说，Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应，因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题

2、，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什么，建议如何解决等。8.1.1 结论部分的内容与结构布局 一般来说，结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。(1) 概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。(2) 比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。(3) 与他人的相关研究进行比较。(4) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。 在上面五项内容中，第一、二项是必不可少的。第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。例Overall, our

3、 study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohios oak-hickory (橡树与山核桃科树木) forests. 2Clearly, sporadic insect outbreaks, pathogens (病菌), and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain

4、species in certain stands (树林). 3Some stands exhibited mortality as high as 40%. 4However, an average of 20% dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline. 5Likewise, certain species were in an obvious state of decline, but these generally had a clea

5、r pathogenic explanation. 6Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon (Castello et al. 1995). 7Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.分析：

6、例3摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。第1句：对研究内容的总体概括。第25句：总结研究结果，即某些树种死亡的原因是害虫、病菌和气候。其中第2句概括这些原因，第35句是具体结果及原因：有些林区的树木死亡率为40，但是20属于正常现象；有些树种死亡现象明显，原因是病菌的侵害。第6句：引用他人的研究结果和观点，以解释上述结果。害虫和病菌的侵袭所造成的树木死亡是一种自然和必然的现象。第7句：指出以后的研究方向。从例子可以看出，通过一项研究工作，可能会得出几条结论，这些结论的主次轻重可以从字里行间表现出来。如通过使用has the strongest relationsh

7、ip点出了最主要的结论，而运用also这个词，来表示递进关系，说明这句话陈述的内容是研究结论之二。有时为了清楚醒目，可以将结论列成几条。10.1.2 结论部分的语言运用技巧结论部分的语言除要严谨、连贯、精炼、确切以外，还要具有高度的概括性。结论部分与其他各部分不同的是，现在时态 (特别是一般现在时和现在完成时) 使用频率很高，这是因为结论部分总结研究者到前为止做了些什么工作，得出了什么结果，这些结果对现在来说有什么影响、意义和价值，能够应用于什么地方，解决什么问题等。结论中的句子既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，总体上说，两种语态的使用频率差别无几。但有时结论部分侧重于研究内容、对象或结果，

8、所以，往往将研究内容置于句首作主语，于是，谓语动词自然要使用被动语态。用主动语态时，常常用this paper, this investigation, this study, this survey, the results, the analysis 或we, I 等作主语。例9a. This study clearly demonstrates thatb. This investigation discovers thatc. This study reveals thatd. We have describede. We have shownf. In this paper we h

9、ave proposed/discussedg. These results represent例9中的a，b，c，g四个句子中，分别用了demonstrate，discover，reveal，represent作谓语，表示作者对研究结果所持的态度明确、肯定。值得指出的是，作者有时对自己研究结果采取慎重的态度，不那么肯定地说“结果说明了”、“证明了”等，往往对动词加以修饰，表示作者不太肯定或慎重的态度，或者用以缓和语气。技巧如下。技巧1：用情态动词最常用情态动词有will，can, may，及其过去式would，could， might等，表示“可能”之意。这三个情态动词语气依次减弱。同一情态

10、动词的过去式比现在式语气弱。例10a. Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.b. Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon.技巧2：用某些形容词和副词不同的形容词和副词表达作者不同的态度和

11、语气。如certainly， of course，absolutely，definitely，clearly等词用来加强语气，表示作者态度肯定；almost certain，probably，highly likely次之。而 likely，unlikely，possible，possibly，perhaps等词表示作者没有把握，语气比较弱。例： Perhaps changes occurring due to insects and pathogens are a natural and necessary phenomenon.技巧3：用seem，appear，tend等动词这三个动词用在

12、另一动词之前，构成seem to+dobehave， appear to dobehave，tend to dobehave的结构，表示陈述的现象、内容或观点还有进一步探讨的余地。我们还以例3和例4中的句子为例：例12a. However, an average of 20 % dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline.b. Science projects appear to be an important part of science ed

13、ucation.下面的句子语气依次减弱：例13a. Science projects are an important part of science education.b. Science projects tend to be an important part of science education.c. Science projects appear to be an important part of science education.d. Science projects seem to be an important part of science education.e.

14、 It would appear that science projects are an important part of science education.技巧4：选用不同的动词在分析、综合、归纳、推理过程中，常常会使用show，prove, illustrate，reveal，suggest，indicate，support，clarify，verify等动词。这些动词含义不同，所表示的语气或态度也不同。在使用同义词或近义词时，要注意区分它们的含义。例如，表达形成某现象的原因时，相近的动词有cause，lead to，contribute to，be the reason of，be

15、 the root of等。选用不同动词都会对整个句子的意思产生影响。试比较以下句子：例14aC1early，sporadic insect outbreaks，pathogens (病菌)，and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands(表示直接原因，负全部责任)bC1early，sporadic insect outbreaks，pathogens(病菌)，and climatic events have lead to excessive mortality

16、of certain species in certain stands(有一个变化过程，表示间接原因)aC1early，sporadic insect outbreaks，pathogens(病菌)，and climatic events have contributed to excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands.(表示部分原因，一定还有别的原因)结论中常用的句型框架还有：例15a. Further investigations are under way tob. Further refinement of th

17、e models is needed toc. Experiments have been designed tod. Analytical models have been developed usinge. It is found thatf. It is further concluded thatg.In this paper, are reviewed/investigated/observed/studied.h. The presented study is conducted by using10.2 如何写致谢为了向论文的写作过程提供过帮助的组织和个人表示感谢，作者在结论之后

18、，可写一段致谢(Acknowledgements)。致谢的对象根据情况而定，如资助单位或个人，指导教师以及其他为论文作者提出过建议或思想的人员等。致谢的对象要按一定的顺序，一般来说，项目资助单位或个人在前，其他人员在后。例16AcknowledgementsSupport for this program is provided by the Ohio State University Extension and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Additional support has been provided

19、 by the US Department of Agriculture.例17ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant MSS8912521 and by the Gray Research and Development Office.例18I wish to thank Professors Sheldon Grebstein and John Hagopian for their valuable suggestions.

20、I also thank Professor Sylvia Bowman for her comments on the manuscript. In addition, I owe an obligation to my friend Francis Hanks for his constant assistance in the course of the research.这里我们介绍一些致谢中的常用英语句型。(1)感谢赞助单位或个人a. Support for this program/project/study is provided byb. Funding for this pr

21、ogram is provided byc. I thankfor giving financial Support for this study.d. Additional support is provided bye. Research for this paper was partially supported byf. This research was funded by(2)感谢提供资料的单位或个人a. Data were supplied/provided byb. Permission to quote from material protected by copyright

22、 has been granted byc. I thankfor the permission to quote from material protected by copyright.(3)感谢提出建议和帮助的个人a. I thankfor comments on the manuscript.b. In addition, I am grateful tofor their valuable suggestions, and tofor her patience and good counsel.c. For help in the technical assistance, I th

23、ankd. We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper: e. In addition, I wish to thankfor his valuable suggestions.f. For their encouragement, support, and research assistance, I would like to thank the following individuals who have contributed substantially to the

24、completion of this study/paper/work.（4）感谢不知名的审稿人a. The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerably to the publication of this paper.b. In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the paper.（5）感谢其他人a. I also owe an obligation tob. Also I wish to th

25、ankfor their many courtesies.c. Thanks is also extended towhod. I wish to thank for his10.3 如何写参考文献参考文献包括正式出版的书籍、期刊杂志或学术会议文章以及学位论文。写作时所参考过的文献都要标注来源，并在论文的最后参考文献(References)一部分列出详细内容。参考文献也可叫引用文献(Literature Cited或Works Cited)。目前常用的参考文献标注方法有两种。一种是按参考文献出现的顺序用数字编排；另一种是作者+出版年编排法。下面分别加以介绍。10.3.1顺序编码体系这种标注体系

26、按文献出现的先后顺序编号，置于指引部分的右上角(可加方括号)。被引用的作者、文献名、出版时间、地点等详细内容列人论文后面的参考文献中。其顺序要与正文中标注的顺序一致。例19Forecasts of the tracks of hurricanes have improved steadily over the past three decades1, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numerical models. In contrast to the improvements in track

27、forecasts, there has been comparatively little advance in predictions of intensity1, in spite of the sophisticated numerical models. The best intensity forecasts today are statistically based2. Most of the research literature on hurricane intensity focuses on the pre-storm sea surface temperature an

28、d certain properties of the atmospheric environment3.注：两处出现编码“1”，表示这两处指引部分出处相同，详细内容都列在References中的第1项。References1. Landsea, C. W. & Pielke, R. A. Jr. Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925-95. Weather Forecast. 13,621-631(1994).2. Bosart, L. F. et al. Environmental Influences on the

29、 Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Opal over the Gulf of Mexico. Preprints of the 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology 983-984 (American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1999).3.DeMafia, M.&Kaplan, J. A Statistical Hurricane IntensityPrediction Scheme for Atlantic Basin. Weather Fo

30、recast. 9, 209-220(1994).各类文献顺序编码体系基本格式如下。(1)书籍基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名书名(斜体)出版地：出版单位，出版年代例20Breyer S. Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.(2)期刊或会议文章期刊或会议文章与书籍的标注方法有同有异。作者或编者的注法、出版年代等与书籍注法相同。不同的是，期刊文章既要注上文章名，又要注上刊物名，还有刊物的第几期、第几卷、文章登在第几页等

31、。会议文章要注上会议名称。基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名标题名(正体，引号)刊物名称/会议名称(斜体)，出版年代，卷(期)：起至页码例21a. Tytler, R. Independent Research Projects in School Science. International Journal of Science Education, 1992, 14: 393-411.b. Onof, P. And Adenle, J. B. Practical Teaching of Electronics Systems Design. Proceedings of the 5th Inte

32、rnational Conference on Engineering Education, Naples, 1998, 397-402.c. Bassac, C. Experimental Uses of Electric Vehicles in France. The 9th International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Toronto, 1998.(3)收集在书中的文章收集在书中的文章要结合书籍与期刊文章的标注方法，基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名标题名(正体，引号)，In编者姓名(ed)书名(斜体)出版地：出版单位，出版年代，起至页码例22Canale

33、, M. From Communicative Competence to Communicative Performance. In Richards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.) Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 1983, 274-301.(4)报告基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名标题名(正体，引号)，报告序号组织名，所在地，年代例23Jones,D. and Evans.D. Survey of Small Engineering Enterprises in Wales, Report R72. Wels

34、h Council for Engineering, Cardiff, 1997.(5)学位论文基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名标题名(正体，引号)，学位论文，学位授予单位，年代例24Yoder, C. O. The role of Biological Indicators in a Water Quality Management Process, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1998.各类参考文献除了以上基本格式外，还要遵守以下原则。(1)如果同一本书有两个作者，则将两个作者用and ()连接；如果有三个以上作者，则在第一作者后加

35、et al字样，表示“等人”。(2)如不是第一版，要注明版本。(3)如果参考的是译著，则把译者放在前面，译者后面注上(trans), 接着注上原作者。(4)如果一本书是由主编收集的文章，则在主编后注上(ed.)，为editor的缩写；如果有两个以上编者则注上(eds.)。(5)参考的章节或页码，则注在出版单位之后。现分别举例如下：例25a. Foster, K. R. and Bemstein, D. E. Phantom Risk: Scientific Inference and the Law. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.（两个作者）b. Berry,

36、 W. et al. The Hidden Word. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1989. (三个以上作者)c. Lorenz, Konrad. (trans.) On Aggression. By Marjorie Kerr Wilson. 1966. New York: Bantam, 1969. (译著)d. Akmajian, A. et al. Linguistics, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. (第四版)e. Ball, S. J. and Goodson, I. F. (eds. )

37、 Teachers Lives and Careers. Lewes: Falmer Press, 1985. (两个编者)f. Johnson, J. A. Writing Strategies for ESL Students. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1983. Chapter 5. (参考此书中第五章)以上各条原则同样也适用于作者十出版年体系。8.3.2作者+出版年体系这种标注体系在每一处指引部分的后面标上作者和年代，放在圆括号内。而详细内容按照作者姓的字母顺序列在文章后面的References中。例26Science projects

38、are supported by the Academy of Science. The academy recommends science projects for all students regardless of any academic standing or handicap (Mann 1990:10). Many students participating in science fairs do so because they are required by a teacher to complete a science fair project and many repo

39、rt that their science fair project counted toward their course grade in science (Czerniak and Lumpe 1996). Completing a science project and attending a science fair were purported to have many positive effects for students and their future in science (Mann 1990), however, there exists little researc

40、h on science fair projects (Slisz 1989) ReferencesCzemiak, C. M. 1996. Predictors of Achievement of 7-12 Grade Students in a District Science Fair Competition. School Science and Mathematics, 96: 21-27.Mann, J. Z. 1990. Science Day Guide. Ohio Academy of Science, Columbus, OH.Slisz,J. 1989. Establis

41、hing the Goals of a Science Fair Based on Sound Research Studies. International Journal of Science Education. 14: 393-411.按作者十出版年体系编排参考文献，一般要遵循以下原则。(1)文献编排顺序按照作者姓的字母顺序。(2)如果参考文献中有中文撰写的文章或书籍，有两种方法处理。一是用汉语拼音写作者名，并将其他内容译成英语，按字母顺序与其他文献统一排列。第二种方法是将中英文文献分别按字母顺序排列。其他原则与顺序编码体系完全相同(见8.3.1节)。书籍、期刊论文、会议论文等文献的标

42、注格式分别举例如下(按作者姓的字母顺序编排)：例27Akmajian, A. et al. 1995. Linguistics, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (书)Ball, S, J. and Goodson, I. F. (eds.) 1985. Teachers Lives andCareers. Lewes: Falmer Press. (书)Bassac, C. 1998. Experimental Uses of Electric Vehicles in France. The 9th International Electric Vehic

43、le Symposium, Toronto. (会议论文)Berry, W. et al. 1989. The Hidden Word. San Francisco: North Point Press. (书)Breyer S. 1995. Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (书)Canale, M. 1983. From Communicative Competence to Communicative Perform

44、ance. In Richards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.) Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 274-301. (收集在书中的文章)Foster,K.R. and Bemstein,D.E. 1993. Phantom Risk: Scientific Inference and the Law. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.(书)Johnson, J.A. 1983. Writing Strategies for ESL Students. New York: Macmillan P

45、ublishing Co., Chapter 5. (书中的章节)Lorenz, Konrad. (trans.) On Aggression. By Mariorie Kerr Wilson. 1966. New York: Bantam, 1969. (译著)Onof, P. And Adenle, J. B. 1998. Practical Teaching of Electronics Systems Design. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering Education, Naples, 397

46、-402. (收集在会议论文集中的文章)Tytler, R. 1992. Independent Research Projects in School Science. International Journal of Science Education, 1992, 14:393-411. (期刊上发表的文章)Yoder, C. O. 1998. The role of Biological Indicators in a Water Quality Management Process, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois. (学位论文)

47、不同的学术刊物或学术会议对参考文献的格式或体系有明确规定，例如，有的规定出版年应紧跟在作者后，而有的则规定将出版年放在出版单位之后，有的规定出版年代要用括号，有的则规定不使用任何标点。作者必须按照规定加以标注。如果没有明确规定，作者自己要做到统一、固定、前后一致。思考题一、下面一则结论摘自函授培训班学习效果研究的论文。分析其内容与结构，指出每一句话的作用。The overall results indicate that Quality Water for Home and Farm correspondence program met the objective set for the pr

48、ogram and was an effective method to deliver water quality and management training. 2pretest and post results show participants increased their understanding of water and management principles in most major areas. 3However, additional training may be needed in disinfection alternatives, iron and hyd

49、rogen sulfide removal, and proper well construction.分析：第1句：第2句：第3句：二、下面一则结论摘自一篇关于飓风强度预测的论文，将括号中的动词变成合适的形式。ConclusionsThe simulations presented here ( 1 )_(suggest) that, once tropical cyclones (热带旋风) (2)_ (reach) tropical-storm strength, their intensity evolution (3)_ (control) mostly by their initi

50、al intensity together with the thermodynamic profile (热力曲线) of the atmosphere and upper ocean through which they move. Storm intensity is particularly sensitive to the thermodynamic structure of the upper ocean, and it (4)_ (be) evident that in at least some cases the climatological specification (气

51、象特性曲线) of the ocean thermal structure (5)_ (be) insufficient. Accurate prediction of hurricane intensity in these eases probably (6)_ (require) accurate measurement of the upper-ocean thermal structure ahead of the storm. The simulations presented here (7)_ (offer) hope that even with a very simple

52、model, hurricane intensity (8)_ (predict) with useful skill as far in advance as an accurate track prediction (9)_(make). Such track predictions (10) _ (require) three-dimensional models able to account for the full range of interactions between the storm and its environment.三、将下列两组句子片断连接成一则研究论文的结论。注意时态与语态的正确运用。A组：1. Develop a PIV (particle